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This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. The encoded protein catalyzes the reduction of all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol, the first reaction step of the rhodopsin regeneration pathway. This enzymatic reaction is the rate-limiting step in the visual cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014] See more...
Aliases for RDH8 Gene
Aliases for RDH8 Gene
- Retinol Dehydrogenase 8 2 3 4 5
- SDR28C2 2 3 4
- PRRDH 2 3 4
- Photoreceptor Outer Segment All-Trans Retinol Dehydrogenase 3 4
- Short Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Family 28C Member 2 3 4
- Retinol Dehydrogenase 8 (All-Trans) 2 3
- Short Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Family 28C, Member 2 2
- EC 1.1.1.300 4
- RDH8 5
External Ids for RDH8 Gene
- HGNC: 14423
- Entrez Gene: 50700
- Ensembl: ENSG00000080511
- OMIM: 608575
- UniProtKB: Q9NYR8
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for RDH8 Gene
- GC19P010245
- GC19P010346
- GC19P009969
- GC19P009984
- GC19P010123
- GC19P009704
Summaries for RDH8 Gene
-
This gene encodes a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. The encoded protein catalyzes the reduction of all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol, the first reaction step of the rhodopsin regeneration pathway. This enzymatic reaction is the rate-limiting step in the visual cycle. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2014]
GeneCards Summary for RDH8 Gene
RDH8 (Retinol Dehydrogenase 8) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with RDH8 include Visual Impairment And Progressive Phthisis Bulbi and Myopia. Among its related pathways are Signaling by GPCR and Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include oxidoreductase activity and estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity. An important paralog of this gene is DHRS1.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for RDH8 Gene
-
Retinol dehydrogenase with a clear preference for NADP. Converts all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol. May play a role in the regeneration of visual pigment at high light intensity (By similarity).
Additional gene information for RDH8 Gene
- HGNC(14423)
- Entrez Gene(50700)
- Ensembl(ENSG00000080511)
- OMIM(608575)
- UniProtKB(Q9NYR8)
- Open Targets Platform(ENSG00000080511)
- Search for RDH8 at DataMed
- Search for RDH8 at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC Summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for RDH8 Gene
Genomics for RDH8 Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs
Promoters and enhancers for RDH8 Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication |
Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)
GeneHancers around RDH8 on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path
Cistromic (ChIP-Seq) regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for RDH8
- Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the RDH8 gene promoter:
-
- AP-2alpha
- AP-2alphaA
- AP-2beta
- AP-2gamma
- ATF
- NRSF form 1
- NRSF form 2
- Sp1
Genomic Locations for RDH8 Gene
Genomic Locations for RDH8 Gene
- chr19:10,013,249-10,022,279
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 9,031 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
- chr19:10,123,925-10,132,955
- (GRCh37/hg19)
- Size:
- 9,031 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
Genomic View for RDH8 Gene
Genes around RDH8 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 19p13.2 by HGNC
- 19p13.2 by Entrez Gene
- 19p13.2 by Ensembl
RDH8 Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for RDH8 Gene
Proteins for RDH8 Gene
-
Protein details for RDH8 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- Q9NYR8-RDH8_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Retinol dehydrogenase 8
- Protein Accession:
- Q9NYR8
- Q9H838
Protein attributes for RDH8 Gene
- Size:
- 311 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 33755 Da
- Quaternary structure:
- No Data Available
- SequenceCaution:
-
- Sequence=BAB14782.1; Type=Frameshift; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
Protein Expression for RDH8 Gene
Post-translational modifications for RDH8 Gene
Other Protein References for RDH8 Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
-
Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for RDH8
- Invitrogen Antibodies for RDH8 (AFLGC-RDH8)
- antibodies-online: Show 7 available RDH8 Antibodies ranked by validation data
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-
Quality Products:
Protein Products
-
OriGene Purified Proteins for RDH8
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for RDH8
- Origene Custom Protein Services for RDH8
- antibodies-online: Search results for available RDH8 related products ranked by validation data
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for RDH8 Gene
Domains & Families for RDH8 Gene
Gene Families for RDH8 Gene
- HGNC:
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Predicted intracellular proteins
Protein Domains for RDH8 Gene
- InterPro:
- Blocks:
-
- Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR
- Glucose/ribitol dehydrogenase family signature
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for RDH8 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
-
- Photoreceptor outer segment all-trans retinol dehydrogenase (RDH8_HUMAN)
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
Q9NYR8UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:
RDH8_HUMAN :- Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
- Family:
-
- Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Function for RDH8 Gene
Molecular function for RDH8 Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Retinol dehydrogenase with a clear preference for NADP. Converts all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol. May play a role in the regeneration of visual pigment at high light intensity (By similarity).
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- Reaction=all-trans-retinol + NADP(+) = all-trans-retinal + H(+) + NADPH; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:25033, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:17336, ChEBI:CHEBI:17898, ChEBI:CHEBI:57783, ChEBI:CHEBI:58349; EC=1.1.1.300;.
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for RDH8 Gene
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for RDH8 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0004303 | estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0004745 | retinol dehydrogenase activity | IEA,TAS | 10753906 |
| GO:0016491 | oxidoreductase activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0052650 | NADP-retinol dehydrogenase activity | IEA | -- |
Phenotypes for RDH8 Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for RDH8:
- inferred from 1 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for RDH8:
Animal Models for RDH8 Gene
- MGI Knock Outs for RDH8:
-
- Rdh8 Rdh8<tm1Kpal>
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for RDH8 - Select products 50% OFF >
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-
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-
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miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
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Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for RDH8 - Select products 50% OFF >
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- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for RDH8
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for RDH8
Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for RDH8
No data available for Human Phenotype Ontology , miRNA , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for RDH8 Gene
Localization for RDH8 Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for RDH8 Gene
- Membrane. Multi-pass membrane protein.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| plasma membrane | 4 |
| extracellular | 2 |
| cytosol | 2 |
| cytoskeleton | 1 |
| mitochondrion | 1 |
| peroxisome | 1 |
| nucleus | 1 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 1 |
| endosome | 1 |
| lysosome | 1 |
| golgi apparatus | 1 |
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005887 | integral component of plasma membrane | TAS | 10753906 |
| GO:0016020 | membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0016021 | integral component of membrane | IEA | -- |
No data available for Subcellular locations from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for RDH8 Gene
Pathways & Interactions for RDH8 Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | the visual cycle I (vertebrates) | ||
| 2 | Metabolism | ||
| 3 | Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450 | ||
| 4 | Visual Cycle in Retinal Rods |
Visual Cycle in Retinal Rods
-
|
|
| 5 | Signaling by GPCR | ||
Pathways by source for RDH8 Gene
3 BioSystems pathways for RDH8 Gene
3 Reactome pathways for RDH8 Gene
2 KEGG pathways for RDH8 Gene
1 Qiagen pathway for RDH8 Gene
- Visual Cycle in Retinal Rods
Interacting Proteins for RDH8 Gene
GPS-Prot Interaction Network for RDH8
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0006694 | steroid biosynthetic process | TAS | 10753906 |
| GO:0006703 | estrogen biosynthetic process | IEA | -- |
| GO:0007601 | visual perception | IEA | -- |
| GO:0042572 | retinol metabolic process | IEA | -- |
| GO:0050896 | response to stimulus | IEA | -- |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for RDH8 Gene
Drugs & Compounds for RDH8 Gene
| Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retinal |
|
116-31-4, 564-87-4 |
|
Transcripts for RDH8 Gene
mRNA/cDNA for RDH8 Gene
- 1 REFSEQ mRNAs :
- 3 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
- 4 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links to gene/alias where relevant :
-
- ENST00000587782 702 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000589570 430 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000591589 1481 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000651512 1714 nts (view in UCSC)
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for RDH8 - Select products 50% OFF >
- * RDH8 CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for RDH8
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for RDH8
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for RDH8
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for RDH8
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For RDH8
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for RDH8
Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for RDH8 - Select products 50% OFF >
- * RDH8 as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for RDH8
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for RDH8
| ExUns: | 1 | ^ | 2a | · | 2b | ^ | 3 | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | · | 4c | ^ | 5a | · | 5b | ^ | 6a | · | 6b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | ||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - |
Relevant External Links for RDH8 Gene
- GeneLoc Exon Structure for
- RDH8
Expression for RDH8 Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Eye (Sensory Organs)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for RDH8 Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Testis (x31.5) and Kidney - Cortex (x11.4).
This gene is overexpressed in Adipocyte (35.2) and Retina (33.8).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB and MOPED for RDH8 Gene
Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for RDH8
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for RDH8 Gene:
Hs.675522mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for RDH8 Gene:
Q9NYR8-RDH8_HUMAN
Tissue specificity:
Detected in photoreceptor outer segments in the retina (at protein level).
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for RDH8 Gene
- Eye(4.6)
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for RDH8
Gene Expression Assay Products
No data available for Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for RDH8 Gene
Orthologs for RDH8 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | RDH8 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | RDH8 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | RDH8 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Rdh8 30 |
|
||
| Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Rdh8 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | RDH8 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
| Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | LOC100858293 30 |
|
||
| RDH8 31 |
|
OneToOne | |||
| Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | RDH8 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | LOC100491569 30 |
|
||
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | LOC556557 30 |
|
||
| rdh8b 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| rdh8a 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| zgc73081 30 |
|
||||
| Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | sro 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
| Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | CSA.6045 31 |
|
OneToMany |
- Species where no ortholog for RDH8 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- Corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
- Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- Rice (Oryza sativa)
- Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
- Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- Soybean (Glycine max)
- Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Evolution for RDH8 Gene
- ENSEMBL:
- Gene Tree for RDH8 (if available)
- TreeFam:
- Gene Tree for RDH8 (if available)
- Aminode:
- Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for RDH8: view image
Paralogs for RDH8 Gene
Paralogs for RDH8 Gene
(4) SIMAP similar genes for RDH8 Gene using alignment to 3 proteins:
- RDH8_HUMAN
- K7EKT5_HUMAN
- K7ELF7_HUMAN
Variants for RDH8 Gene
Sequence variations, with clinical significance, from ClinVar and Humsavar, with links to dbSNP for RDH8 Gene
| SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 19 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 715543 | Likely Benign: not provided | 10,020,730(+) | A/T | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 783821 | Benign: not provided | 10,013,577(+) | A/G | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 783822 | Benign: not provided | 10,018,879(+) | C/T | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
| 785606 | Benign: not provided | 10,017,190(+) | T/C | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
| 791350 | Benign: not provided | 10,021,730(+) | C/T | MISSENSE_VARIANT |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
57.2% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
8.49;
85.86% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for RDH8 Gene
- SNPedia medical, phenotypic, and genealogical associations of SNPs for
- RDH8
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay Products
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for RDH8 Gene
Disorders for RDH8 Gene
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| visual impairment and progressive phthisis bulbi |
|
|
| myopia |
|
|
| bothnia retinal dystrophy |
|
|
| retina lymphoma |
|
|
| macular degeneration, age-related, 1 |
|
|
Search RDH8 in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
Additional Disease Information for RDH8
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
- Open Targets Platform
No data available for UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Genatlas for RDH8 Gene
Publications for RDH8 Gene
- Identification and characterization of all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase from photoreceptor outer segments, the visual cycle enzyme that reduces all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol. (PMID: 10753906) Rattner A … Nathans J (The Journal of biological chemistry 2000) 2 3 4 23
- Investigation of the association between all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (RDH8) polymorphisms and high myopia in Chinese. (PMID: 21043051) Yu YS … Han W (Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B 2010) 3 41
- The SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase and related enzymes) nomenclature initiative. (PMID: 19027726) Persson B … Oppermann U (Chemico-biological interactions 2009) 2 3
- Role of photoreceptor-specific retinol dehydrogenase in the retinoid cycle in vivo. (PMID: 15755727) Maeda A … Palczewski K (The Journal of biological chemistry 2005) 3 23
- Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PMID: 14702039) Ota T … Sugano S (Nature genetics 2004) 3 4
ExternalLinks
Products for RDH8 Gene
- Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for RDH8
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- Custom Assay Services
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- Origene Custom Protein Services for RDH8
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- VectorBuilder Stable cell line generation for RDH8
- antibodies-online: Show 7 available RDH8 Antibodies ranked by validation data
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- Quality Products:
- antibodies-online: Search results for available RDH8 related products ranked by validation data
- antibodies-online: Search results for available RDH8 related products ranked by validation data
- Horizon Cell Lines for RDH8
- Browse GeneCopoeia Cell Lines
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- Search GeneCopoeia for miRNA 3'UTR Target clone products for RDH8
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Sources for RDH8 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) NCBI Entrez Gene
- (4) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) Cell Signaling Technology
- (12) GO
- (13) UniProtKB/TrEMBL
- (14) InterPro
- (15) ProtoNet
- (16) Blocks
- (17) MGI
- (18) IUBMB
- (19) KEGG
- (20) MINT
- (21) STRING
- (22) IntAct
- (23) Novoseek
- (24) PharmGKB
- (25) DrugBank
- (26) HMDB
- (27) ASD
- (28) SAGE
- (29) SOURCE
- (30) HomoloGene
- (31) PanEnsembl
- (32) euGenes
- (33) SGD
- (34) FlyBase
- (35) WormBase
- (36) Pseudogene
- (37) DGV
- (38) dbSNP
- (39) GenAtlas
- (40) HGMD
- (41) GAD
- (42) BGMUT
- (43) HuGE
- (44) Atlas
- (45) GenBank
- (46) HORDE
- (47) HUGE
- (48) IMGT
- (49) Leiden
- (50) miRBase
- (51) DME
- (52) OriGene
- (53) PubMed
- (54) R&D Systems
- (55) TGDB
- (56) Tocris
- (57) Abcam
- (58) Novus Biologicals
- (59) ProSpec
- (60) Sino Biological
- (61) GenScript
- (62) Qiagen
- (63) OCA
- (64) Proteopedia
- (65) MOPED
- (66) neXtProt
- (67) Reactome
- (68) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (69) DISEASES
- (70) SIMAP
- (71) GenomeRNAi
- (72) LifeMap
- (73) miRTarBase
- (74) MalaCards
- (75) Invitrogen
- (76) BitterDB
- (77) ESI-BIO
- (78) RefSeq
- (79) BioSystems
- (80) MaxQB
- (81) IUPHAR
- (82) BioGPS
- (83) Illumina
- (84) COMPARTMENTS
- (85) HOMER
- (86) PaxDb
- (87) ApexBio
- (88) Addgene
- (89) antibodies-online
- (90) CYP
- (91) NONCODE
- (92) TreeFam
- (93) PathCards
- (94) GeneReviews
- (95) GeneTex
- (96) Taconic Biosciences
- (97) GTEx
- (98) ProteomicsDB
- (99) SCBT
- (100) DGIdb
- (101) ClinicalTrials
- (102) RVIS
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