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The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of... See more...
Aliases for GLUL Gene
Aliases for GLUL Gene
External Ids for GLUL Gene
- HGNC: 4341
- Entrez Gene: 2752
- Ensembl: ENSG00000135821
- OMIM: 138290
- UniProtKB: P15104
Previous HGNC Symbols for GLUL Gene
- GLNS
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for GLUL Gene
- GC01M179878
- GC01M177780
- GC01M178872
- GC01M179592
- GC01M179593
- GC01M179083
- GC01M180617
- GC01M153587
Summaries for GLUL Gene
-
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]
GeneCards Summary for GLUL Gene
GLUL (Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with GLUL include Glutamine Deficiency, Congenital and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Among its related pathways are Transmission across Chemical Synapses and Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include identical protein binding and manganese ion binding. An important paralog of this gene is LGSN.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for GLUL Gene
-
Glutamine synthetase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine (PubMed:30158707, PubMed:16267323). Its role depends on tissue localization: in the brain, it regulates the levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, whereas in the liver, it is one of the enzymes responsible for the removal of ammonia (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts (PubMed:18662667). Independently of its glutamine synthetase activity, required for endothelial cell migration during vascular development: acts by regulating membrane localization and activation of the GTPase RHOJ, possibly by promoting RHOJ palmitoylation (PubMed:30158707). May act as a palmitoyltransferase for RHOJ: able to autopalmitoylate and then transfer the palmitoyl group to RHOJ (PubMed:30158707). Plays a role in ribosomal 40S subunit biogenesis (PubMed:26711351).
Additional gene information for GLUL Gene
- HGNC(4341)
- Entrez Gene(2752)
- Ensembl(ENSG00000135821)
- OMIM(138290)
- UniProtKB(P15104)
- Open Targets Platform(ENSG00000135821)
- Monarch Initiative
- Search for GLUL at DataMed
- Search for GLUL at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC Summary , Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for GLUL Gene
Genomics for GLUL Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs
Promoters and enhancers for GLUL Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication |
Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)
GeneHancers around GLUL on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path
Cistromic (ChIP-Seq) regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for GLUL
- Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the GLUL gene promoter:
-
- ATF-2
- c-Jun
Genomic Locations for GLUL Gene
Genomic Locations for GLUL Gene
- chr1:182,378,093-182,392,206
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 14,114 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
- chr1:182,350,839-182,361,341
- (GRCh37/hg19)
- Size:
- 10,503 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
Genomic View for GLUL Gene
Genes around GLUL on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 1q25.3 by HGNC
- 1q25.3 by Entrez Gene
- 1q25.3 by Ensembl
GLUL Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for GLUL Gene
Proteins for GLUL Gene
-
Protein details for GLUL Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P15104-GLNA_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Glutamine synthetase
- Protein Accession:
- P15104
- Q499Y9
- Q5T9Z1
- Q7Z3W4
- Q8IZ17
Protein attributes for GLUL Gene
- Size:
- 373 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 42064 Da
- Cofactor:
- Name=Mg(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420;
- Cofactor:
- Name=Mn(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29035;
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Decamer; composed of two pentamers (PubMed:18005987). Interacts with PALMD (By similarity). Interacts with RHOJ (PubMed:30158707).
Protein Expression for GLUL Gene
Selected DME Specific Peptides for GLUL Gene
- P15104:
-
- DFGVIATFD
- HETSNIN
- WNGAGCHTN
- PSANCDP
- TSASSHLNKGIKQ
- YIWIDGT
- WIDGTGE
- AQWEFQIGPCEGI
- GYFEDRRP
- NRSASIRIP
- GFPGPQG
- RTCLLNETG
- GTNAEVM
- RDIVEAHY
- LPQGEKVQ
- WNFDGSST
- RCKTRTLD
- SNSDMYL
- RFILHRVCEDFG
- PQGPYYC
- HTNFSTK
- PWFGMEQEY
- GTDGHPFGWPS
- FDPKPIPG
Post-translational modifications for GLUL Gene
- Palmitoylated; undergoes autopalmitoylation.
- Ubiquitinated by ZNRF1.
-
Ubiquitination at Lys11, Lys14, Lys25, Lys91, Lys95, Lys103, Lys259, Lys268, Lys276, Lys291, Lys334, and Lys372
- NX_P15104 (NX_P15104-1)
- Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
Other Protein References for GLUL Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- LifeSpan BioSciences GLUL / Glutamine Synthetase Monoclonal Antibody and GLUL / Glutamine Synthetase Antibody
- G Biosciences Immunotag™ GLUL Antibody and Immunotag™ Glutamine Synthetase Antibody
-
Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for GLUL
-
Abcam antibodies for GLUL
- Invitrogen Antibodies for GLUL (AFLGC-GLUL)
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for GLUL
- Sino Biological Antibodies for GLUL
Protein Products
- G Biosciences Human Glutamine synthetase/GLUL/GLNS, Liquid
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for GLUL
- Origene Custom Protein Services for GLUL
- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for GLUL
-
ProSci Proteins for GLUL
-
Abcam proteins for GLUL
Assay Products
- Novus Biologicals ELISA Kits for GLUL
- antibodies-online: Show 28 available GLUL Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top GLUL Elisa Kits
-
Quality Products:
-
Signalway ELISA kits for GLUL
Domains & Families for GLUL Gene
Gene Families for GLUL Gene
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Disease related genes
- Enzymes
- Plasma proteins
- Potential drug targets
- Predicted intracellular proteins
Protein Domains for GLUL Gene
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for GLUL Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
-
- Glutamine synthetase (A1L199_HUMAN)
- Glutamine synthetase (A8YXX4_HUMAN)
- Glutamate--ammonia ligase (GLNA_HUMAN)
- Proliferation-inducing protein 43 (Q2TU80_HUMAN)
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P15104- Family:
-
- Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Function for GLUL Gene
Molecular function for GLUL Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Glutamine synthetase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine (PubMed:30158707, PubMed:16267323). Its role depends on tissue localization: in the brain, it regulates the levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, whereas in the liver, it is one of the enzymes responsible for the removal of ammonia (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts (PubMed:18662667). Independently of its glutamine synthetase activity, required for endothelial cell migration during vascular development: acts by regulating membrane localization and activation of the GTPase RHOJ, possibly by promoting RHOJ palmitoylation (PubMed:30158707). May act as a palmitoyltransferase for RHOJ: able to autopalmitoylate and then transfer the palmitoyl group to RHOJ (PubMed:30158707). Plays a role in ribosomal 40S subunit biogenesis (PubMed:26711351).
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- Reaction=ATP + L-glutamate + NH4(+) = ADP + H(+) + L-glutamine + phosphate; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:16169, ChEBI:CHEBI:15378, ChEBI:CHEBI:28938, ChEBI:CHEBI:29985, ChEBI:CHEBI:30616, ChEBI:CHEBI:43474, ChEBI:CHEBI:58359, ChEBI:CHEBI:456216; EC=6.3.1.2; Evidence={ECO:0000269|PubMed:16267323, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30158707};.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- Reaction=hexadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-hexadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein]; Xref=Rhea:RHEA:36683, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:10131, Rhea:RHEA-COMP:11032, ChEBI:CHEBI:29950, ChEBI:CHEBI:57287, ChEBI:CHEBI:57379, ChEBI:CHEBI:74151; EC=2.3.1.225; Evidence={ECO:0000305|PubMed:30158707};.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Induction:
- By glucocorticoids. Vitamin D and the Wnt signaling pathway inhibit its expression and activity.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot EnzymeRegulation:
- Glutamine synthetase activity is inhibited by methionine sulfoximine (MSO).
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- L-glutamine synthetase
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for GLUL Gene
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for GLUL Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0000166 | nucleotide binding | IEA | -- |
| GO:0000287 | magnesium ion binding | IEA | -- |
| GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0004356 | glutamate-ammonia ligase activity | IDA | 30158707 |
| GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 21994455 |
Phenotypes for GLUL Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for GLUL:
- inferred from 5 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for GLUL:
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for GLUL - Select products 50% OFF >
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- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for GLUL
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
miRNA for GLUL Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target GLUL
-
- hsa-miR-29a-3p (MIRT004021)
- mmu-miR-758-3p (MIRT007674)
- mmu-miR-7b-5p (MIRT009419)
- mmu-miR-340-5p (MIRT010668)
- hsa-miR-186-5p (MIRT021141)
- hsa-miR-183-5p (MIRT025018)
- hsa-miR-24-3p (MIRT030540)
- hsa-miR-320b (MIRT036244)
- hsa-miR-937-3p (MIRT036638)
- hsa-miR-877-3p (MIRT036966)
- hsa-miR-877-5p (MIRT037273)
- hsa-miR-423-5p (MIRT038153)
- hsa-miR-296-3p (MIRT038394)
- hsa-miR-125a-3p (MIRT038640)
- hsa-miR-615-3p (MIRT040016)
- hsa-miR-484 (MIRT041957)
- hsa-miR-320a (MIRT044856)
- hsa-miR-185-5p (MIRT045330)
- hsa-miR-149-5p (MIRT045626)
- hsa-miR-196a-5p (MIRT048155)
- hsa-let-7f-5p (MIRT051362)
- hsa-let-7e-5p (MIRT051664)
- hsa-let-7a-5p (MIRT052399)
- hsa-miR-6728-5p (MIRT523509)
- hsa-miR-6788-5p (MIRT523510)
- hsa-miR-30c-2-3p (MIRT523511)
- hsa-miR-30c-1-3p (MIRT523512)
- hsa-miR-4309 (MIRT523513)
- hsa-miR-3198 (MIRT523514)
- hsa-miR-4769-5p (MIRT523515)
- hsa-miR-4654 (MIRT523516)
- hsa-miR-625-5p (MIRT523517)
- hsa-miR-6780b-5p (MIRT523518)
- hsa-miR-4725-3p (MIRT523519)
- hsa-miR-4271 (MIRT523520)
- hsa-miR-5187-5p (MIRT523521)
- hsa-miR-8085 (MIRT523522)
- hsa-miR-6731-5p (MIRT523523)
- hsa-miR-6878-5p (MIRT523524)
- hsa-miR-122-5p (MIRT523525)
- hsa-miR-504-3p (MIRT523526)
- hsa-miR-571 (MIRT523527)
- hsa-miR-4745-5p (MIRT523528)
- hsa-miR-4481 (MIRT523529)
- hsa-miR-549a (MIRT523530)
- hsa-miR-3185 (MIRT523531)
- hsa-miR-3192-5p (MIRT523532)
- hsa-miR-6794-5p (MIRT523533)
- hsa-miR-4716-3p (MIRT523534)
- hsa-miR-4511 (MIRT523535)
- mmu-miR-129-5p (MIRT593864)
- mmu-miR-1892 (MIRT593865)
- mmu-miR-450b-3p (MIRT593866)
- mmu-miR-3100-5p (MIRT593867)
- hsa-miR-5047 (MIRT663719)
- hsa-miR-1301-3p (MIRT663720)
- hsa-miR-653-3p (MIRT663721)
- hsa-miR-4420 (MIRT663722)
- hsa-miR-181b-3p (MIRT663723)
- hsa-miR-181b-2-3p (MIRT663724)
- hsa-miR-4660 (MIRT663725)
- hsa-miR-1184 (MIRT663726)
- hsa-miR-6890-3p (MIRT663727)
- hsa-miR-509-5p (MIRT663728)
- hsa-miR-509-3-5p (MIRT663729)
- hsa-miR-4418 (MIRT663730)
- hsa-miR-548s (MIRT688044)
- hsa-miR-3926 (MIRT688045)
- hsa-miR-4683 (MIRT688046)
- hsa-miR-4772-5p (MIRT688047)
- hsa-miR-3190-5p (MIRT688048)
- hsa-miR-6849-3p (MIRT688049)
- hsa-miR-4433a-3p (MIRT688050)
- hsa-miR-4459 (MIRT688051)
- hsa-miR-4768-3p (MIRT688052)
- hsa-miR-383-5p (MIRT688053)
- hsa-miR-6771-3p (MIRT688054)
- hsa-miR-665 (MIRT688055)
- hsa-miR-6516-5p (MIRT688056)
- hsa-miR-6780a-5p (MIRT688057)
- hsa-miR-6779-5p (MIRT688058)
- hsa-miR-3689c (MIRT688059)
- hsa-miR-3689b-3p (MIRT688060)
- hsa-miR-3689a-3p (MIRT688061)
- hsa-miR-30b-3p (MIRT688062)
- hsa-miR-1273h-5p (MIRT688063)
- hsa-miR-455-3p (MIRT688064)
- hsa-miR-4314 (MIRT688065)
- hsa-miR-6799-5p (MIRT688066)
- hsa-miR-6883-5p (MIRT688067)
- hsa-miR-6785-5p (MIRT688068)
- hsa-miR-4728-5p (MIRT688069)
- hsa-miR-149-3p (MIRT688070)
- hsa-miR-7106-5p (MIRT688071)
- hsa-miR-650 (MIRT688072)
- hsa-miR-3612 (MIRT688073)
- hsa-miR-7160-5p (MIRT688074)
- hsa-miR-4722-5p (MIRT688075)
- hsa-miR-298 (MIRT688076)
- hsa-miR-6884-5p (MIRT688077)
- hsa-miR-485-5p (MIRT688078)
- hsa-miR-1827 (MIRT688079)
- hsa-miR-4646-5p (MIRT688080)
- hsa-miR-204-3p (MIRT688081)
- hsa-miR-4649-3p (MIRT688082)
- hsa-miR-1298-3p (MIRT688083)
- hsa-miR-4478 (MIRT688084)
- hsa-miR-4419b (MIRT688085)
- hsa-miR-3929 (MIRT688086)
- hsa-miR-940 (MIRT688087)
- hsa-miR-6893-5p (MIRT688088)
- hsa-miR-6808-5p (MIRT688089)
- hsa-miR-6511a-5p (MIRT688090)
- hsa-miR-1910-3p (MIRT688091)
- hsa-miR-495-5p (MIRT688092)
- hsa-miR-129-5p (MIRT710637)
- hsa-miR-8055 (MIRT710638)
- hsa-miR-4446-5p (MIRT710639)
- hsa-miR-5006-3p (MIRT710640)
- hsa-miR-4755-5p (MIRT710641)
- hsa-miR-744-3p (MIRT710642)
- hsa-miR-642a-5p (MIRT710643)
- hsa-miR-4653-3p (MIRT710644)
- hsa-miR-8082 (MIRT710645)
- hsa-miR-4534 (MIRT710646)
- hsa-miR-1273f (MIRT710647)
- hsa-miR-4708-5p (MIRT710648)
- hsa-miR-6088 (MIRT710649)
- hsa-miR-4770 (MIRT710650)
- hsa-miR-143-3p (MIRT710651)
- hsa-miR-2276-5p (MIRT710652)
- hsa-miR-6892-3p (MIRT710653)
- hsa-miR-6514-5p (MIRT710654)
- mmu-miR-155-5p (MIRT733799)
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
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Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for GLUL - Select products 50% OFF >
- * GLUL as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
- MG205788
- MR205788
- MR205788L3
- MR205788L4
- RC204039
- RC204039L1
- RC204039L2
- RC204039L3
- RC204039L4
- RC204161
- RC204161L1
- RC204161L2
- RC204161L3
- RC204161L4
- RC204238
- RC204238L1
- RC204238L2
- RC204238L3
- RC204238L4
- RG204039
- RG204161
- RG204238
- RR201088
- RR201088L3
- RR201088L4
- MR205788L3V
- MR205788L4V
- RC204039L1V
- RC204039L2V
- RC204039L3V
- RC204039L4V
- RC204161L1V
- RC204161L2V
- RC204161L3V
- RC204161L4V
- RC204238L1V
- RC204238L2V
- RC204238L3V
- RC204238L4V
- RR201088L3V
- RR201088L4V
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
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Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for GLUL
No data available for Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for GLUL Gene
Localization for GLUL Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
- Cytoplasm, cytosol. Microsome. Mitochondrion. Cell membrane. Lipid-anchor. Note=Mainly localizes in the cytosol, with a fraction associated with the cell membrane. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:30158707}.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| plasma membrane | 5 |
| extracellular | 5 |
| mitochondrion | 5 |
| nucleus | 5 |
| cytosol | 5 |
| cytoskeleton | 3 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 3 |
| peroxisome | 2 |
| lysosome | 2 |
| golgi apparatus | 2 |
| endosome | 1 |
- Cytosol (4)
- Mitochondria (3)
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005634 | nucleus | HDA | 21630459 |
| GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IEA,IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0005739 | mitochondrion | IEA,IDA | -- |
| GO:0005783 | endoplasmic reticulum | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005791 | rough endoplasmic reticulum | IEA | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for GLUL Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Metabolism |
.40
|
|
| 2 | Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism | ||
| 3 | Transmission across Chemical Synapses |
.62
|
|
| 4 | glutamine biosynthesis | ||
| 5 | Glucose / Energy Metabolism | ||
Pathways by source for GLUL Gene
5 BioSystems pathways for GLUL Gene
9 KEGG pathways for GLUL Gene
1 Cell Signaling Technology pathway for GLUL Gene
Interacting Proteins for GLUL Gene
Selected Interacting proteins:
P15104-GLNA_HUMAN
ENSP00000307900
for GLUL Gene via
UniProtKB
MINT
STRING
IID
GPS-Prot Interaction Network for GLUL
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001504 | neurotransmitter uptake | TAS | -- |
| GO:0001525 | angiogenesis | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006536 | glutamate metabolic process | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006538 | glutamate catabolic process | TAS | 21757002 |
| GO:0006542 | glutamine biosynthetic process | TAS | 21757002 |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for GLUL Gene
Drugs & Compounds for GLUL Gene
| Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methionine | Approved | Nutra | Enzyme, inhibitor | 118 | ||
| Ammonia | Approved | Pharma | Enzyme, substrate | 0 | ||
| Ceftriaxone | Approved | Pharma | Enzyme, inducer | 166 | ||
| Diazoxide | Approved | Pharma | Activator, Enzyme, inhibitor | 29 | ||
| Glutamic acid | Approved | Nutra | Agonist, Full agonist, Target | 304 |
| Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADP |
|
Agonist, Full agonist, Partial agonist, Gating inhibitor, Antagonist | 58-64-0 | |||
| Phosphate |
|
14066-19-4, 14265-44-2 |
|
Drug Products
- G Biosciences Human Glutamine synthetase/GLUL/GLNS, Liquid
Transcripts for GLUL Gene
mRNA/cDNA for GLUL Gene
- 3 REFSEQ mRNAs :
- 34 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
- 13 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links to gene/alias where relevant :
-
- ENST00000311223 4719 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000331872 7554 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000339526 3942 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000417584 4065 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000461447 689 nts (view in UCSC)
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for GLUL - Select products 50% OFF >
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- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for GLUL
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for GLUL
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For GLUL
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for GLUL
Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for GLUL - Select products 50% OFF >
- * GLUL as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
- MG205788
- MR205788
- MR205788L3
- MR205788L4
- RC204039
- RC204039L1
- RC204039L2
- RC204039L3
- RC204039L4
- RC204161
- RC204161L1
- RC204161L2
- RC204161L3
- RC204161L4
- RC204238
- RC204238L1
- RC204238L2
- RC204238L3
- RC204238L4
- RG204039
- RG204161
- RG204238
- RR201088
- RR201088L3
- RR201088L4
- MR205788L3V
- MR205788L4V
- RC204039L1V
- RC204039L2V
- RC204039L3V
- RC204039L4V
- RC204161L1V
- RC204161L2V
- RC204161L3V
- RC204161L4V
- RC204238L1V
- RC204238L2V
- RC204238L3V
- RC204238L4V
- RR201088L3V
- RR201088L4V
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for GLUL
| ExUns: | 1a | · | 1b | · | 1c | · | 1d | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3 | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6a | · | 6b | ^ | 7 | ^ | 8a | · | 8b | · | 8c | · | 8d | ^ | 9 | ^ | 10a | · | 10b | ^ | 11a | · | 11b | ^ | 12a | · | 12b | · | 12c | ^ | 13a | · | 13b | · |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP14: | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP15: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP16: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP17: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP18: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP19: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP20: | - | - |
| ExUns: | 13c | · | 13d | · | 13e | · | 13f | ^ | 14a | · | 14b | · | 14c | ^ | 15a | · | 15b | · | 15c | · | 15d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP14: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP15: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP16: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP17: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP18: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP19: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP20: |
Relevant External Links for GLUL Gene
- GeneLoc Exon Structure for
- GLUL
Expression for GLUL Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Glial Cells
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Forebrain White Matter
- Bergmann Glia Purkinje Cell Layer
- Mature Muller Glia Cells Inner Nuclear Layer
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA2 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
-
Spinal Cord (Nervous System)
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA2 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA3 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA1 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- Protoplasmic Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord Grey Matter
-
Brain (Nervous System)
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Forebrain White Matter
- Bergmann Glia Purkinje Cell Layer
- Astrocyte-like cells(Bahat-Stroomza M et. al. 2009)
-
Eye (Sensory Organs)
- Mature Muller Glia Cells Inner Nuclear Layer
-
Liver (Hepatobiliary System)
- Perivenous Hepatocytes Liver Lobule
- Astrocytes (Nervous System)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for GLUL Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Muscle - Skeletal (x5.1).
This gene is overexpressed in Retina (28.0), Frontal cortex (10.4), Cervix (6.8), and Brain (6.5).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, MaxQB, and MOPED for GLUL Gene
Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for GLUL
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for GLUL Gene:
Hs.518525mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for GLUL Gene:
P15104-GLNA_HUMAN
Tissue specificity:
Expressed in endothelial cells.
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for GLUL Gene
- Nervous system(5)
- Eye(5)
- Liver(4.8)
- Intestine(4.7)
- Muscle(4.7)
- Lung(4.5)
- Blood(4.2)
- Heart(3.5)
- Stomach(3.4)
- Spleen(3.4)
- Skin(3.3)
- Kidney(3.2)
- Thyroid gland(3.2)
- Bone marrow(3.2)
- Pancreas(3.2)
- Adrenal gland(3)
- Gall bladder(2.8)
- Lymph node(2.8)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for GLUL Gene
Germ Layers:
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
Systems:
- cardiovascular
- integumentary
- nervous
- respiratory
- skeletal muscle
- skeleton
Regions:
Head and neck:
- brain
- cerebellum
- ear
- face
- head
- nose
- outer ear
- skull
Thorax:
- heart
- heart valve
- lung
General:
- blood
- blood vessel
- skin
- spinal cord
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for GLUL
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for GLUL
Gene Expression Assay Products
Orthologs for GLUL Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | GLUL 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | GLUL 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | GLUL 30 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
| -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | GLUL 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | GLUL 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Glul 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Glul 30 |
|
||
| Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | GLUL 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | GLUL 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | glul 30 |
|
||
| LOC394904 30 |
|
||||
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) |
Amphibia | glul-prov 30 |
|
||
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | glula 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
| glulb 30 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
Actinopterygii | Omy.11265 30 |
|
||
| Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | Gs2 31 32 |
|
OneToMany | |
| Gs1 30 31 32 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | AgaP_AGAP008988 30 |
|
||
| Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | Y105C5B.28 32 |
|
|
|
| F26D10.10 32 |
|
|
|||
| gln-1 30 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| gln-3 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| qrs-1 32 |
|
|
|||
| qrs-2 32 |
|
|
|||
| gln-5 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| C28D4.3 32 |
|
|
|||
| gln-6 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| gln-2 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii) |
Saccharomycetes | AGOS_ACR182C 30 |
|
||
| Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | GLN1 30 31 33 |
|
OneToOne | |
| K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis) |
Saccharomycetes | KLLA0E06293g 30 |
|
||
| Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) |
eudicotyledons | GSR2 30 |
|
||
| Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera) |
eudicotyledons | Vvi.1208 30 |
|
||
| Soybean (Glycine max) |
eudicotyledons | Gma.3518 30 |
|
||
| Rice (Oryza sativa) |
Liliopsida | Os03g0223400 30 |
|
||
| Os.7879 30 |
|
||||
| Barley (Hordeum vulgare) |
Liliopsida | Hv.331 30 |
|
||
| Wheat (Triticum aestivum) |
Liliopsida | Ta.24508 30 |
|
||
| Corn (Zea mays) |
Liliopsida | Zm.45 30 |
|
||
| Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | CSA.392 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Bread mold (Neurospora crassa) |
Ascomycetes | NCU06724 30 |
|
||
| Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) |
Schizosaccharomycetes | gln1 30 |
|
- Species where no ortholog for GLUL was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
- Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
- Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
- Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
Evolution for GLUL Gene
- ENSEMBL:
- Gene Tree for GLUL (if available)
- TreeFam:
- Gene Tree for GLUL (if available)
- Aminode:
- Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for GLUL: view image
Paralogs for GLUL Gene
(3) SIMAP similar genes for GLUL Gene using alignment to 2 proteins:
- GLNA_HUMAN
- A1L199_HUMAN
Pseudogenes.org Pseudogenes for GLUL Gene
Variants for GLUL Gene
Sequence variations, with clinical significance, from ClinVar and Humsavar, with links to dbSNP for GLUL Gene
| SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 01 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 724171 | Likely Benign: Congenital brain dysgenesis due to glutamine synthetase deficiency | 182,386,365(-) | G/A | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
| 725537 | Likely Benign: not provided | 182,384,646(-) | A/C | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 746488 | Likely Benign: not provided | 182,385,485(-) | C/T | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
| 764870 | Likely Benign: not provided | 182,385,376(-) | G/T | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
| 789699 | Benign: Congenital brain dysgenesis due to glutamine synthetase deficiency | 182,385,392(-) | G/A | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
13.6% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
0.53;
11.42% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for GLUL Gene
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay Products
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
Disorders for GLUL Gene
(31) MalaCards diseases for GLUL Gene - From: LncRNADisease, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, OMIM, ClinVar, GTR, Orphanet, DISEASES, Novoseek, and GeneCards
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| glutamine deficiency, congenital |
|
|
| hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
| hepatic encephalopathy |
|
|
| hepatocellular adenoma |
|
|
| liver benign neoplasm |
|
|
Search GLUL in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
GLNA_HUMAN- Congenital systemic glutamine deficiency (CSGD) [MIM:610015]: Rare developmental disorder with severe brain malformation resulting in multi-organ failure and neonatal death. Glutamine is largely absent from affected patients serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:16267323}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Additional Disease Information for GLUL
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
- Open Targets Platform
No data available for Genatlas for GLUL Gene
Publications for GLUL Gene
- Crystal structures of mammalian glutamine synthetases illustrate substrate-induced conformational changes and provide opportunities for drug and herbicide design. (PMID: 18005987) Krajewski WW … Mowbray SL (Journal of molecular biology 2008) 3 4 23
- Glutamine synthetase is essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts. (PMID: 18662667) Vermeulen T … Häberle J (Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 2008) 3 4 23
- Wnt and steroid pathways control glutamate signalling by regulating glutamine synthetase activity in osteoblastic cells. (PMID: 18555765) Olkku A … Mahonen A (Bone 2008) 3 4 23
- An association study between polymorphisms in five genes in glutamate and GABA pathway and paranoid schizophrenia. (PMID: 15642443) Zhang B … Shen Y (European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 2005) 3 23 41
- Glutamine synthetase isolated from human brain: octameric structure and homology of partial primary structure with human liver glutamine synthetase. (PMID: 12387715) Boksha IS … Burbaeva GSh (Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 2002) 3 4 23
ExternalLinks
Products for GLUL Gene
- Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for GLUL
- Browse OriGene ELISA Kits
- Custom Assay Services
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for GLUL
- Origene Custom Protein Services for GLUL
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for GLUL
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For GLUL
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs for GLUL
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for GLUL
- OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
- MG205788
- MR205788
- MR205788L3
- MR205788L4
- RC204039
- RC204039L1
- RC204039L2
- RC204039L3
- RC204039L4
- RC204161
- RC204161L1
- RC204161L2
- RC204161L3
- RC204161L4
- RC204238
- RC204238L1
- RC204238L2
- RC204238L3
- RC204238L4
- RG204039
- RG204161
- RG204238
- RR201088
- RR201088L3
- RR201088L4
- MR205788L3V
- MR205788L4V
- RC204039L1V
- RC204039L2V
- RC204039L3V
- RC204039L4V
- RC204161L1V
- RC204161L2V
- RC204161L3V
- RC204161L4V
- RC204238L1V
- RC204238L2V
- RC204238L3V
- RC204238L4V
- RR201088L3V
- RR201088L4V
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Browse OriGene miRNA Products For GLUL
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
- Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
- Browse Sino Biological Cell Lysates
- Sino Biological Antibodies for GLUL
- Browse Sino Biological Assays
- Browse Antibodies
- Browse cDNA Clones
- Browse ELISA Kits
- Browse CRO Services
- High-throughput Antibody Production Service
- Protein Production Service
- Epitope Tag Antibodies & Reporter Protein Antibodies
- Lentiviral ORF Clones
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals proteins and lysates for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals ELISA Kits for GLUL
- Browse Antibodies
- Browse Peptides and Proteins
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- Abcam antibodies for GLUL
- Abcam proteins for GLUL
- Find your target
- Browse Primary Antibodies
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- VectorBuilder Custom and pre-made DNA vectors for GLUL (ie. gene expression, shRNA knockdown, CRISPR)
- VectorBuilder Viral vectors for GLUL (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder CRISPR vectors for GLUL (ie. knockout, knockin, CRISPRa, CRISPRi)
- VectorBuilder Virus packaging for GLUL CRISPR vectors (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder Stable cell line generation for GLUL
- antibodies-online: Show 51 available GLUL Antibodies ranked by validation data
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- antibodies-online: Show 28 available GLUL Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top GLUL Elisa Kits
- Quality Products:
- antibodies-online: Show 53 available GLUL Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top GLUL Proteins
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for GLUL
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for GLUL siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
- Search for GLUL Antibodies at ProSci
- Custom Antibody Services
- ProSci Proteins for GLUL
- Horizon Cell Lines for GLUL
- Browse GeneCopoeia Cell Lines
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for GLUL
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for GLUL
- Search GeneCopoeia for miRNA 3'UTR Target clone products for GLUL
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for GLUL
Sources for GLUL Gene
- (1)