Aliases for GDF11 Gene
Aliases for GDF11 Gene
External Ids for GDF11 Gene
- HGNC: 4216
- Entrez Gene: 10220
- Ensembl: ENSG00000135414
- OMIM: 603936
- UniProtKB: O95390
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for GDF11 Gene
- GC12P056061
- GC12P056210
- GC12P055853
- GC12P054423
- GC12P056137
- GC12P053175
Summaries for GDF11 Gene
-
This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. This protein plays a role in the development of the nervous and other organ systems, and may regulate aging. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016]
GeneCards Summary for GDF11 Gene
GDF11 (Growth Differentiation Factor 11) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with GDF11 include Currarino Syndrome. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include cytokine activity and transforming growth factor beta receptor binding. An important paralog of this gene is MSTN.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GDF11 Gene
-
Secreted signal that acts globally to specify positional identity along the anterior/posterior axis during development. May play critical roles in patterning both mesodermal and neural tissues and in establishing the skeletal pattern (By similarity). Signals through activin receptors type-2, ACVR2A and ACVR2B, and activin receptors type-1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C and TGFBR1 leading to the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 (PubMed:28257634).
No data available for CIViC summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for GDF11 Gene
Genomics for GDF11 Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements for GDF11 Gene
Promoters and enhancers for GDF11 Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data dump
GeneHancers around GDF11 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Locations for GDF11 Gene
Genomic Locations for GDF11 Gene
- chr12:55,743,278-55,757,466
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 14,189 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
- chr12:56,137,064-56,150,911
- (GRCh37/hg19)
Genomic View for GDF11 Gene
Genes around GDF11 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 12q13.2 by Ensembl
- 12q13.2 by Entrez Gene
- 12q13.2 by HGNC
GDF11 Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for GDF11 Gene
Proteins for GDF11 Gene
-
Protein details for GDF11 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- O95390-GDF11_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Growth/differentiation factor 11
- Protein Accession:
- O95390
- Q9UID1
- Q9UID2
Protein attributes for GDF11 Gene
- Size:
- 407 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 45091 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Homodimer; disulfide-linked (PubMed:26919518). Interacts directly with ACVR2B (By similarity). Interacts directly with ACVR2A (By similarity). Interacts with ACVR1B, TGFBR1 and ACVR1C in an ACVR2B-dependent manner (By similarity). Interacts with FST isoform 2/FS-288 (PubMed:28257634).
Protein Expression for GDF11 Gene
Post-translational modifications for GDF11 Gene
- Synthesized as large precursor molecule that undergoes proteolytic cleavage. The mature C-terminal portion of the molecule is bound non-covalently to its N-terminal propeptide rendering it inactive. Ligand activation requires additional cleavage of the prodomain by a tolloid-like metalloproteinase.
- Glycosylation at isoforms=94
- Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
Other Protein References for GDF11 Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
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Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for GDF11
Protein Products
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-
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Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for GDF11
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ProSci Proteins for GDF11
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Abcam proteins for GDF11
Assay Products
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No data available for DME Specific Peptides for GDF11 Gene
Domains & Families for GDF11 Gene
Gene Families for GDF11 Gene
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Predicted secreted proteins
Protein Domains for GDF11 Gene
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for GDF11 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
O95390- Family:
-
- Belongs to the TGF-beta family.
Function for GDF11 Gene
Molecular function for GDF11 Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Secreted signal that acts globally to specify positional identity along the anterior/posterior axis during development. May play critical roles in patterning both mesodermal and neural tissues and in establishing the skeletal pattern (By similarity). Signals through activin receptors type-2, ACVR2A and ACVR2B, and activin receptors type-1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C and TGFBR1 leading to the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 (PubMed:28257634).
LifeMap Function Summary for GDF11 Gene
During embryonic development, GDF11 as signaling molecule is secreted from the following cells
- Paraxial Mesoderm
It affects the following cells:
- Paraxial Mesoderm
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for GDF11 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005125 | cytokine activity | IBA | -- |
| GO:0005160 | transforming growth factor beta receptor binding | IBA | -- |
| GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 18596030 |
| GO:0008083 | growth factor activity | IEA | -- |
Phenotypes for GDF11 Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for GDF11:
-
inferred from 5 alleles
- nervous system phenotype
- homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- respiratory system phenotype
- muscle phenotype
- cardiovascular system phenotype
- mortality/aging
- immune system phenotype
- cellular phenotype
- growth/size/body region phenotype
- digestive/alimentary phenotype
- endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
- vision/eye phenotype
- embryo phenotype
- hematopoietic system phenotype
- skeleton phenotype
- renal/urinary system phenotype
- craniofacial phenotype
- limbs/digits/tail phenotype
- taste/olfaction phenotype
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for GDF11:
Animal Model Products
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-
-
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-
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CRISPR Products
-
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-
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miRNA for GDF11 Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target GDF11
-
- hsa-mir-26b-5p (MIRT029928)
- hsa-mir-423-5p (MIRT038028)
- hsa-mir-615-3p (MIRT040475)
- hsa-mir-18a-3p (MIRT040960)
- hsa-mir-17-5p (MIRT050946)
- hsa-let-7b-5p (MIRT052163)
- hsa-mir-20a-5p (MIRT065858)
- hsa-mir-93-5p (MIRT065859)
- hsa-mir-106a-5p (MIRT065860)
- hsa-mir-142-5p (MIRT065862)
- hsa-mir-106b-5p (MIRT065863)
- hsa-mir-302a-3p (MIRT065864)
- hsa-mir-302b-3p (MIRT065865)
- hsa-mir-302c-3p (MIRT065866)
- hsa-mir-302d-3p (MIRT065867)
- hsa-mir-372-3p (MIRT065868)
- hsa-mir-373-3p (MIRT065869)
- hsa-mir-20b-5p (MIRT065870)
- hsa-mir-520e (MIRT065871)
- hsa-mir-519c-3p (MIRT065872)
- hsa-mir-520a-3p (MIRT065873)
- hsa-mir-526b-3p (MIRT065874)
- hsa-mir-519b-3p (MIRT065875)
- hsa-mir-520b (MIRT065876)
- hsa-mir-520c-3p (MIRT065877)
- hsa-mir-519d-3p (MIRT065878)
- hsa-mir-520d-3p (MIRT065879)
- hsa-mir-519a-3p (MIRT065880)
- hsa-mir-302e (MIRT065881)
- hsa-mir-3912-5p (MIRT065882)
- hsa-mir-371b-3p (MIRT065883)
- hsa-mir-5590-3p (MIRT065884)
- hsa-mir-548s (MIRT495310)
- hsa-mir-3926 (MIRT495311)
- hsa-mir-3190-5p (MIRT495312)
- hsa-mir-6756-3p (MIRT495313)
- hsa-mir-3127-3p (MIRT495314)
- hsa-mir-6794-5p (MIRT495315)
- hsa-mir-4716-3p (MIRT495316)
- hsa-mir-193b-3p (MIRT495317)
- hsa-mir-193a-3p (MIRT495318)
- hsa-mir-452-3p (MIRT542948)
- hsa-mir-3934-3p (MIRT542949)
- hsa-mir-6834-3p (MIRT542950)
- hsa-mir-4760-3p (MIRT542951)
- hsa-mir-4796-3p (MIRT542952)
- hsa-mir-548ah-5p (MIRT542953)
- hsa-mir-3609 (MIRT542954)
- hsa-mir-4313 (MIRT724567)
- hsa-mir-324-3p (MIRT724568)
- hsa-mir-1913 (MIRT724569)
- hsa-mir-8485 (MIRT724570)
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GDF11
Inhibitory RNA Products
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Clone Products
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-
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- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
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- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
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- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- Applied Biological Materials Clones for GDF11
-
Vectors and viruses for ORF, Lenti, Retro, Adenovirus, AAV, and more
Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for GDF11
-
ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for GDF11 gene
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GDF11 gene
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GDF11 gene
No data available for Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Human Phenotype Ontology , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for GDF11 Gene
Localization for GDF11 Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GDF11 Gene
- Secreted.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| extracellular | 5 |
| nucleus | 4 |
| plasma membrane | 1 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 1 |
| lysosome | 1 |
- Vesicles (2)
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005575 | cellular_component | ND | -- |
| GO:0005576 | extracellular region | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005615 | extracellular space | IBA | -- |
| GO:0005654 | nucleoplasm | IDA | -- |
| GO:0043231 | intracellular membrane-bounded organelle | IDA | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for GDF11 Gene
No Data Available
Interacting Proteins for GDF11 Gene
Selected Interacting proteins:
ENSP00000257868
O95390-GDF11_HUMAN
for GDF11 Gene via
STRING
MINT
IID
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001501 | skeletal system development | TAS | 10391213 |
| GO:0001656 | metanephros development | IEA | -- |
| GO:0001657 | ureteric bud development | IEA | -- |
| GO:0007399 | nervous system development | TAS | 10075854 |
| GO:0007498 | mesoderm development | TAS | 10075854 |
No data available for Pathways by source for GDF11 Gene
Transcripts for GDF11 Gene
mRNA/cDNA for GDF11 Gene
- (2) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (3) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (191) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (2) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for GDF11 Gene
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GDF11
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- Overview of 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- Applied Biological Materials CRISPR for GDF11
-
Vectors and viruses for KO, Activation, Repression, and more
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GDF11
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for GDF11
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GDF11
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene RNAi, sirna, and shrna products in human, mouse, rat for GDF11
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For GDF11
- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- Overview of 56 available GDF11 gene related products
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GDF11 gene
Clone Products
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for GDF11
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for GDF11
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- Applied Biological Materials Clones for GDF11
-
Vectors and viruses for ORF, Lenti, Retro, Adenovirus, AAV, and more
Expression for GDF11 Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Skeletal Muscle (Muscoskeletal System)
- Muscle Progenitor Cells Hyoid Arch Muscles
- Muscle Progenitor Cells Mandibular Arch Muscles
-
Neurons
- Mature Ganglion Cells Ganglion Cell Layer
-
Eye (Sensory Organs)
- Mature Ganglion Cells Ganglion Cell Layer
-
Mesoderm (Gastrulation Derivatives)
- Paraxial Mesoderm Cells Trunk Mesoderm
-
Paraxial Mesoderm (Gastrulation Derivatives)
- Paraxial Mesoderm Cells Trunk Mesoderm
This gene is overexpressed in Bone (67.8).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, and MOPED for GDF11 Gene
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of GDF11 Gene:
GDF11SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for GDF11 Gene:
Hs.600883Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for GDF11 Gene
- Nervous system(4.5)
- Heart(2.5)
- Muscle(2.4)
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for GDF11
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for GDF11
- genomics-online: primer clones - Search results for 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- Overview of 56 available GDF11 gene related products
Gene Expression Assay Products
No data available for mRNA differential expression in normal tissues , mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt and Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for GDF11 Gene
Orthologs for GDF11 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | GDF11 33 34 |
|
||
| platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | GDF11 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
| cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | GDF11 33 34 |
|
||
| mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Gdf11 16 34 33 |
|
||
| rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Gdf11 33 |
|
||
| dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | GDF11 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
| lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | GDF11 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
| tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | gdf11 33 |
|
||
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) |
Amphibia | Xl.13638 33 |
|
||
| zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | gdf11 34 33 |
|
OneToOne | |
| gdf8 33 |
|
||||
| rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
Actinopterygii | Omy.119 33 |
|
||
| African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | AgaP_AGAP005289 33 |
|
||
| fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | myo 34 |
|
OneToMany | |
| worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | daf-7 33 |
|
||
| sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | -- 34 |
|
OneToMany |
- Species where no ortholog for GDF11 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- chicken (Gallus gallus)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- oppossum (Monodelphis domestica)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- rice (Oryza sativa)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- soybean (Glycine max)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Paralogs for GDF11 Gene
Paralogs for GDF11 Gene
(2) SIMAP similar genes for GDF11 Gene using alignment to 2 proteins:
Variants for GDF11 Gene
| SNP ID | Clin | Chr 12 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs1000010996 | -- | 55,753,097(+) | C/T | downstream_transcript_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant, intron_variant | |
| rs1000013356 | -- | 55,756,738(+) | A/G | genic_downstream_transcript_variant, intron_variant | |
| rs1000081416 | -- | 55,742,227(+) | C/A | upstream_transcript_variant | |
| rs1000257431 | -- | 55,749,304(+) | T/C | intron_variant | |
| rs1000297436 | -- | 55,753,558(+) | T/G | genic_downstream_transcript_variant, intron_variant |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
29.7% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
0.45;
9.84% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for GDF11 Gene
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay Products
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GDF11 Gene
Disorders for GDF11 Gene
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| currarino syndrome |
|
|
Search GDF11 in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
Additional Disease Information for GDF11
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
No data available for UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Genatlas for GDF11 Gene
Publications for GDF11 Gene
- GDF11 forms a bone morphogenetic protein 1-activated latent complex that can modulate nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells. (PMID: 15988002) Ge G … Greenspan DS (Molecular and cellular biology 2005) 2 3 22 58
- Structural basis for potency differences between GDF8 and GDF11. (PMID: 28257634) Walker RG … Thompson TB (BMC biology 2017) 3 4 58
- Crystal structure of human GDF11. (PMID: 26919518) Padyana AK … Farrow NA (Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology communications 2016) 3 4 58
- A large-scale candidate gene association study of age at menarche and age at natural menopause. (PMID: 20734064) He C … Hunter DJ (Human genetics 2010) 3 44 58
- Clinical significance of growth differentiation factor 11 in colorectal cancer. (PMID: 17912435) Yokoe T … Mori M (International journal of oncology 2007) 3 22 58
Products for GDF11 Gene
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- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for GDF11
- VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- antibodies-online: Search results for 54 available GDF11 Antibodies ranked by validation data
- Compare Top GDF11 Antibodies
- Quality Products:
- antibodies-online: Search results for 59 available GDF11 Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top GDF11 Elisa Kits
- antibodies-online: Search results for 22 available GDF11 Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top GDF11 Proteins
- GeneTex GDF11 antibody for GDF11
- GeneTex Proteins for GDF11
- ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for GDF11 gene
- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GDF11 gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GDF11 gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GDF11
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for GDF11
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for GDF11 siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GDF11
- Horizon Cell Lines for GDF11
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- Overview of 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- Overview of 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- Overview of 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- genomics-online: primer clones - Search results for 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- Overview of 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for 56 available GDF11 gene related products
- Overview of 56 available GDF11 gene related products
Sources for GDF11 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
- (12) TrEMBL
- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
- (15) Blocks
- (16) MGI
- (17) IUBMB
- (18) KEGG
- (19) MINT
- (20) STRING
- (21) IntAct
- (22) Novoseek
- (23) PharmGKB
- (24) DrugBank
- (25) HMDB
- (26) UniGene
- (27) AceView
- (28) ASD
- (29) ECgene
- (30) GeneAnnot
- (31) CGAP SAGE
- (32) SOURCE
- (33) HomoloGene
- (34) PanEnsembl
- (35) euGenes
- (36) SGD
- (37) FlyBase
- (38) WormBase
- (39) Pseudogene
- (40) DGV
- (41) dbSNP
- (42) GenAtlas
- (43) HGMD
- (44) GAD
- (45) BGMUT
- (46) HuGE
- (47) Atlas
- (48) Cell Signaling Technology
- (49) GenBank
- (50) H-invDB
- (51) HORDE
- (52) HUGE
- (53) IMGT
- (54) Leiden
- (55) miRBase
- (56) DME
- (57) OriGene
- (58) PubMed
- (59) R&D Systems
- (60) TGDB
- (61) Tocris
- (62) Abcam
- (63) Novus Biologicals
- (64) ProSpec
- (65) Sino Biological
- (66) GenScript
- (67) Qiagen
- (68) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (69) OCA
- (70) Proteopedia
- (71) MOPED
- (72) neXtProt
- (73) Reactome
- (74) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (75) fRNAdb
- (76) DISEASES
- (77) SIMAP
- (78) GenomeRNAi
- (79) LifeMap
- (80) miRTarBase
- (81) MalaCards
- (82) Invitrogen
- (83) BitterDB
- (84) Vector BioLabs
- (85) ESI-BIO
- (86) RefSeq
- (87) BioSystems
- (88) MaxQB
- (89) IUPHAR
- (90) BioGPS
- (91) Illumina
- (92) COMPARTMENTS
- (93) HOMER
- (94) PaxDb
- (95) ApexBio
- (96) Addgene
- (97) antibodies-online
- (98) CYP
- (99) NONCODE
- (100) SwitchGear Genomics
- (101) TreeFam
- (102) PathCards
- (103) GeneReviews
- (104) GeneTex
- (105) Taconic Biosciences
- (106) GTEx
- (107) ProteomicsDB
- (108) SCBT
- (109) DGIdb
- (110) ClinicalTrials
- (111) FDA Approved Drugs
- (112) RVIS
- (113) SIGNOR
- (114) diseasecard
- (115) NIH Rare Diseases
- (116) Orphanet
- (117) UMLS
- (118) GTR
- (119) Disease Ontology
- (120) Genetics Home Reference
- (121) MeSH
- (122) MedlinePlus
- (123) CDC
- (124) NINDS
- (125) NCBI Bookshelf
- (126) ClinVar
- (127) Gene Damage Index
- (128) ViGene Biosciences
- (129) HPO
- (130) UDN
- (131) VISTA
- (132) FANTOM5
- (133) ENCODE
- (134) ProSci
- (135) Horizon
- (136) NURSA
- (137) IID
- (138) Cyagen
- (139) VectorBuilder
- (140) SNPedia
- (141) BRCA Exchange
- (142) St John's Lab
- (143) CIViC
- (144) ProteoGenix
- (145) dbSUPER
- (146) TISSUES
- (147) Gene ORGANizer
- (148) abm
- (149) CrownBio
- (150) Human Protein Atlas
- (151) GWAS Catalog
- (152) Monarch Initiative
- (153) DataMed
- (154) HumanCyc
- (155) genomics-online
- (156) UCNEbase
- (157) EPDnew
- (158) Applied Biosystems
