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Galanin is an important neuromodulator present in the brain, gastrointestinal system, and hypothalamopituitary axis. It is a 30-amino acid non-C-terminally amidated peptide that potently stimulates growth hormone secretion, inhibits cardiac vagal slowing of heart rate, abolishes sinus arrhythmia, and inhibits postprandial gastrointestinal motility. The actions of galanin are mediated through interaction with specific membrane receptors that are members of the 7-transmembrane family of G protein-coupled receptors. GALR2 interacts with the N-terminal residues of the galanin peptide. The primary signaling mechanism for GALR2 is through the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway (via Gq), in contrast to GALR1, which communicates its intracellular signal by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase through Gi. However, it has been demonstrated that GALR2 couples efficiently to both the Gq and Gi proteins to simultaneously activate 2 independent signal transduction pathways. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
GALR2 (Galanin Receptor 2) is a Protein Coding gene. Among its related pathways are Signaling by GPCR and Peptide ligand-binding receptors. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include G protein-coupled receptor activity and galanin receptor activity. An important paralog of this gene is CXCR3.
Galanin is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the endocrine system. Three different galanin receptors (GAL1-3) have been identified. Disruption of galanin expression or galanin receptor signaling is seen in many multifactoral conditions.
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0004930 | G protein-coupled receptor activity | IEA | -- |
GO:0004966 | galanin receptor activity | TAS,IDA | 9832121 |
GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 23597562 |
GO:0008528 | G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity | IBA | 21873635 |
GO:0017046 | peptide hormone binding | IPI | 9832121 |
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0005623 | cell | IEA | -- |
GO:0005886 | plasma membrane | TAS | -- |
GO:0005887 | integral component of plasma membrane | IBA | 21873635 |
GO:0005929 | cilium | IDA | 28154160 |
GO:0016020 | membrane | IEA | -- |
SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | Peptide ligand-binding receptors |
.34
|
|
2 | Signaling by GPCR |
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0006936 | muscle contraction | TAS | 9480833 |
GO:0007165 | signal transduction | IEA | -- |
GO:0007166 | cell surface receptor signaling pathway | TAS | 9480833 |
GO:0007186 | G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway | TAS | -- |
GO:0007188 | adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway | TAS,IBA | 21873635 |
Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
galanin (10-29) (rat/mouse) |
|
Agonist |
|
|||
galanin(2?àó29) (rat/mouse) |
|
Agonist, Full agonist |
|
Compound | Action | Cas Number |
---|---|---|
Galanin (1-15) (porcine, rat) | Galanin receptor agonist peptide | 112747-70-3 |
Galanin (1-29) (rat, mouse) | Non-selective galanin receptor agonist | 114547-31-8 |
Galanin (1-30) (human) | Endogenous galanin receptor agonist | 119418-04-1 |
Galanin (2-29) (rat) | Selective GAL2 peptide agonist | 141696-11-9 |
Galnon | Non-selective galanin receptor agonist | 475115-35-6 |
Compound | Action | Cas Number |
---|---|---|
AR-M 1896 | Selective GAL2 agonist | 367518-31-8 |
Galanin (1-15) (porcine, rat) | 112747-70-3 | |
Galanin (1-29) (rat, mouse) | 114547-31-8 | |
Galanin (1-30) (human) | 119418-04-1 | |
Galanin (2-29) (rat) | 141696-11-9 | |
Galanin (porcine) | 88813-36-9 | |
Galnon | 475115-35-6 | |
M 1145 | 1172089-00-7 | |
M40 | 143896-17-7 | |
M617 | 860790-38-1 | |
M871 | 908844-75-7 |
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.
Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | GALR2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | GALR2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | GALR2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Galr2 30 |
|
||
Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | GALR2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Galr2 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | GALR2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | GALR2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | galr2 30 |
|
||
Str.12152 30 |
|
||||
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | si:ch211-250n8.2 30 |
|
||
GALR2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |||
African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | GPRALS2 30 |
|
||
Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | AlstR 30 31 32 |
|
ManyToMany | |
AR-2 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | npr-9 30 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
ZK455.3 32 |
|
|
|||
Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | -- 31 |
|
OneToMany |
SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 17 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
710117 | Benign: not provided | 76,077,274(+) | A/C | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
739873 | Likely Benign: not provided | 76,075,234(+) | C/A | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
775336 | Benign: not provided | 76,076,943(+) | G/A | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
788155 | Likely Benign: not provided | 76,077,013(+) | G/T | MISSENSE_VARIANT |
No disorders were found for GALR2 Gene.