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This gene encodes a member of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC). The DGC spans the sarcolemma and is comprised of dystrophin, syntrophin, alpha- and beta-dystroglycans and sarcoglycans. The DGC provides a structural link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix of muscle cells. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode differe... See more...
Aliases for SSPN Gene
Aliases for SSPN Gene
External Ids for SSPN Gene
- HGNC: 11322
- Entrez Gene: 8082
- Ensembl: ENSG00000123096
- OMIM: 601599
- UniProtKB: Q14714
Previous HGNC Symbols for SSPN Gene
- KRAG
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for SSPN Gene
- GC12P026709
- GC12P026359
- GC12P026248
- GC12P026239
- GC12P026348
- GC12P026275
Summaries for SSPN Gene
-
This gene encodes a member of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC). The DGC spans the sarcolemma and is comprised of dystrophin, syntrophin, alpha- and beta-dystroglycans and sarcoglycans. The DGC provides a structural link between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix of muscle cells. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2008]
GeneCards Summary for SSPN Gene
SSPN (Sarcospan) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with SSPN include Short Sleep, Familial Natural, 1 and Adrenal Carcinoma. Among its related pathways are Muscular Dystrophies and Dystrophin-Glycoprotein Complex.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for SSPN Gene
-
Component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), a complex that spans the muscle plasma membrane and forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Preferentially associates with the sarcoglycan subcomplex of the DGC.
Additional gene information for SSPN Gene
- HGNC(11322)
- Entrez Gene(8082)
- Ensembl(ENSG00000123096)
- OMIM(601599)
- UniProtKB(Q14714)
- Open Targets Platform(ENSG00000123096)
- Monarch Initiative
- Search for SSPN at DataMed
- Search for SSPN at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC Summary , Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for SSPN Gene
Genomics for SSPN Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs
Promoters and enhancers for SSPN Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication |
Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)
GeneHancers around SSPN on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path
Cistromic (ChIP-Seq) regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for SSPN
- Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the SSPN gene promoter:
-
- Cart-1
- CUTL1
- Lhx3a
- S8
- Zic1
Genomic Locations for SSPN Gene
Genomic Locations for SSPN Gene
- chr12:26,121,951-26,299,290
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 177,340 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
- chr12:26,274,924-26,452,223
- (GRCh37/hg19)
- Size:
- 177,300 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
Genomic View for SSPN Gene
Genes around SSPN on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 12p12.1 by HGNC
- 12p12.1 by Entrez Gene
- 12p12.1 by Ensembl
SSPN Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for SSPN Gene
Proteins for SSPN Gene
-
Protein details for SSPN Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- Q14714-SSPN_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Sarcospan
- Protein Accession:
- Q14714
- B3KS67
Protein attributes for SSPN Gene
- Size:
- 243 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 26618 Da
- Quaternary structure:
- No Data Available
Protein Expression for SSPN Gene
Post-translational modifications for SSPN Gene
Other Protein References for SSPN Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for SSPN
-
Abcam antibodies for SSPN
- Invitrogen Antibodies for SSPN (AFLGC-SSPN)
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for SSPN
Protein Products
-
OriGene Purified Proteins for SSPN
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for SSPN
- Origene Custom Protein Services for SSPN
- antibodies-online: Show 5 available SSPN Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top SSPN Proteins
-
Quality Products:
-
Abcam proteins for SSPN
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for SSPN Gene
Domains & Families for SSPN Gene
Gene Families for SSPN Gene
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Predicted membrane proteins
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for SSPN Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
-
- Nanospan (A1YBP2_HUMAN)
- cDNA FLJ35606 fis, clone SPLEN2009512, highly similar to Sarcospan (B3KS67_HUMAN)
- Kirsten-ras-associated protein (SSPN_HUMAN)
No data available for Graphical View of Domain Structure and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for SSPN Gene
Function for SSPN Gene
Molecular function for SSPN Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), a complex that spans the muscle plasma membrane and forms a link between the F-actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. Preferentially associates with the sarcoglycan subcomplex of the DGC.
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- sarcospan,dystrophin associated glycoprotein,25kDa,expressed and spanning in the sarcolemma,complexing with sarcoglycans in a stoichiometrically equal complex,expressed in skeletal muscle and in vascular smooth muscle,stabilizing the link between dystroglycan and dystrophin/utrophin
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for SSPN Gene
Phenotypes for SSPN Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for SSPN:
- inferred from 2 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for SSPN:
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for SSPN - Select products 50% OFF >
- * SSPN CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
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-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for SSPN
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for SSPN
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for SSPN
miRNA for SSPN Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target SSPN
-
- hsa-miR-335-5p (MIRT018051)
- hsa-miR-765 (MIRT491411)
- hsa-miR-6077 (MIRT491412)
- hsa-miR-7-5p (MIRT491413)
- hsa-miR-4719 (MIRT491414)
- hsa-miR-4779 (MIRT491415)
- hsa-miR-296-3p (MIRT491416)
- hsa-miR-574-5p (MIRT540817)
- hsa-miR-297 (MIRT540818)
- hsa-miR-190a-3p (MIRT540819)
- hsa-miR-6867-5p (MIRT540820)
- hsa-miR-223-5p (MIRT540821)
- hsa-miR-567 (MIRT540822)
- hsa-miR-511-3p (MIRT540823)
- hsa-miR-5011-5p (MIRT540824)
- hsa-miR-1277-5p (MIRT545616)
- hsa-miR-378a-5p (MIRT552215)
- hsa-miR-1976 (MIRT552216)
- hsa-miR-3653-5p (MIRT552217)
- hsa-miR-3190-3p (MIRT570251)
- hsa-miR-6851-5p (MIRT570252)
- hsa-miR-3689d (MIRT570253)
- hsa-miR-6134 (MIRT570254)
- hsa-miR-6891-5p (MIRT570255)
- hsa-miR-3173-3p (MIRT570256)
- mmu-miR-3078-5p (MIRT580724)
- mmu-miR-742-3p (MIRT580725)
- mmu-miR-875-3p (MIRT597166)
- mmu-miR-544-5p (MIRT597167)
- hsa-miR-502-5p (MIRT635957)
- hsa-miR-3907 (MIRT635958)
- hsa-miR-4775 (MIRT635959)
- hsa-miR-590-3p (MIRT635960)
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for SSPN
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Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for SSPN - Select products 50% OFF >
- * SSPN as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
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- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for SSPN
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Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for SSPN
No data available for Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Gene Ontology (GO) - Molecular Function , Human Phenotype Ontology , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for SSPN Gene
Localization for SSPN Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for SSPN Gene
- Cell membrane. Multi-pass membrane protein. Cell membrane, sarcolemma. Cell junction, synapse, postsynaptic cell membrane. Multi-pass membrane protein. Note=Also found in myotendinous junctions and in the postsynaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions. {ECO:0000250}.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| plasma membrane | 5 |
| extracellular | 2 |
| cytoskeleton | 2 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 2 |
| mitochondrion | 1 |
| nucleus | 1 |
| endosome | 1 |
| cytosol | 1 |
| lysosome | 1 |
| golgi apparatus | 1 |
- Nuclear membrane (2)
- Nucleoplasm (2)
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005886 | plasma membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005887 | integral component of plasma membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0016010 | dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex | IEA | -- |
| GO:0016020 | membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0016021 | integral component of membrane | IEA | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for SSPN Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Muscular Dystrophies and Dystrophin-Glycoprotein Complex |
Muscular Dystrophies and Dystrophin-Glycoprotein Complex
-
|
|
Pathways by source for SSPN Gene
1 Qiagen pathway for SSPN Gene
- Muscular Dystrophies and Dystrophin-Glycoprotein Complex
Interacting Proteins for SSPN Gene
GPS-Prot Interaction Network for SSPN
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0006936 | muscle contraction | TAS | 9395445 |
| GO:0007155 | cell adhesion | TAS | 9395445 |
Transcripts for SSPN Gene
mRNA/cDNA for SSPN Gene
- 2 REFSEQ mRNAs :
- 13 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
- 8 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links to gene/alias where relevant :
-
- ENST00000242729 2788 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000422622 4348 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000534829 380 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000535504 419 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000538142 553 nts (view in UCSC)
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for SSPN - Select products 50% OFF >
- * SSPN CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for SSPN
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for SSPN
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for SSPN
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for SSPN
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For SSPN
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for SSPN
Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for SSPN - Select products 50% OFF >
- * SSPN as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for SSPN
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for SSPN
Relevant External Links for SSPN Gene
- GeneLoc Exon Structure for
- SSPN
Expression for SSPN Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Heart (Cardiovascular System)
- Atrioventricular Canal Cells Atrioventricular Canal
- Outflow Tract
-
Eye (Sensory Organs)
- GABAergic Amacrine Cells Inner Nuclear Layer
-
Neurons
- GABAergic Amacrine Cells Inner Nuclear Layer
-
Blood (Hematopoietic System)
- Mature B-Cells Peripheral Blood
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for SSPN Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Muscle - Skeletal (x4.2).
This gene is overexpressed in Gallbladder (13.6), Uterus (13.5), and Heart (8.8).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB and MOPED for SSPN Gene
Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for SSPN
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for SSPN Gene:
Hs.183428mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for SSPN Gene:
Q14714-SSPN_HUMAN
Tissue specificity:
Isoform 1 is expressed exclusively in heart and skeletal muscle. Isoform 2 is expressed in heart, skeletal muscle, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon and spleen.
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for SSPN Gene
- Nervous system(4.8)
- Muscle(4.6)
- Eye(4.4)
- Spleen(4.2)
- Lung(4.2)
- Heart(2.6)
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for SSPN
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for SSPN
Gene Expression Assay Products
No data available for Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for SSPN Gene
Orthologs for SSPN Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | SSPN 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | SSPN 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | SSPN 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Sspn 30 |
|
||
| Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Sspn 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | SSPN 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | SSPN 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | SSPN 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | SSPN 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) |
Amphibia | Xl.28936 30 |
|
||
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | sspn 30 31 |
|
OneToOne |
- Species where no ortholog for SSPN was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- Corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
- Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
- Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- Rice (Oryza sativa)
- Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
- Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi)
- Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- Soybean (Glycine max)
- Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis)
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Evolution for SSPN Gene
- ENSEMBL:
- Gene Tree for SSPN (if available)
- TreeFam:
- Gene Tree for SSPN (if available)
- Aminode:
- Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for SSPN: view image
Paralogs for SSPN Gene
(1) SIMAP similar genes for SSPN Gene using alignment to 3 proteins:
- SSPN_HUMAN
- F5H0K2_HUMAN
- F5H381_HUMAN
No data available for Paralogs for SSPN Gene
Variants for SSPN Gene
Sequence variations, with clinical significance, from ClinVar and Humsavar, with links to dbSNP for SSPN Gene
| SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 12 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 691289 | Affects: Short sleep, familial natural, 1 | 26,122,431(+) | A/G | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 711572 | Benign: not provided | 26,230,745(+) | C/T | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 712110 | Likely Benign: not provided | 26,122,435(+) | G/C | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
| 758237 | Benign: not provided | 26,230,857(+) | G/A | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
| 782779 | Benign: not provided | 26,230,878(+) | C/T | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
84.5% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
6.60;
78.15% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for SSPN Gene
- SNPedia medical, phenotypic, and genealogical associations of SNPs for
- SSPN
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay Products
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for SSPN Gene
Disorders for SSPN Gene
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| short sleep, familial natural, 1 |
|
|
| adrenal carcinoma |
|
|
| autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2c |
|
|
| autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2f |
|
|
| rippling muscle disease 2 |
|
|
Search SSPN in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
Additional Disease Information for SSPN
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
- Open Targets Platform
No data available for UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Genatlas for SSPN Gene
Publications for SSPN Gene
- Coamplification in tumors of KRAS2, type 2 inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate receptor gene, and a novel human gene, KRAG. (PMID: 8661122) Heighway J … Cowen R (Genomics 1996) 2 3 4 23
- Sarcospan, the 25-kDa transmembrane component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. (PMID: 9395445) Crosbie RH … Campbell KP (The Journal of biological chemistry 1997) 2 3 4
- Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of thiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study. (PMID: 20628086) Bailey SD … DREAM investigators (Diabetes care 2010) 3 41
- Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution. (PMID: 20935629) Heid IM … Lindgren CM (Nature genetics 2010) 3 41
- Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PMID: 14702039) Ota T … Sugano S (Nature genetics 2004) 3 4
ExternalLinks
Products for SSPN Gene
- Custom Antibody Services
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- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for SSPN
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- Browse CRO Services
- High-throughput Antibody Production Service
- Protein Production Service
- Epitope Tag Antibodies & Reporter Protein Antibodies
- Lentiviral ORF Clones
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for SSPN
- Novus Biologicals proteins and lysates for SSPN
- Browse Antibodies
- Browse Peptides and Proteins
- Browse Lysates
- Browse ELISA Kits
- Abcam antibodies for SSPN
- Abcam proteins for SSPN
- Find your target
- Browse Primary Antibodies
- Browse Conjugated Primary Antibodies
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- Browse Proteins and Peptides
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- Invitrogen Antibodies for SSPN (AFLGC-SSPN)
- VectorBuilder Custom and pre-made DNA vectors for SSPN (ie. gene expression, shRNA knockdown, CRISPR)
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- VectorBuilder Virus packaging for SSPN CRISPR vectors (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder Stable cell line generation for SSPN
- antibodies-online: Show 4 available SSPN Antibodies ranked by validation data
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- antibodies-online: Search results for available SSPN related products ranked by validation data
- antibodies-online: Show 5 available SSPN Proteins ranked by validation data
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- Quality Products:
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for SSPN
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- Search GeneCopoeia for miRNA 3'UTR Target clone products for SSPN
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for SSPN
Sources for SSPN Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) NCBI Entrez Gene
- (4) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) Cell Signaling Technology
- (12) GO
- (13) UniProtKB/TrEMBL
- (14) InterPro
- (15) ProtoNet
- (16) Blocks
- (17) MGI
- (18) IUBMB
- (19) KEGG
- (20) MINT
- (21) STRING
- (22) IntAct
- (23) Novoseek
- (24) PharmGKB
- (25) DrugBank
- (26) HMDB
- (27) ASD
- (28) SAGE
- (29) SOURCE
- (30) HomoloGene
- (31) PanEnsembl
- (32) euGenes
- (33) SGD
- (34) FlyBase
- (35) WormBase
- (36) Pseudogene
- (37) DGV
- (38) dbSNP
- (39) GenAtlas
- (40) HGMD
- (41) GAD
- (42) BGMUT
- (43) HuGE
- (44) Atlas
- (45) GenBank
- (46) HORDE
- (47) HUGE
- (48) IMGT
- (49) Leiden
- (50) miRBase
- (51) DME
- (52) OriGene
- (53) PubMed
- (54) R&D Systems
- (55) TGDB
- (56) Tocris
- (57) Abcam
- (58) Novus Biologicals
- (59) ProSpec
- (60) Sino Biological
- (61) GenScript
- (62) Qiagen
- (63) OCA
- (64) Proteopedia
- (65) MOPED
- (66) neXtProt
- (67) Reactome
- (68) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (69) DISEASES
- (70) SIMAP
- (71) GenomeRNAi
- (72) LifeMap
- (73) miRTarBase
- (74) MalaCards
- (75) Invitrogen
- (76) BitterDB
- (77) ESI-BIO
- (78) RefSeq
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