Free for academic non-profit institutions. Other users need a Commercial license
This gene encodes one of the three prealbumins, which include alpha-1-antitrypsin, transthyretin and orosomucoid. The encoded protein, transthyretin, is a homo-tetrameric carrier protein, which transports thyroid hormones in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. It is also involved in the transport of retinol (vitamin A) in the plasma by associating with retinol-binding protein. ... See more...
Aliases for TTR Gene
Aliases for TTR Gene
External Ids for TTR Gene
- HGNC: 12405
- NCBI Entrez Gene: 7276
- Ensembl: ENSG00000118271
- OMIM®: 176300
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: P02766
Previous HGNC Symbols for TTR Gene
- PALB
- CTS1
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for TTR Gene
- GC18P029194
- GC18P028991
- GC18P027423
- GC18P027425
- GC18P026028
- GC18P031591
Summaries for TTR Gene
-
This gene encodes one of the three prealbumins, which include alpha-1-antitrypsin, transthyretin and orosomucoid. The encoded protein, transthyretin, is a homo-tetrameric carrier protein, which transports thyroid hormones in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. It is also involved in the transport of retinol (vitamin A) in the plasma by associating with retinol-binding protein. The protein may also be involved in other intracellular processes including proteolysis, nerve regeneration, autophagy and glucose homeostasis. Mutations in this gene are associated with amyloid deposition, predominantly affecting peripheral nerves or the heart, while a small percentage of the gene mutations are non-amyloidogenic. The mutations are implicated in the etiology of several diseases, including amyloidotic polyneuropathy, euthyroid hyperthyroxinaemia, amyloidotic vitreous opacities, cardiomyopathy, oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis, meningocerebrovascular amyloidosis and carpal tunnel syndrome. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017]
GeneCards Summary for TTR Gene
TTR (Transthyretin) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with TTR include Amyloidosis, Hereditary, Transthyretin-Related and Hyperthyroxinemia, Dystransthyretinemic. Among its related pathways are Signaling by GPCR and HIV Life Cycle. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include identical protein binding and hormone activity. An important paralog of this gene is URAD.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for TTR Gene
-
Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
Additional gene information for TTR Gene
- HGNC (12405)
- NCBI Entrez Gene (7276)
- Ensembl (ENSG00000118271)
- OMIM® (176300)
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (P02766)
- Open Targets Platform(ENSG00000118271)
- Monarch Initiative
- Search for TTR at DataMed
- Search for TTR at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC Summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for TTR Gene
Genomics for TTR Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs
Promoters and enhancers for TTR Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication |
Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)
GeneHancers around TTR on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path
Cistromic (ChIP-Seq) regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for TTR
- Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the TTR gene promoter:
-
- aMEF-2
- CREB
- deltaCREB
- MEF-2
- MEF-2A
- Meis-1
- Meis-1a
- Meis-1b
Genomic Locations for TTR Gene
Latest Assembly
- chr18:31,557,009-31,598,833
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 41,825 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
Previous Assembly
- chr18:29,171,840-29,178,784
- (GRCh37/hg19 by Entrez Gene)
- Size:
- 6,945 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
- chr18:29,171,689-29,178,974
- (GRCh37/hg19 by Ensembl)
- Size:
- 7,286 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
Genomic View for TTR Gene
Genes around TTR on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 18q12.1 by HGNC
- 18q12.1 by Entrez Gene
- 18q12.1 by Ensembl
TTR Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for TTR Gene
Proteins for TTR Gene
-
Protein details for TTR Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P02766-TTHY_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Transthyretin
- Protein Accession:
- P02766
- Q549C7
- Q6IB96
- Q9UBZ6
- Q9UCM9
Protein attributes for TTR Gene
- Size:
- 147 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 15887 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Homotetramer. Dimer of dimers. In the homotetramer, subunits assemble around a central channel that can accommodate two ligand molecules. Interacts with RBP4.
- Miscellaneous:
-
- Tetramer dissociation and partial unfolding leads to the formation of aggregates and amyloid fibrils. Small molecules that occupy at least one of the thyroid hormone binding sites stabilize the tetramer, and thereby stabilize the native state and protect against misfolding and the formation of amyloid fibrils.
- Two binding sites for thyroxine are located in the channel. Less than 1% of plasma prealbumin molecules are normally involved in thyroxine transport. L-thyroxine binds to the transthyretin by an order of magnitude stronger than does the triiodo-L-thyronine. Thyroxine-binding globulin is the major carrier protein for thyroid hormones in man.
- About 40% of plasma transthyretin circulates in a tight protein-protein complex with the plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP). The formation of the complex with RBP stabilizes the binding of retinol to RBP and decreases the glomerular filtration and renal catabolism of the relatively small RBP molecule. There is evidence for 2 binding sites for RBP, one possibly being a region that includes Ile-104, located on the outer surface of the transthyretin molecule.
Protein Expression for TTR Gene
Post-translational modifications for TTR Gene
- Not glycosylated under normal conditions. Following unfolding, caused for example by variant AMYL-TTR 'Gly-38', the cryptic Asn-118 site is exposed and glycosylated by STT3B-containing OST complex, leading to its degradation by the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway.
-
Glycosylation at Asn118
- NX_P02766 (NX_P02766-1)
- Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
Other Protein References for TTR Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibodies for research
- LifeSpan BioSciences TTR / Transthyretin Monoclonal Antibody (LS-B2595) and TTR / Transthyretin Monoclonal Antibody (LS-B2864)
- G Biosciences Immunotag™ TTR Antibody (ITA7301-100u) and Immunotag™ TTR Antibody (ITA6339-100u)
-
BioLegend
- Purified anti-Transthyretin, aggregated (848101)
- Purified anti-Transthyretin, aggregated (848202)
- Purified anti-Transthyretin, aggregated (848201)
- Purified anti-Transthyretin, aggregated (848102)
- Purified anti-Transthyretin, 31-50 (853002)
- Purified anti-Transthyretin, 31-50 (853001)
- Purified anti-Transthyretin (856301)
- Purified anti-Transthyretin (856302)
- HRP anti-Transthyretin, 31-50 (853003)
- HRP anti-Transthyretin, 31-50 (853004)
- GeneTex Anti-Prealbumin antibody [N1C3]
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for TTR
-
Abcam antibodies for TTR
- Invitrogen Antibodies for TTR (AFLGC-TTR)
- antibodies-online: Show 116 available TTR Antibodies ranked by validation data
- Compare Top TTR Antibodies
-
Recommended
- 226 WB Antibodies (anti-human)
- 12 IF (p) Antibodies (anti-human)
- 11 IHC Antibodies (anti-human)
- 9 IHC (p) Antibodies (anti-human)
- 5 RIA Antibodies (anti-human)
- 4 ID Antibodies (anti-human)
- 2 EIA Antibodies (anti-human)
- 2 FACS Antibodies (anti-human)
- 1 IA Antibody (anti-human)
- 1 IEP Antibody (anti-human)
- 1 IP Antibody (anti-human)
- 52 WB Antibodies (anti-mouse)
- 12 IF (p) Antibodies (anti-mouse)
- 5 IHC (p) Antibodies (anti-mouse)
- 2 IHC Antibodies (anti-mouse)
- 1 EIA Antibody (anti-mouse)
- 38 WB Antibodies (anti-rat)
- 12 IF (p) Antibodies (anti-rat)
- 4 IHC (p) Antibodies (anti-rat)
- 2 IHC Antibodies (anti-rat)
- 1 EIA Antibody (anti-rat)
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for TTR
- Sino Biological Antibodies for TTR
Protein products for research
- G Biosciences Human Transthyretin/ATTR, Lyophilized
- RayBiotech Recombinant Human Transthyretin
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for TTR
- Origene Custom Protein Services for TTR
- Sino Biological Cell Lysates for TTR
- Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins for TTR
- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for TTR
- antibodies-online: Show 72 available TTR Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top TTR Proteins
-
ProSci Proteins for TTR
-
Abcam proteins for TTR
Assay products for research
- G Biosciences Immunotag™ Human TTR (Transthyretin) ELISA and Immunotag™ Transthyretin ELISA Kit
-
Custom Assay ServicesOriGene ELISA Kits for TTR
- Novus Biologicals ELISA Kits for TTR
- antibodies-online: Show 120 available TTR Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top TTR Elisa Kits
-
Quality Products:
- ABIN6574196
- ABIN6720539
- ABIN414684
- ABIN2685836
- ABIN1117593
- ABIN366135
- ABIN612801
- ABIN1081930
- ABIN5521477
- ABIN2685267
- ABIN1117595
- ABIN825420
- ABIN424463
- ABIN1572934
- ABIN5521478
- ABIN5669879
- ABIN773882
- ABIN5659513
- ABIN5526473
- ABIN6254435
- ABIN1117594
- ABIN1874306
- ABIN579788
- ABIN1572936
- ABIN1116615
- ABIN457258
- ABIN5521479
- ABIN5670544
- ABIN5670545
- ABIN5592555
- ABIN836336
- ABIN2851604
- ABIN994854
- ABIN996539
- ABIN4973520
- ABIN1163708
-
Abcam assays for TTR
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for TTR Gene
Domains & Families for TTR Gene
Gene Families for TTR Gene
- HGNC:
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Cancer-related genes
- Disease related genes
- Plasma proteins
- Predicted secreted proteins
Protein Domains for TTR Gene
- InterPro:
- Blocks:
-
- Transthyretin
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for TTR Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
-
- TTR protein (Q13736_HUMAN)
- TTR protein (Q13739_HUMAN)
- TBPA (TTHY_HUMAN)
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P02766UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:
TTHY_HUMAN :- Each monomer has two 4-stranded beta sheets and the shape of a prolate ellipsoid. Antiparallel beta-sheet interactions link monomers into dimers. A short loop from each monomer forms the main dimer-dimer interaction. These two pairs of loops separate the opposed, convex beta-sheets of the dimers to form an internal channel.
- Belongs to the transthyretin family.
- Domain:
-
- Each monomer has two 4-stranded beta sheets and the shape of a prolate ellipsoid. Antiparallel beta-sheet interactions link monomers into dimers. A short loop from each monomer forms the main dimer-dimer interaction. These two pairs of loops separate the opposed, convex beta-sheets of the dimers to form an internal channel.
- Family:
-
- Belongs to the transthyretin family.
Function for TTR Gene
Molecular function for TTR Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- transthyretin (prealbumin)
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for TTR Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005179 | hormone activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 986177 |
| GO:0042562 | hormone binding | IEA | -- |
| GO:0042802 | identical protein binding | IPI | 19861125 |
| GO:0044877 | protein-containing complex binding | IEA | -- |
Phenotypes for TTR Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for TTR:
- inferred from 8 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for TTR:
-
- Increased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- no effect
- Decreased viability
- Reduced mammosphere formation
- Decreased viability in ovarian lineage
- Negative genetic interaction between PTTG1-/- and PTTG1+/+
- Polylobed nuclei
- Decreased endosome-nucleus distance (endosomes clustered in the perinuclear region)
- Decreased viability with TRAIL
Animal Models for research
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
CRISPR products for research
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for TTR - Starting at $85 >
- * TTR CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: Non-viral | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | siRNA - Browse All
- * Cas9 Nucleases, Nickases, Null Mutants, and GFP tag also available.
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for TTR
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for TTR
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for TTR
miRNA for TTR Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target TTR
-
- mmu-miR-9-5p (MIRT015349)
- hsa-miR-5010-3p (MIRT532330)
- hsa-miR-2113 (MIRT532331)
- hsa-miR-411-5p (MIRT532332)
- hsa-miR-4775 (MIRT532333)
- hsa-miR-6832-5p (MIRT532334)
- hsa-miR-1273f (MIRT532335)
- hsa-miR-4735-5p (MIRT532336)
- hsa-miR-6872-3p (MIRT532337)
- hsa-miR-6890-5p (MIRT532338)
- hsa-miR-590-3p (MIRT532339)
- hsa-miR-2355-5p (MIRT626940)
- hsa-miR-4772-3p (MIRT626941)
- hsa-miR-1304-3p (MIRT626942)
- hsa-miR-6764-5p (MIRT626943)
- hsa-miR-1915-3p (MIRT626944)
- hsa-miR-6777-3p (MIRT626945)
- hsa-miR-6890-3p (MIRT626946)
- hsa-miR-512-5p (MIRT650574)
- hsa-miR-6869-5p (MIRT650575)
- hsa-miR-4279 (MIRT650576)
- hsa-miR-1976 (MIRT650577)
- hsa-miR-3653-5p (MIRT650578)
- hsa-miR-6747-3p (MIRT650579)
miRNA products for research
Inhibitory RNAs for research
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for TTR
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For TTR
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for TTR
Clone products for research
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for TTR - Starting at $45 >
- * TTR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Retro- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Viral Packaging Services and High Titer Production Services also available.
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for TTR
- Addgene plasmids for TTR
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for TTR
Cell Lines for research
- ESI BIO PureStem ES-210, Ecto-ntu Progenitor for TTR
-
Horizon Cell Lines for TTR
No data available for Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for TTR Gene
Localization for TTR Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for TTR Gene
- Secreted. Cytoplasm.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| extracellular | 5 |
| lysosome | 4 |
| nucleus | 3 |
| cytosol | 3 |
| plasma membrane | 2 |
| cytoskeleton | 2 |
| mitochondrion | 2 |
| peroxisome | 2 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 2 |
| endosome | 2 |
| golgi apparatus | 2 |
- Golgi apparatus (2)
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005576 | extracellular region | TAS | -- |
| GO:0005615 | extracellular space | IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IEA | -- |
| GO:0032991 | protein-containing complex | IEA | -- |
| GO:0035578 | azurophil granule lumen | TAS | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for TTR Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Innate Immune System |
.61
|
|
| 2 | Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins | ||
| 3 | HIV Life Cycle |
.45
|
|
| 4 | Diseases associated with visual transduction | ||
| 5 | Aldosterone synthesis and secretion | ||
Pathways by source for TTR Gene
1 BioSystems pathway for TTR Gene
18 Reactome pathways for TTR Gene
1 KEGG pathway for TTR Gene
1 Qiagen pathway for TTR Gene
- Visual Cycle in Retinal Rods
Interacting Proteins for TTR Gene
Selected Interacting proteins:
P02766-TTHY_HUMAN
ENSP00000237014
for TTR Gene via
UniProtKB
MINT
STRING
IID
GPS-Prot Interaction Network for TTR
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001523 | retinoid metabolic process | TAS | -- |
| GO:0006144 | purine nucleobase metabolic process | IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0007165 | signal transduction | IEA | -- |
| GO:0030198 | extracellular matrix organization | TAS | -- |
| GO:0042572 | retinol metabolic process | IEA | -- |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for TTR Gene
Drugs & Compounds for TTR Gene
| Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levothyroxine | Approved | Pharma | Carrier | 0 | ||
| tafamidis | Approved, Investigational | Pharma | Target, chaperone | 0 | ||
| Liothyronine | Approved, Vet_approved | Pharma | Carrier | 0 | ||
| Diclofenac | Approved, Vet_approved | Pharma | Carrier | 412 | ||
| Diethylstilbestrol | Approved, Investigational | Pharma | Carrier | 7 |
| Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs |
|---|
Drug products for research
- G Biosciences Human Transthyretin/ATTR, Lyophilized
- RayBiotech Recombinant Human Transthyretin
Transcripts for TTR Gene
mRNA/cDNA for TTR Gene
- 1 REFSEQ mRNAs :
- 17 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
- 7 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links to gene/alias where relevant :
-
- ENST00000237014 616 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000432547 745 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000541025 956 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000610404 640 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000613781 179 nts (view in UCSC)
CRISPR products for research
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for TTR - Starting at $85 >
- * TTR CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: Non-viral | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | siRNA - Browse All
- * Cas9 Nucleases, Nickases, Null Mutants, and GFP tag also available.
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for TTR
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for TTR
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for TTR
miRNA products for research
Inhibitory RNAs for research
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for TTR
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For TTR
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for TTR
Clone products for research
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for TTR - Starting at $45 >
- * TTR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Retro- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Viral Packaging Services and High Titer Production Services also available.
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for TTR
- Addgene plasmids for TTR
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for TTR
| ExUns: | 1a | · | 1b | ^ | 2a | · | 2b | ^ | 3a | · | 3b | ^ | 4a | · | 4b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | ||||||||||||||
| SP2: | |||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - |
Relevant External Links for TTR Gene
- GeneLoc Exon Structure for
- TTR
Expression for TTR Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Brain (Nervous System)
- Mature Choroid Plexus Cells Choroid Plexus
- Adult Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Cortical Sub Ventricular Zone
- Choroid Plexus Progenitor Cells Choroid Plexus
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
-
Epithelial Cells
- Mature Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells Retinal Pigmented Epithelium
- Loop of Henle Cells Loop of Henle
- Mature Choroid Plexus Cells Choroid Plexus
- Proximal Tubule Cells Proximal Tubule
- Adult Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells Retinal Pigmented Epithelium
-
Kidney (Urinary System)
- Loop of Henle Cells Loop of Henle
- Proximal Tubule Cells Proximal Tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Renal Collecting Duct System
- Proximal Tubule
-
Liver (Hepatobiliary System)
- Hepatocytes Liver Lobule
- Hepatic Endoderm Cells Ventral Foregut Endoderm
- Hepatoblasts Liver Bud
- Liver Lobule
- Hepatocyte-like cells(Kubo A et. al. 2004)
- NULL (Nervous System)
-
Gut Tube (Gastrointestinal Tract)
- Foregut Endoderm Cells Foregut
- Hepatic Endoderm Cells Ventral Foregut Endoderm
- Ventral Foregut Endoderm Cells Ventral Foregut Endoderm
-
Yolk Sac (Extraembryonic Tissues)
- Definitive Hematopoietic Stem Cells Definitive Yolk Sac
- Extraembryonic Endoderm Cells Extraembryonic Endoderm
-
Eye (Sensory Organs)
- Mature Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells Retinal Pigmented Epithelium
- Adult Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells Retinal Pigmented Epithelium
-
Neural Tube (Nervous System)
- Adult Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Cortical Sub Ventricular Zone
- Lateral Rhombic Lip Progenitor Cells Rhombencephalon
- Inner Cell Mass (Early Embryonic Tissues)
-
Blood (Cardiovascular System)
- Definitive Hematopoietic Stem Cells Definitive Yolk Sac
-
Hypoblast (Extraembryonic Tissues)
- Extraembryonic Endoderm Cells Extraembryonic Endoderm
-
Extraembryonic Mesoderm (Extraembryonic Tissues)
- Extraembryonic Angioblasts Extraembryonic Capillary Plexus
-
Endothelium (Cardiovascular System)
- Extraembryonic Angioblasts Extraembryonic Capillary Plexus
-
Heart (Cardiovascular System)
- Cardiac Crescent Cells Cardiac Crescent
- Pancreas (Endocrine System)
- Fibroblasts
- Neurons
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for TTR Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Liver (x39.2) and Pancreas (x4.2).
This gene is overexpressed in Cerebrospinal fluid (19.0), Plasma (11.2), and Serum (7.0).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB and MOPED for TTR Gene
- Elite partner
Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for TTR
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for TTR Gene:
Hs.427202mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for TTR Gene:
P02766-TTHY_HUMAN
Tissue specificity:
Detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (at protein level). Highly expressed in choroid plexus epithelial cells. Detected in retina pigment epithelium and liver.
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for TTR Gene
- Pancreas(5)
- Liver(5)
- Nervous system(5)
- Eye(4.9)
- Blood(4.6)
- Bone marrow(4.4)
- Kidney(3.4)
- Intestine(3.3)
- Thyroid gland(3.2)
- Heart(3.1)
- Muscle(3.1)
- Spleen(2.7)
- Stomach(2.6)
- Skin(2.6)
- Urine(2.4)
- Lung(2.2)
- Gall bladder(2.2)
- Adrenal gland(2.1)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for TTR Gene
Germ Layers:
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
Systems:
- cardiovascular
- digestive
- immune
- nervous
- reproductive
- skeletal muscle
- skeleton
- urinary
Regions:
Head and neck:
- brain
- cerebrospinal fluid
- cranial nerve
- ear
- eye
- head
- meninges
- neck
Thorax:
- esophagus
- heart
- heart valve
Abdomen:
- intestine
- kidney
- large intestine
- small intestine
- stomach
Pelvis:
- penis
- prostate
- rectum
- urinary bladder
Limb:
- arm
- digit
- finger
- foot
- forearm
- hand
- lower limb
- toe
- upper limb
General:
- blood vessel
- peripheral nerve
- peripheral nervous system
- spinal cord
Primer products for research
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for TTR
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for TTR
Gene Expression Assays for research
Orthologs for TTR Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | TTR 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | TTR 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | TTR 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Ttr 30 |
|
||
| Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Ttr 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | TTR 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | TTR 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | TTR 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | TTR 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | ttr 30 |
|
||
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) |
Amphibia | LOC397787 30 |
|
||
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | ttr 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | CG30016 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | R09H10.3 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
| ZK697.8 31 |
|
OneToMany |
- Species where no ortholog for TTR was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- Corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
- Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- Rice (Oryza sativa)
- Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
- Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi)
- Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- Soybean (Glycine max)
- Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Evolution for TTR Gene
- ENSEMBL:
- Gene Tree for TTR (if available)
- TreeFam:
- Gene Tree for TTR (if available)
- Aminode:
- Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for TTR: view image
Paralogs for TTR Gene
(2) SIMAP similar genes for TTR Gene using alignment to 4 proteins:
- TTHY_HUMAN
- Q13736_HUMAN
- Q13739_HUMAN
- V9GZJ0_HUMAN
Variants for TTR Gene
Sequence variations, with clinical significance, from ClinVar and Humsavar, with links to dbSNP for TTR Gene
| SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 18 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 181701 | Conflicting Interpretations: Amyloidogenic transthyretin amyloidosis; not provided | 31,595,139(+) |
GA/TC NM_000371.3(TTR):c.220_221inv (p.Glu74Ser) |
||
| 840757 | Pathogenic: Amyloidogenic transthyretin amyloidosis | 31,592,987(+) |
G/C NM_000371.4(TTR):c.161G>C (p.Arg54Thr) |
MISSENSE | |
| 842048 | Uncertain Significance: Amyloidogenic transthyretin amyloidosis | 31,598,039(+) |
GGGCTTGGAGACAGGA
NM_000371.4(TTR):c.337-527_349del |
SPLICE_ACCEPTOR | |
| 842099 | Pathogenic: Amyloidogenic transthyretin amyloidosis | 31,595,142(+) |
C/A NM_000371.4(TTR):c.223C>A (p.Leu75Met) |
MISSENSE | |
| 845368 | Pathogenic/Likely Pathogenic: Amyloidogenic transthyretin amyloidosis; Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease | 31,595,171(+) |
T/G NM_000371.4(TTR):c.252T>G (p.Phe84Leu) |
MISSENSE |
All consequence types are included: molecular consequences (e.g. missense, synonymous), and location-based (e.g. intron, upstream).
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
72.7% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
2.18;
39.52% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for TTR Gene
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assays for research
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for TTR Gene
Disorders for TTR Gene
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| amyloidosis, hereditary, transthyretin-related |
|
|
| hyperthyroxinemia, dystransthyretinemic |
|
|
| carpal tunnel syndrome |
|
|
| hereditary amyloidosis |
|
|
| pneumonia |
|
|
Search TTR in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
TTHY_HUMAN- Amyloidosis, transthyretin-related (AMYL-TTR) [MIM:105210]: A hereditary generalized amyloidosis due to transthyretin amyloid deposition. Protein fibrils can form in different tissues leading to amyloid polyneuropathies, amyloidotic cardiomyopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, systemic senile amyloidosis. The disease includes leptomeningeal amyloidosis that is characterized by primary involvement of the central nervous system. Neuropathologic examination shows amyloid in the walls of leptomeningeal vessels, in pia arachnoid, and subpial deposits. Some patients also develop vitreous amyloid deposition that leads to visual impairment (oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis). Clinical features include seizures, stroke-like episodes, dementia, psychomotor deterioration, variable amyloid deposition in the vitreous humor. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:10036587, ECO:0000269 PubMed:10071047, ECO:0000269 PubMed:10211412, ECO:0000269 PubMed:10436378, ECO:0000269 PubMed:10439117, ECO:0000269 PubMed:10611950, ECO:0000269 PubMed:10627135, ECO:0000269 PubMed:10694917, ECO:0000269 PubMed:10842705, ECO:0000269 PubMed:10842718, ECO:0000269 PubMed:10882995, ECO:0000269 PubMed:11243784, ECO:0000269 PubMed:11445644, ECO:0000269 PubMed:11866053, ECO:0000269 PubMed:12050338, ECO:0000269 PubMed:12403615, ECO:0000269 PubMed:12557757, ECO:0000269 PubMed:12771253, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1301926, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1351039, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1362222, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1436517, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1517749, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1520326, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1520336, ECO:0000269 PubMed:15214015, ECO:0000269 PubMed:15217993, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1544214, ECO:0000269 PubMed:15478468, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1570831, ECO:0000269 PubMed:15735344, ECO:0000269 PubMed:16185074, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1656975, ECO:0000269 PubMed:16627944, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1734866, ECO:0000269 PubMed:17453626, ECO:0000269 PubMed:17503405, ECO:0000269 PubMed:17577687, ECO:0000269 PubMed:17635579, ECO:0000269 PubMed:19167329, ECO:0000269 PubMed:1932142, ECO:0000269 PubMed:2046936, ECO:0000269 PubMed:2161654, ECO:0000269 PubMed:23317988, ECO:0000269 PubMed:2363717, ECO:0000269 PubMed:2891727, ECO:0000269 PubMed:3022108, ECO:0000269 PubMed:3135807, ECO:0000269 PubMed:3722385, ECO:0000269 PubMed:3818577, ECO:0000269 PubMed:6487335, ECO:0000269 PubMed:6583672, ECO:0000269 PubMed:6651852, ECO:0000269 PubMed:7655883, ECO:0000269 PubMed:7850982, ECO:0000269 PubMed:7910950, ECO:0000269 PubMed:7914929, ECO:0000269 PubMed:7923855, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8019560, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8038017, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8081397, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8095302, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8133316, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8257997, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8352764, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8382610, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8428915, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8579098, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8990019, ECO:0000269 PubMed:9066351, ECO:0000269 PubMed:9605286, ECO:0000269 PubMed:9733771, ECO:0000269 Ref.90}. Note=The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
- Hyperthyroxinemia, dystransthyretinemic (DTTRH) [MIM:145680]: A condition characterized by elevation of total and free thyroxine in healthy, euthyroid persons without detectable binding protein abnormalities. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:1979335}. Note=The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
- Carpal tunnel syndrome 1 (CTS1) [MIM:115430]: A condition characterized by entrapment of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. This condition may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma, wrist injuries, amyloid neuropathies, rheumatoid arthritis. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:8309582}. Note=The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Additional Disease Information for TTR
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- Atlas
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
- Open Targets Platform
- Open Targets Platform
No data available for Genatlas for TTR Gene
Publications for TTR Gene
- A new mutant transthyretin (Arg 10) associated with familial amyloid polyneuropathy. (PMID: 1362222) Uemichi T … Benson MD (Journal of medical genetics 1992) 3 4 23 41 74
- Recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with a new transthyretin variant (Gly53Glu). (PMID: 11445644) Ellie E … Valleix S (Neurology 2001) 3 4 23 74
- Familial carpal tunnel syndrome due to amyloidogenic transthyretin His 114 variant. (PMID: 8309582) Murakami T … Ando M (Neurology 1994) 2 3 4 74
- A new transthyretin mutation associated with amyloid cardiomyopathy. (PMID: 1570831) Saraiva MJ … Goodman DS (American journal of human genetics 1992) 3 4 23 41
- A novel transthyretin mutation at position 30 (Leu for Val) associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. (PMID: 1520326) Murakami T … Ando M (Biochemical and biophysical research communications 1992) 3 4 23 41
ExternalLinks
Products for TTR Gene
- Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for TTR
- Custom Assay ServicesOriGene ELISA Kits for TTR
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for TTR
- Origene Custom Protein Services for TTR
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for TTR
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For TTR
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs for TTR
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for TTR
- OriGene CRISPR knockouts for TTR
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Browse OriGene miRNA Products For TTR
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for TTR
- Sino Biological Cell Lysates for TTR
- Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins for TTR
- Sino Biological Antibodies for TTR
- Browse Sino Biological Assays
- Browse Recombinant Proteins
- Browse Antibodies
- Browse cDNA Clones
- Browse ELISA Kits
- Browse CRO Services
- High-throughput Antibody Production Service
- Protein Production Service
- Epitope Tag Antibodies & Reporter Protein Antibodies
- Lentiviral ORF Clones
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for TTR
- Novus Biologicals proteins and lysates for TTR
- Novus Biologicals ELISA Kits for TTR
- Browse Antibodies
- Browse Peptides and Proteins
- Browse Lysates
- Browse ELISA Kits
- Abcam antibodies for TTR
- Abcam proteins for TTR
- Abcam assays for TTR
- Find your target
- Browse Primary Antibodies
- Browse Conjugated Primary Antibodies
- Browse Secondary Antibodies
- Browse ELISA Kits
- Browse Matched Antibody Pairs
- Browse Proteins and Peptides
- Search Knockout (KO) Validated Antibodies
- Browse Monoclonal Antibodies
- Browse Recombinant Antibodies
- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for TTR
- ESI BIO PureStem ES-210, Ecto-ntu Progenitor for TTR
- Invitrogen Antibodies for TTR (AFLGC-TTR)
- VectorBuilder Custom and pre-made DNA vectors for TTR (ie. gene expression, shRNA knockdown, CRISPR)
- VectorBuilder Viral vectors for TTR (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder CRISPR vectors for TTR (ie. knockout, knockin, CRISPRa, CRISPRi)
- VectorBuilder Virus packaging for TTR CRISPR vectors (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder Stable cell line generation for TTR
- Addgene plasmids for TTR
- antibodies-online: Show 116 available TTR Antibodies ranked by validation data
- Compare Top TTR Antibodies
- Recommended
- 226 WB Antibodies (anti-human)
- 12 IF (p) Antibodies (anti-human)
- 11 IHC Antibodies (anti-human)
- 9 IHC (p) Antibodies (anti-human)
- 5 RIA Antibodies (anti-human)
- 4 ID Antibodies (anti-human)
- 2 EIA Antibodies (anti-human)
- 2 FACS Antibodies (anti-human)
- 1 IA Antibody (anti-human)
- 1 IEP Antibody (anti-human)
- 1 IP Antibody (anti-human)
- 52 WB Antibodies (anti-mouse)
- 12 IF (p) Antibodies (anti-mouse)
- 5 IHC (p) Antibodies (anti-mouse)
- 2 IHC Antibodies (anti-mouse)
- 1 EIA Antibody (anti-mouse)
- 38 WB Antibodies (anti-rat)
- 12 IF (p) Antibodies (anti-rat)
- 4 IHC (p) Antibodies (anti-rat)
- 2 IHC Antibodies (anti-rat)
- 1 EIA Antibody (anti-rat)
- antibodies-online: Show 120 available TTR Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top TTR Elisa Kits
- Quality Products:
- ABIN6574196
- ABIN6720539
- ABIN414684
- ABIN2685836
- ABIN1117593
- ABIN366135
- ABIN612801
- ABIN1081930
- ABIN5521477
- ABIN2685267
- ABIN1117595
- ABIN825420
- ABIN424463
- ABIN1572934
- ABIN5521478
- ABIN5669879
- ABIN773882
- ABIN5659513
- ABIN5526473
- ABIN6254435
- ABIN1117594
- ABIN1874306
- ABIN579788
- ABIN1572936
- ABIN1116615
- ABIN457258
- ABIN5521479
- ABIN5670544
- ABIN5670545
- ABIN5592555
- ABIN836336
- ABIN2851604
- ABIN994854
- ABIN996539
- ABIN4973520
- ABIN1163708
- antibodies-online: Show 72 available TTR Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top TTR Proteins
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for TTR
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for TTR siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for TTR
- Custom Antibody ServicesProSci Antibodies for TTR
- ProSci Proteins for TTR
- Horizon Cell Lines for TTR
- Browse GeneCopoeia Cell Lines
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for TTR
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for TTR
- Search GeneCopoeia for miRNA 3'UTR Target clone products for TTR
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for TTR
Sources for TTR Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) NCBI Entrez Gene
- (4) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM® (Updated: 05-Mar-2021)
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) Cell Signaling Technology
- (12) GO
- (13) UniProtKB/TrEMBL
- (14) InterPro
- (15) ProtoNet
- (16) Blocks
- (17) MGI
- (18) IUBMB
- (19) KEGG
- (20) MINT
- (21) STRING
- (22) IntAct
- (23) Novoseek
- (24) PharmGKB
- (25) DrugBank
- (26) HMDB
- (27) ASD
- (28) SAGE
- (29) SOURCE
- (30) HomoloGene
- (31) PanEnsembl
- (32) euGenes
- (33) SGD
- (34) FlyBase
- (35) WormBase
- (36) Pseudogene
- (37) DGV
- (38) dbSNP
- (39) GenAtlas
- (40) HGMD
- (41) GAD
- (42) BGMUT
- (43) HuGE
- (44) Atlas
- (45) GenBank
- (46) HORDE
- (47) HUGE
- (48) IMGT
- (49) Leiden
- (50) miRBase
- (51) DME
- (52) OriGene
- (53) PubMed
- (54) R&D Systems
- (55) TGDB
- (56) Tocris
- (57) Abcam
- (58) Novus Biologicals
- (59) ProSpec
- (60) Sino Biological
- (61) GenScript
- (62) Qiagen
- (63) OCA
- (64) Proteopedia
- (65) MOPED
- (66) neXtProt
- (67) Reactome
- (68) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (69) DISEASES
- (70) SIMAP
- (71) GenomeRNAi
- (72) LifeMap
- (73) miRTarBase
- (74) MalaCards
- (75) Invitrogen
- (76) BitterDB
- (77) ESI-BIO
- (78) RefSeq
- (79) BioSystems
- (80) MaxQB
- (81) IUPHAR
- (82) BioGPS
- (83) Illumina
- (84) COMPARTMENTS
- (85) HOMER
- (86) PaxDb
- (87) ApexBio
- (88) Addgene
- (89) antibodies-online
- (90) CYP
- (91) NONCODE
- (92) TreeFam
- (93) PathCards
- (94) GeneReviews
- (95) GeneTex
- (96) Taconic Biosciences
- (97) GTEx
- (98) ProteomicsDB
- (99) SCBT
- (100) DGIdb
- (101) ClinicalTrials
- (102) RVIS
- (103) SIGNOR
- (104) diseasecard
- (105) NIH Rare Diseases
- (106) Orphanet
- (107) UMLS
- (108) GTR
- (109) Disease Ontology
- (110) MedlinePlus Genetics
- (111) MeSH
- (112) MedlinePlus
- (113) CDC
- (114) NINDS
- (115) NCBI Bookshelf
- (116) ClinVar
- (117) Gene Damage Index
- (118) HPO
- (119) UDN
- (120) VISTA
- (121) FANTOM5
- (122) ENCODE
- (123) ProSci
- (124) Horizon
- (125) The Signaling Pathways Project (SPP)
- (126) IID
- (127) VectorBuilder
- (128) SNPedia
- (129) BRCA Exchange
- (130) CIViC
- (131) ProteoGenix
- (132) dbSUPER
- (133) TISSUES
- (134) Gene ORGANizer
- (135) abm
- (136) Human Protein Atlas
- (137) GWAS Catalog
- (138) Monarch Initiative
- (139) DataMed
- (140) HumanCyc
- (141) UCNEbase
- (142) EPDnew
- (143) Applied Biosystems
- (144) GlyConnect
- (145) Aminode
- (146) GeneCopoeia
- (147) GPS-Prot
- (148) RNAcentral
- (149) LncRNADisease
- (150) LOVD
- (151) miR2Disease
- (152) DiseaseEnhancer
- (153) Boster Bio
- (154) Biorbyt
- (155) Biocompare
- (156) Mastermind
- (157) CTD^2 Dashboard
- (158) CraniofacialAtlas
- (159) GeneImprint
- (160) Synthego
- (161) ENA
- (162) GtRNAdb
- (163) LncBase
- (164) LncBook
- (165) LNCipedia
- (166) Modomics
- (167) PDBe
- (168) Rfam
- (169) SILVA
- (170) snOPY
- (171) SRPDB
- (172) GENCODE
- (173) TarBase
- (174) Open Targets Platform
- (175) 5SRRNADB
- (176) snoDB
- (177) MirGeneDB