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Microtubules of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton perform essential and diverse functions and are composed of a heterodimer of alpha and beta tubulin. The genes encoding these microtubule constituents are part of the tubulin superfamily, which is composed of six distinct families. Genes from the alpha, beta and gamma tubulin families are found in all eukaryotes. The alpha and beta tubulins represent the major components of microtubules, while gamma tubulin plays a critical role in the nucleation of microtubule assembly. There are multiple alpha and beta tubulin genes and they are highly conserved among and between species. This gene encodes an alpha tubulin that is a highly conserved homolog of a rat testis-specific alpha tubulin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]
TUBA4A (Tubulin Alpha 4a) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with TUBA4A include Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 22 With Or Without Frontotemporal Dementia and Lateral Sclerosis. Among its related pathways are Cell cycle_Spindle assembly and chromosome separation and Organelle biogenesis and maintenance. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include GTP binding and structural constituent of cytoskeleton. An important paralog of this gene is TUBA1B.
Microtubules are cylindrical tubes of 20-25 nm in diameter. They are composed of protofilaments which are in turn composed of alpha- and beta-tubulin polymers. Each microtubule is polarized; at one end alpha-subunits are exposed (-) and at the other, beta-subunits are exposed (+).
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0000166 | nucleotide binding | IEA | -- |
GO:0003924 | GTPase activity | IEA | -- |
GO:0005200 | structural constituent of cytoskeleton | IEA,IBA | 21873635 |
GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 16455083 |
GO:0005525 | GTP binding | IEA,IBA | 21873635 |
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0005576 | extracellular region | TAS | -- |
GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IBA | 21873635 |
GO:0005829 | cytosol | TAS | -- |
GO:0005856 | cytoskeleton | IDA | 24327345 |
GO:0005874 | microtubule | IEA,IDA | 21525035 |
SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | Regulation of PLK1 Activity at G2/M Transition |
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2 | Cooperation of Prefoldin and TriC/CCT in actin and tubulin folding | ||
3 | Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ |
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4 | Development Slit-Robo signaling |
Development Slit-Robo signaling
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Neurophysiological process Receptor-mediated axon growth repulsion
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Cell adhesion Gap junctions
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5 | Parkinson disease |
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0000086 | G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle | TAS | -- |
GO:0000226 | microtubule cytoskeleton organization | IBA | 21873635 |
GO:0000278 | mitotic cell cycle | IBA | 21873635 |
GO:0002576 | platelet degranulation | TAS | -- |
GO:0007010 | cytoskeleton organization | IEA | -- |
Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cabazitaxel | Approved | Pharma | Target, binder, inhibitor | 0 | ||
Vincristine | Approved, Investigational | Pharma | Target, inhibitor, binder | Microtubule disrupter,antitumor agent | 1073 | |
Podofilox | Approved | Pharma | Target, inhibitor | 0 | ||
Colchicine | Approved | Pharma | Antagonist | Tubulin Inhibitor | 157 | |
Griseofulvin | Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved | Pharma | 7 |
Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Noscapine hydrochloride |
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912-60-7 |
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taxol |
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Agonist | 33069-62-4 |
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Compound | Action | Cas Number |
---|---|---|
MPC 6827 hydrochloride | Inhibitor of microtubule polymerization; antimitotic and antitumor | 917369-31-4 |
Nocodazole | Microtubule inhibitor | 31430-18-9 |
Noscapine hydrochloride | Tubulin inhibitor; induces apoptosis | 912-60-7 |
Taxol | Promotes assembly and inhibits disassembly of microtubules | 33069-62-4 |
Vinblastine sulfate | Disrupts microtubules | 143-67-9 |
Compound | Action | Cas Number |
---|---|---|
Cabazitaxel | 183133-96-2 | |
CK-636 | Arp2/3 complex inhibitor | 442632-72-6 |
Colchicine | Tubulin Inhibitor | 64-86-8 |
CYT997 (Lexibulin) | 917111-44-5 | |
Epothilone A | Microtubule stabilizing macrolide | 152044-53-6 |
Fosbretabulin (Combretastatin A4 Phosphate (CA4P)) Disodium | 168555-66-6 | |
Griseofulvin | 126-07-8 | |
INH6 | 1001753-24-7 | |
MPC 6827 hydrochloride | Potent microtubule inhibitor | 917369-31-4 |
Plinabulin (NPI-2358) | Tumor cell lines inhibitor | 714272-27-2 |
ExUns: | 1 | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3 | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | · | 4c | ^ | 5a | · | 5b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP1: | - | ||||||||||||||
SP2: | |||||||||||||||
SP3: |
This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.
Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | TUBA4A 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | TUBA4A 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | TUBA4A 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | TUBA4A 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Tuba4a 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Tuba4a 30 |
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||
Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
-- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
LOC100857214 30 |
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||||
Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
-- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | tuba4b 30 |
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||
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | tuba8l2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
tuba8l3 30 |
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Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | alphaTub85E 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | mec-12 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | TUB1 33 |
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Soybean (Glycine max) |
eudicotyledons | Gma.16674 30 |
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Rice (Oryza sativa) |
Liliopsida | Os.21762 30 |
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||
Bread mold (Neurospora crassa) |
Ascomycetes | NCU09132 30 |
|
SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 02 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
720767 | Benign: not provided | 219,251,616(-) | A/G | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
720914 | Benign: not provided | 219,250,700(-) | G/A | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
722478 | Likely Benign: not provided | 219,251,158(-) | C/T | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
789160 | Benign: not provided | 219,250,790(-) | T/C | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
818052 | Likely Pathogenic: not provided | 219,250,936(-) | ACT/A | FRAMESHIFT_VARIANT |
Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 22 with or without frontotemporal dementia |
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lateral sclerosis |
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frontotemporal dementia |
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 22 |
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tinea favosa |
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