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Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. This gene encodes hexokinase 2, the predominant form found in skeletal muscle. It localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is insulin-responsive, and studies in rat suggest that it is involved in the increased rate of glycolysis s... See more...
Aliases for HK2 Gene
Aliases for HK2 Gene
External Ids for HK2 Gene
- HGNC: 4923
- NCBI Entrez Gene: 3099
- Ensembl: ENSG00000159399
- OMIM®: 601125
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: P52789
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for HK2 Gene
- GC02P075198
- GC02P075018
- GC02P075035
- GC02P075034
- GC02P074971
- GC02P074796
- GC02P075059
Summaries for HK2 Gene
-
Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. This gene encodes hexokinase 2, the predominant form found in skeletal muscle. It localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is insulin-responsive, and studies in rat suggest that it is involved in the increased rate of glycolysis seen in rapidly growing cancer cells. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]
GeneCards Summary for HK2 Gene
HK2 (Hexokinase 2) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with HK2 include Pediatric Osteosarcoma and Chondroblastoma. Among its related pathways are Galactose metabolism and Central carbon metabolism in cancer. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor and fructokinase activity. An important paralog of this gene is HK1.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for HK2 Gene
-
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexose, such as D-glucose and D-fructose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate, respectively) (PubMed:23185017, PubMed:26985301, PubMed:29298880). Mediates the initial step of glycolysis by catalyzing phosphorylation of D-glucose to D-glucose 6-phosphate (PubMed:29298880). Plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the outer mitochondrial membrane by preventing the release of apoptogenic molecules from the intermembrane space and subsequent apoptosis (PubMed:18350175).
-
Hexokinases catalyze the first essential step of glucose metabolism, the conversion of the substrate glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. This phosphorylation event directly couples extramitochondrial glycolysis to intramitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
Additional gene information for HK2 Gene
- HGNC (4923)
- NCBI Entrez Gene (3099)
- Ensembl (ENSG00000159399)
- OMIM® (601125)
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (P52789)
- Open Targets Platform(ENSG00000159399)
- Search for HK2 at DataMed
- Search for HK2 at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for HK2 Gene
Genomics for HK2 Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs
Promoters and enhancers for HK2 Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication |
Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)
GeneHancers around HK2 on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path
Cistromic (ChIP-Seq) regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for HK2
- Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the HK2 gene promoter:
-
- AML1a
- Bach2
- Evi-1
- HOXA3
- HOXA9
- HOXA9B
- Meis-1
- Meis-1a
- Sox5
- Zic1
Genomic Locations for HK2 Gene
Latest Assembly
- chr2:74,834,126-74,893,359
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 59,234 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
Previous Assembly
- chr2:75,061,254-75,120,486
- (GRCh37/hg19 by Entrez Gene)
- Size:
- 59,233 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
- chr2:75,061,108-75,120,486
- (GRCh37/hg19 by Ensembl)
- Size:
- 59,379 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
Genomic View for HK2 Gene
Genes around HK2 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 2p12 by HGNC
- 2p12 by Entrez Gene
- 2p12 by Ensembl
HK2 Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for HK2 Gene
Proteins for HK2 Gene
-
Protein details for HK2 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P52789-HXK2_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Hexokinase-2
- Protein Accession:
- P52789
- D6W5J2
- Q8WU87
- Q9UN82
Protein attributes for HK2 Gene
- Size:
- 917 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 102380 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with TIGAR; the interaction increases hexokinase activity in a hypoxia- and HIF1A-dependent manner (PubMed:23185017).
Protein Expression for HK2 Gene
Selected DME Specific Peptides for HK2 Gene
- P52789:
-
- DIRTEFD
- MRLSDETL
- PDGTEKG
- EWGAFGD
- TMMTCGY
- GFTFSFP
- QVQKVDQ
- RIKENKGEERLRSTIGVDGSVYKKHPHFAKRL
- CQIVSTRSASLCAATLAAVL
- RAAQLCGAG
- DPTQEDCVATHR
- IKDKKLP
- LYHMRLSD
- LIRKAIQRRGDFDIDIVA
- GVDGSVYK
- TGRFETKD
- CGAGMAA
- GFTFSFPC
- NACYMEE
- ATTHPTA
- DGSGKGAA
- LDLGGTNFRV
- AMVTAVA
- SILLKWTKGFKASGCEGEDVVTLLKEAI
- VNDTVGTMM
- VGVDGTLYKLHP
- TRGIFETKFLSQIESD
- YLGEIVRNILIDFTK
- GLIVGTG
- SLNPGKQ
- EGRMCVN
- QTKLDESFLVSWTKGFKS
- GELVRLIL
- HLGLESTC
- VEMHNKIY
- LPLGFTFS
- NMEWGAFGDNGC
- MCINMEWGAFGD
- GSGTQLFDH
- RICQIVS
- ALDLGGTN
- ELFDHIVQCIADFL
- AVDELSLN
- VKMLPTFVR
- GKLSPELL
- SGMYLGEI
- GLSKETHA
Post-translational modifications for HK2 Gene
Other Protein References for HK2 Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibodies for research
- LifeSpan BioSciences HK2 / Hexokinase 2 Antibody and HK2 / Hexokinase 2 Monoclonal Antibody
- G Biosciences Immunotag™ HK2 Antibody
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for HK2
-
Abcam antibodies for HK2
- Invitrogen Antibodies for HK2 (AFLGC-Hk2)
- antibodies-online: Show 138 available Hexokinase 2 Antibodies ranked by validation data
- Compare Top Hexokinase 2 Antibodies
-
Recommended
- 164 WB Antibodies (anti-human)
- 4 IHC Antibodies (anti-human)
- 2 IHC (p) Antibodies (anti-human)
- 1 FACS Antibody (anti-human)
- 1 RIA Antibody (anti-human)
- 42 WB Antibodies (anti-mouse)
- 1 IHC Antibody (anti-mouse)
- 1 IHC (p) Antibody (anti-mouse)
- 34 WB Antibodies (anti-rat)
- 1 IHC Antibody (anti-rat)
- 1 IHC (p) Antibody (anti-rat)
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for HK2
- Sino Biological Antibodies for HK2
Protein products for research
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for HK2
- Origene Custom Protein Services for HK2
- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for HK2
-
Abcam proteins for HK2
Domains & Families for HK2 Gene
Gene Families for HK2 Gene
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Cancer-related genes
- Enzymes
- Plasma proteins
- Predicted intracellular proteins
Protein Domains for HK2 Gene
- InterPro:
- Blocks:
-
- Hexokinase
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for HK2 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
-
- Muscle form hexokinase (HXK2_HUMAN)
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P52789UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:
HXK2_HUMAN :- The N- and C-terminal halves of the protein contain a hexokinase domain (PubMed:29298880). In contrast to hexokinase-1 and -3 (HK1 and HK3, respectively), both hexokinase domains display catalytic activity (PubMed:29298880). The region connecting the two hexokinase domains is required for the catalytic activity of the N-terminal hexokinase domain (PubMed:29298880). The N-terminal half regulates stability of the whole enzyme (PubMed:29298880).
- Belongs to the hexokinase family.
- Domain:
-
- The N- and C-terminal halves of the protein contain a hexokinase domain (PubMed:29298880). In contrast to hexokinase-1 and -3 (HK1 and HK3, respectively), both hexokinase domains display catalytic activity (PubMed:29298880). The region connecting the two hexokinase domains is required for the catalytic activity of the N-terminal hexokinase domain (PubMed:29298880). The N-terminal half regulates stability of the whole enzyme (PubMed:29298880).
- Family:
-
- Belongs to the hexokinase family.
Function for HK2 Gene
Molecular function for HK2 Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexose, such as D-glucose and D-fructose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate, respectively) (PubMed:23185017, PubMed:26985301, PubMed:29298880). Mediates the initial step of glycolysis by catalyzing phosphorylation of D-glucose to D-glucose 6-phosphate (PubMed:29298880). Plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the outer mitochondrial membrane by preventing the release of apoptogenic molecules from the intermembrane space and subsequent apoptosis (PubMed:18350175).
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- Reaction=ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate + H(+); Xref=Rhea:RHEA:22740, ChEBI:CHEBI:4194, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:30616, ChEBI:CHEBI:61567, ChEBI:CHEBI:456216; EC=2.7.1.1; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:23185017, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26985301, ECO:0000269|PubMed:29298880};.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- Reaction=ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate + H(+); Xref=Rhea:RHEA:16125, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:30616, ChEBI:CHEBI:37721, ChEBI:CHEBI:61527, ChEBI:CHEBI:456216; EC=2.7.1.1; Evidence={ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P27881};.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- Reaction=ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose 6-phosphate + H(+); Xref=Rhea:RHEA:17825, ChEBI:CHEBI:4167, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:30616, ChEBI:CHEBI:61548, ChEBI:CHEBI:456216; EC=2.7.1.1; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:29298880};.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot BiophysicochemicalProperties:
- Kinetic parameters: KM=0.21 mM for D-glucose {ECO:0000269|PubMed:29298880}; KM=1.13 mM for ATP {ECO:0000269|PubMed:29298880};
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot EnzymeRegulation:
- Hexokinase activity is specifically inhibited by 2,6-disubstituted glucosamines.
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- hexokinase 2,108kDa,muscle and fat tissues,glycolysis,gluconeogenesis,energy pathways
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for HK2 Gene
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for HK2 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0000166 | nucleotide binding | IEA | -- |
| GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0004340 | glucokinase activity | IEA,IDA | 29298880 |
| GO:0004396 | hexokinase activity | IEA,IDA | 26985301 |
| GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 16189514 |
Phenotypes for HK2 Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for HK2:
- inferred from 2 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for HK2:
-
- Increased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- no effect
- Decreased viability
- Increased transferrin (TF) endocytosis
- Decreased vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection
- Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2)
- Increased HPV18 LCR reporter activity
- Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor)
- Decreased shRNA abundance
- Decreased human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD169 replication
- Increased nuclear migration speed
- Increased viability with SS1P at EC90
- Increased human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD169 replication
- Increased viability with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor)
- Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2)
- Transferrin accumulation in enlarged cytoplasmic structures
- Increased Hepatitis C virus replication
Animal Models for HK2 Gene
- MGI Knock Outs for HK2:
-
- Hk2 Hk2<tm1Laak>
Animal Models for research
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
CRISPR products for research
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for HK2 - Starting at $85 >
- * HK2 CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: Non-viral | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | siRNA - Browse All
- * Cas9 Nucleases, Nickases, Null Mutants, and GFP tag also available.
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for HK2
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for HK2
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for HK2
miRNA for HK2 Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target HK2
-
- mmu-miR-181b-5p (MIRT005308)
- hsa-miR-143-3p (MIRT006301)
- hsa-miR-125a-5p (MIRT006944)
- hsa-miR-125b-5p (MIRT006945)
- hsa-miR-375 (MIRT019914)
- hsa-miR-155-5p (MIRT020800)
- hsa-miR-98-5p (MIRT027665)
- hsa-miR-484 (MIRT041885)
- mmu-miR-466o-3p (MIRT583086)
- mmu-miR-466m-3p (MIRT583087)
- mmu-miR-466f-3p (MIRT583088)
- mmu-miR-466i-3p (MIRT583089)
- mmu-miR-362-3p (MIRT583090)
- mmu-miR-329-3p (MIRT583091)
- mmu-miR-384-3p (MIRT604934)
- mmu-miR-1969 (MIRT604935)
- hsa-miR-199a-5p (MIRT731381)
- hsa-miR-181b-5p (MIRT731659)
miRNA products for research
Inhibitory RNAs for research
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for HK2
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For HK2
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for HK2
Clone products for research
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for HK2 - Starting at $45 >
- * HK2 as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Retro- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Viral Packaging Services and High Titer Production Services also available.
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for HK2
- Addgene plasmids for HK2
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for HK2
Cell Lines for research
-
Horizon Cell Lines for HK2
No data available for Human Phenotype Ontology , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for HK2 Gene
Localization for HK2 Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for HK2 Gene
- Mitochondrion outer membrane. Peripheral membrane protein. Cytoplasm, cytosol. Note=The mitochondrial-binding peptide (MBP) region promotes association with the mitochondrial outer membrane (PubMed:29298880). The interaction with the mitochondrial outer membrane via the mitochondrial-binding peptide (MBP) region promotes higher stability of the protein (PubMed:29298880). Release from the mitochondrial outer membrane into the cytosol induces permeability transition pore (PTP) opening and apoptosis (PubMed:18350175). {ECO:0000269 PubMed:18350175, ECO:0000269 PubMed:29298880}.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| mitochondrion | 5 |
| cytosol | 4 |
| plasma membrane | 3 |
| nucleus | 3 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 3 |
| extracellular | 2 |
| cytoskeleton | 2 |
| peroxisome | 2 |
| lysosome | 2 |
| endosome | 1 |
| golgi apparatus | 1 |
- Cytosol (3)
- Mitochondria (3)
- Centrosome (1)
- Vesicles (1)
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005739 | mitochondrion | IDA | -- |
| GO:0005741 | mitochondrial outer membrane | IDA | 18350175 |
| GO:0005813 | centrosome | IDA | -- |
| GO:0005829 | cytosol | IDA,TAS | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for HK2 Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Galactose metabolism |
Galactose metabolism
.38
|
Glycogen metabolism
.01
|
| 2 | Glucose metabolism |
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (short map)
.58
.52
|
|
| 3 | Metabolism |
.40
|
|
| 4 | Hexose transport |
.85
|
|
| 5 | Transport of glucose and other sugars, bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds | ||
Pathways by source for HK2 Gene
2 BioSystems pathways for HK2 Gene
8 Reactome pathways for HK2 Gene
4 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) pathways for HK2 Gene
- Galactose metabolism
- Glycogen metabolism
- Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (short map)
- Transcription_CREM signaling in testis
1 Cell Signaling Technology pathway for HK2 Gene
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P52789-HXK2_HUMAN
- Pathway: Carbohydrate metabolism; hexose metabolism.
- Pathway: Carbohydrate degradation; glycolysis; D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and glycerone phosphate from D-glucose: step 1/4.
Interacting Proteins for HK2 Gene
Selected Interacting proteins:
P52789-HXK2_HUMAN
ENSP00000290573
for HK2 Gene via
UniProtKB
STRING
IID
GPS-Prot Interaction Network for HK2
SIGNOR curated interactions for HK2 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001666 | response to hypoxia | IEA | -- |
| GO:0001678 | cellular glucose homeostasis | IEA,IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0002931 | response to ischemia | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005975 | carbohydrate metabolic process | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006002 | fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process | IEA,ISS | -- |
Drugs & Compounds for HK2 Gene
| Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D-glucose | Approved, Experimental, Investigational, Vet_approved | Pharma | 0 | |||
| Glucosamine | Approved, Investigational | Pharma | 98 | |||
| Sorbitol | Approved | Pharma | 71 | |||
| Glucose 6-phosphate | Experimental | Pharma | 0 | |||
| beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate | Experimental | Pharma | 0 |
| Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADP |
|
58-64-0 |
|
|||
| alpha-D-Glucose |
|
492-62-6 |
|
|||
| Beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate |
|
|
||||
| dADP |
|
2793-06-8 |
|
|||
| D-Fructose |
|
53188-23-1 |
|
(4) Tocris Compounds for HK2 Gene
| Compound | Action | Cas Number |
|---|---|---|
| 2-Deoxy-D-glucose | Non-metabolizable glucose analog; hexokinase substrate | 154-17-6 |
| AM 2394 | Potent glucokinase activator; orally bioavailable | 1442684-77-6 |
| GKA 50 | Glucokinase activator | 851884-87-2 |
| Lonidamine | Mitochondrial hexokinase inhibitor | 50264-69-2 |
(1) ApexBio Compounds for HK2 Gene
| Compound | Action | Cas Number |
|---|---|---|
| Lonidamine | 50264-69-2 |
Transcripts for HK2 Gene
mRNA/cDNA for HK2 Gene
- 2 REFSEQ mRNAs :
- 12 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
- 3 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links to gene/alias where relevant :
-
- ENST00000290573 5626 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000409174 5278 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000472302 395 nts (view in UCSC)
CRISPR products for research
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for HK2 - Starting at $85 >
- * HK2 CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: Non-viral | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | siRNA - Browse All
- * Cas9 Nucleases, Nickases, Null Mutants, and GFP tag also available.
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for HK2
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for HK2
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for HK2
miRNA products for research
Inhibitory RNAs for research
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for HK2
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For HK2
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for HK2
Clone products for research
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for HK2 - Starting at $45 >
- * HK2 as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Retro- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Viral Packaging Services and High Titer Production Services also available.
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for HK2
- Addgene plasmids for HK2
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for HK2
Relevant External Links for HK2 Gene
- GeneLoc Exon Structure for
- HK2
Expression for HK2 Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
- Neural Tube (Nervous System)
- Brain (Nervous System)
- Adipose (Muscoskeletal System)
- Gut Tube (Gastrointestinal Tract)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for HK2 Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Whole Blood (x7.0), Muscle - Skeletal (x4.9), and Colon - Transverse (x4.0).
This gene is overexpressed in Brain (14.0), Retina (13.2), Bone (7.6), and Testis (7.0).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, MaxQB, and MOPED for HK2 Gene
Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for HK2
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for HK2 Gene:
Hs.406266mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for HK2 Gene:
P52789-HXK2_HUMAN
Tissue specificity:
Predominant hexokinase isozyme expressed in insulin-responsive tissues such as skeletal muscle.
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for HK2 Gene
- Muscle(4.5)
- Blood(4.5)
- Skin(3)
- Eye(2.9)
- Heart(2.8)
- Intestine(2.8)
- Liver(2.6)
- Nervous system(2.6)
- Pancreas(2.5)
- Lung(2.4)
- Bone marrow(2.3)
- Spleen(2.1)
- Kidney(2.1)
- Stomach(2)
Primer products for research
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for HK2
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for HK2
Gene Expression Assays for research
No data available for Protein tissue co-expression partners and Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for HK2 Gene
Orthologs for HK2 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | HK2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | HK2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | HK2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | HK2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Hk2 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Hk2 30 |
|
||
| Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | HK2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | HK2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | HK2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | LOC100485269 30 |
|
||
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | hk2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Dr.10553 30 |
|
||||
| Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | Hex-C 31 32 |
|
ManyToMany | |
| Hex-A 31 32 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
| Hex-t2 31 32 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
| Hex-t1 32 |
|
|
|||
| Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | F14B4.2 30 31 32 |
|
OneToMany | |
| H25P06.1 32 |
|
|
|||
| Y77E11A.1 32 |
|
|
|||
| Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | GLK1 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |
| HXK1 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
| HXK2 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
| EMI2 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
| Rice (Oryza sativa) |
Liliopsida | Os01g0190400 30 |
|
||
| Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | CSA.11095 31 |
|
OneToMany |
- Species where no ortholog for HK2 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- Corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
- Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
- Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- Soybean (Glycine max)
- Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Evolution for HK2 Gene
- ENSEMBL:
- Gene Tree for HK2 (if available)
- TreeFam:
- Gene Tree for HK2 (if available)
- Aminode:
- Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for HK2: view image
Paralogs for HK2 Gene
Variants for HK2 Gene
Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for HK2 Gene
- HXK2_HUMAN-P52789
- Although found in NIDDM patients, genetic variations of HK2 do not contribute to the disease (PubMed:7883122, PubMed:7883123).
Sequence variations, with clinical significance, from ClinVar and Humsavar, with links to dbSNP for HK2 Gene
| SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 02 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs1441586434 | Likely Benign: not provided | 74,867,791(+) |
C/A NM_000189.5(HK2):c.375+7C>A |
INTRON | |
| rs28363014 | Benign: not provided | 74,877,202(+) |
G/A NM_000189.5(HK2):c.912G>A (p.Glu304=) |
SYNONYMOUS | |
| rs28363033 | Benign: not provided | 74,880,544(+) |
C/T NM_000189.5(HK2):c.1545C>T (p.Tyr515=) |
SYNONYMOUS | |
| rs765479895 | Likely Benign: not provided | 74,878,832(+) |
C/T NM_000189.5(HK2):c.1176C>T (p.Ala392=) |
SYNONYMOUS | |
| rs145124653 | - |
p.Arg497Gln |
All consequence types are included: molecular consequences (e.g. missense, synonymous), and location-based (e.g. intron, upstream).
| Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| dgv3871n100 | CNV | gain | 25217958 |
| esv2659874 | CNV | deletion | 23128226 |
| esv2677814 | CNV | deletion | 23128226 |
| esv2751900 | CNV | gain | 17911159 |
| esv2760619 | CNV | loss | 21179565 |
| esv3591289 | CNV | loss | 21293372 |
| esv3591291 | CNV | loss | 21293372 |
| nsv1001495 | CNV | gain | 25217958 |
| nsv1109262 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
| nsv1138786 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
| nsv518615 | CNV | gain | 19592680 |
| nsv519007 | CNV | loss | 19592680 |
| nsv582217 | CNV | gain | 21841781 |
| nsv829465 | CNV | loss | 20364138 |
| nsv998325 | CNV | gain | 25217958 |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
37.8% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
8.44;
85.68% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for HK2 Gene
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assays for research
Disorders for HK2 Gene
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| pediatric osteosarcoma |
|
|
| chondroblastoma |
|
|
| diabetes mellitus |
|
|
| type 2 diabetes mellitus |
|
|
| maturity-onset diabetes of the young |
|
|
Search HK2 in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
Additional Disease Information for HK2
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- Atlas
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
- Open Targets Platform
- Open Targets Platform
No data available for UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Genatlas for HK2 Gene
Publications for HK2 Gene
- Identification of four amino acid substitutions in hexokinase II and studies of relationships to NIDDM, glucose effectiveness, and insulin sensitivity. (PMID: 7883123) Echwald SM … Pedersen O (Diabetes 1995) 3 4 23 41
- Amino acid substitutions in hexokinase II among patients with NIDDM. (PMID: 7883120) Laakso M … Deeb SS (Diabetes 1995) 3 4 23 41
- Analysis of the hexokinase II gene in subjects with insulin resistance and NIDDM and detection of a Gln142-->His substitution. (PMID: 7883122) Vidal-Puig A … Moller DE (Diabetes 1995) 3 4 23 41
- Hexokinase II detachment from mitochondria triggers apoptosis through the permeability transition pore independent of voltage-dependent anion channels. (PMID: 18350175) Chiara F … Rasola A (PloS one 2008) 3 4 23
- Human hexokinase II gene: exon-intron organization, mutation screening in NIDDM, and its relationship to muscle hexokinase activity. (PMID: 8786021) Lehto M … Groop L (Diabetologia 1995) 3 4 23
ExternalLinks
Products for HK2 Gene
- Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for HK2
- Browse OriGene ELISA Kits
- Custom Assay Services
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for HK2
- Origene Custom Protein Services for HK2
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for HK2
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For HK2
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs for HK2
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for HK2
- OriGene CRISPR knockouts for HK2
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Browse OriGene miRNA Products For HK2
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for HK2
- Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
- Browse Sino Biological Cell Lysates
- Sino Biological Antibodies for HK2
- Browse Sino Biological Assays
- Browse Antibodies
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- High-throughput Antibody Production Service
- Protein Production Service
- Epitope Tag Antibodies & Reporter Protein Antibodies
- Lentiviral ORF Clones
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for HK2
- Novus Biologicals proteins and lysates for HK2
- Novus Biologicals ELISA Kits for HK2
- Browse Antibodies
- Browse Peptides and Proteins
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- Abcam antibodies for HK2
- Abcam proteins for HK2
- Abcam assays for HK2
- Find your target
- Browse Primary Antibodies
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- Search Knockout (KO) Validated Antibodies
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- ApexBio compounds for HK2
- VectorBuilder Custom and pre-made DNA vectors for HK2 (ie. gene expression, shRNA knockdown, CRISPR)
- VectorBuilder Viral vectors for HK2 (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder CRISPR vectors for HK2 (ie. knockout, knockin, CRISPRa, CRISPRi)
- VectorBuilder Virus packaging for HK2 CRISPR vectors (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder Stable cell line generation for HK2
- Addgene plasmids for HK2
- antibodies-online: Show 138 available Hexokinase 2 Antibodies ranked by validation data
- Compare Top Hexokinase 2 Antibodies
- Recommended
- 164 WB Antibodies (anti-human)
- 4 IHC Antibodies (anti-human)
- 2 IHC (p) Antibodies (anti-human)
- 1 FACS Antibody (anti-human)
- 1 RIA Antibody (anti-human)
- 42 WB Antibodies (anti-mouse)
- 1 IHC Antibody (anti-mouse)
- 1 IHC (p) Antibody (anti-mouse)
- 34 WB Antibodies (anti-rat)
- 1 IHC Antibody (anti-rat)
- 1 IHC (p) Antibody (anti-rat)
- antibodies-online: Show 25 available Hexokinase 2 Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top Hexokinase 2 Elisa Kits
- antibodies-online: Show 23 available Hexokinase 2 Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top Hexokinase 2 Proteins
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for HK2
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for HK2 siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for HK2
- Horizon Cell Lines for HK2
- Browse GeneCopoeia Cell Lines
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for HK2
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for HK2
- Search GeneCopoeia for miRNA 3'UTR Target clone products for HK2
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for HK2
Sources for HK2 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) NCBI Entrez Gene
- (4) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM® (Updated: 05-Mar-2021)
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) Cell Signaling Technology
- (12) GO
- (13) UniProtKB/TrEMBL
- (14) InterPro
- (15) ProtoNet
- (16) Blocks
- (17) MGI
- (18) IUBMB
- (19) KEGG
- (20) MINT
- (21) STRING
- (22) IntAct
- (23) Novoseek
- (24) PharmGKB
- (25) DrugBank
- (26) HMDB
- (27) ASD
- (28) SAGE
- (29) SOURCE
- (30) HomoloGene
- (31) PanEnsembl
- (32) euGenes
- (33) SGD
- (34) FlyBase
- (35) WormBase
- (36) Pseudogene
- (37) DGV
- (38) dbSNP
- (39) GenAtlas
- (40) HGMD
- (41) GAD
- (42) BGMUT
- (43) HuGE
- (44) Atlas
- (45) GenBank
- (46) HORDE
- (47) HUGE
- (48) IMGT
- (49) Leiden
- (50) miRBase
- (51) DME
- (52) OriGene
- (53) PubMed
- (54) R&D Systems
- (55) TGDB
- (56) Tocris
- (57) Abcam
- (58) Novus Biologicals
- (59) ProSpec
- (60) Sino Biological
- (61) GenScript
- (62) Qiagen
- (63) OCA
- (64) Proteopedia
- (65) MOPED
- (66) neXtProt
- (67) Reactome
- (68) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (69) DISEASES
- (70) SIMAP
- (71) GenomeRNAi
- (72) LifeMap
- (73) miRTarBase
- (74) MalaCards
- (75) Invitrogen
- (76) BitterDB
- (77) ESI-BIO
- (78) RefSeq
- (79) BioSystems
- (80) MaxQB
- (81) IUPHAR
- (82) BioGPS
- (83) Illumina
- (84) COMPARTMENTS
- (85) HOMER
- (86) PaxDb
- (87) ApexBio
- (88) Addgene
- (89) antibodies-online
- (90) CYP
- (91) NONCODE
- (92) TreeFam
- (93) PathCards
- (94) GeneReviews
- (95) GeneTex
- (96) Taconic Biosciences
- (97) GTEx
- (98) ProteomicsDB
- (99) SCBT
- (100) DGIdb
- (101) ClinicalTrials
- (102) RVIS
- (103) SIGNOR
- (104) diseasecard
- (105) NIH Rare Diseases
- (106) Orphanet
- (107) UMLS
- (108) GTR
- (109) Disease Ontology
- (110) MedlinePlus Genetics
- (111) MeSH
- (112) MedlinePlus
- (113) CDC
- (114) NINDS
- (115) NCBI Bookshelf
- (116) ClinVar
- (117) Gene Damage Index
- (118) HPO
- (119) UDN
- (120) VISTA
- (121) FANTOM5
- (122) ENCODE
- (123) ProSci
- (124) Horizon
- (125) The Signaling Pathways Project (SPP)
- (126) IID
- (127) VectorBuilder
- (128) SNPedia
- (129) BRCA Exchange
- (130) CIViC
- (131) ProteoGenix
- (132) dbSUPER
- (133) TISSUES
- (134) Gene ORGANizer
- (135) abm
- (136) Human Protein Atlas
- (137) GWAS Catalog
- (138) Monarch Initiative
- (139) DataMed
- (140) HumanCyc
- (141) UCNEbase
- (142) EPDnew
- (143) Applied Biosystems
- (144) GlyConnect
- (145) Aminode
- (146) GeneCopoeia
- (147) GPS-Prot
- (148) RNAcentral
- (149) LncRNADisease
- (150) LOVD
- (151) miR2Disease
- (152) DiseaseEnhancer
- (153) Boster Bio
- (154) Biorbyt
- (155) Biocompare
- (156) Mastermind
- (157) CTD^2 Dashboard
- (158) CraniofacialAtlas
- (159) GeneImprint
- (160) Synthego
- (161) ENA
- (162) GtRNAdb
- (163) LncBase
- (164) LncBook
- (165) LNCipedia
- (166) Modomics
- (167) PDBe
- (168) Rfam
- (169) SILVA
- (170) snOPY
- (171) SRPDB
- (172) GENCODE
- (173) TarBase
- (174) Open Targets Platform
- (175) 5SRRNADB
- (176) snoDB
- (177) MirGeneDB