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This gene encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate multiple protein products. These products include the pentapeptide opioids Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, which are stored in synaptic vesicles, then released into the synapse where they bind to mu- and delta-opioid receptors to modulate the perception of pain. Other non-opioid cleavage products may function in distinct biological activities. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]
PENK (Proenkephalin) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with PENK include Cannabis Dependence and Radiculopathy. Among its related pathways are ERK Signaling and Signaling by GPCR. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include neuropeptide hormone activity and opioid peptide activity. An important paralog of this gene is PDYN.
GeneHancer (GH) Identifier | GH Type | GH Score |
GH Sources | Gene Association Score | Total Score | TSS distance (kb) | Number of Genes Away | Size (kb) | Transcription Factor Binding Sites |
Gene Targets |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GH08J056557 | Promoter/Enhancer | 1.3 | EPDnew Ensembl ENCODE | 250.1 | -112.7 | -112684 | 3.5 | CTCF CEBPB REST SMC3 RAD21 SPI1 POLR2A IKZF1 ATF2 ZNF143 | LINC00968 PENK ENSG00000253139 RPL37P6 piR-59769-586 LOC101929415 BPNT2 | |
GH08J056447 | Enhancer | 0.9 | FANTOM5 Ensembl | 263.6 | -1.6 | -1550 | 0.9 | CTCF SIN3A SMC3 GABPB1 RAD21 MAX ZNF48 ZNF143 ZNF580 ZBTB33 | PENK lnc-SDR16C5-2 SDR16C5 LOC101929415 lnc-CHCHD7-4 BPNT2 | |
GH08J056444 | Enhancer | 0.5 | Ensembl | 261.1 | +0.7 | 687 | 1.2 | SIN3A REST YY1 MIER2 EZH2 ZNF143 | PENK LOC101929415 lnc-SDR16C5-2 SDR16C5 | |
GH08J056446 | Promoter | 0.4 | EPDnew | 250.7 | +0.0 | 10 | 0.1 | EZH2 | LOC101929415 PENK lnc-SDR16C5-2 SDR16C5 | |
GH08J056448 | Enhancer | 0.3 | Ensembl | 256.1 | -0.2 | -230 | 0.2 | EZH2 | PENK LOC101929415 lnc-SDR16C5-2 lnc-CHCHD7-4 BPNT2 |
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0001515 | opioid peptide activity | IEA | -- |
GO:0005184 | neuropeptide hormone activity | TAS | 7057924 |
GO:0031628 | opioid receptor binding | IBA | 21873635 |
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0005576 | extracellular region | IEA,TAS | -- |
GO:0005788 | endoplasmic reticulum lumen | TAS | -- |
GO:0005886 | plasma membrane | IBA | 21873635 |
GO:0030424 | axon | IEA | -- |
GO:0030425 | dendrite | IBA | 21873635 |
SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | Apoptotic Pathways in Synovial Fibroblasts |
Cellular Apoptosis Pathway
.85
Mitochondrial Apoptosis
.85
Apoptotic Pathways in Synovial Fibroblasts
.84
p53 Mediated Apoptosis
.84
DHA Signaling
.74
Telomerase Components in Cell Signaling
.72
PPAR Pathway
.66
|
Rac1 Pathway
.65
Glioma Invasiveness
.64
Actin-Based Motility by Rho Family GTPases
.62
ERK5 Signaling
.61
eIF2 Pathway
.60
Rap1 Pathway
.57
Nuclear Receptor Activation by Vitamin-A
.57
|
2 | GPCR Pathway |
Paxillin Interactions
.73
Ras Pathway
.73
GPCR Pathway
.62
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
.59
|
Breast Cancer Regulation by Stathmin1
.58
NFAT in Immune Response
.58
Estrogen Pathway
.55
|
3 | Peptide ligand-binding receptors | ||
4 | ERK Signaling |
ERK Signaling
.61
Rho Family GTPases
.61
MAPK Signaling
.58
|
Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer
.51
ILK Signaling
.49
|
5 | Nanog in Mammalian ESC Pluripotency |
GSK3 Signaling
.61
Nanog in Mammalian ESC Pluripotency
.61
|
14-3-3 Induced Intracellular Signaling
.59
eNOS Signaling
.48
|
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0001649 | osteoblast differentiation | IEA | -- |
GO:0001662 | behavioral fear response | IEA | -- |
GO:0001666 | response to hypoxia | IEA | -- |
GO:0001964 | startle response | IEA | -- |
GO:0002118 | aggressive behavior | IEA | -- |
Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
---|
Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs |
---|
This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.
Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | PENK 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | PENK 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | PENK 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Penk 30 |
|
||
Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Penk 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | PENK 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | PENK 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | PENK 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | PENK 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | penk 30 |
|
||
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | penka 30 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
penkb 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
penk 30 |
|
SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 08 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs1004308282 | Likely Benign: not provided | 56,441,815(-) |
A/G NM_001135690.3(PENK):c.261T>C (p.Asn87=) |
SYNONYMOUS | |
rs11998459 | Benign: not provided. - | 56,441,828(-) |
G/Tp.Thr83Asn NM_001135690.3(PENK):c.248C>A (p.Thr83Asn) |
MISSENSE | |
rs142176507 | Likely Benign: not provided | 56,441,429(-) |
C/T NM_001135690.3(PENK):c.647G>A (p.Arg216Lys) |
MISSENSE | |
rs149051933 | Benign: not provided | 56,445,888(-) |
C/T NM_001135690.3(PENK):c.66G>A (p.Val22=) |
NON_CODING_TRANSCRIPT_VARIANT,SYNONYMOUS | |
rs187034999 | Likely Benign: not provided | 56,441,946(-) |
A/G NM_001135690.3(PENK):c.139-9T>C |
INTRON |
Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|
cannabis dependence |
|
|
radiculopathy |
|
|
drug dependence |
|
|
bone cancer |
|
|
pheochromocytoma |
|
|