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This gene encodes a component of the outer-core of an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor protein in the brain. The encoded protein is thought to interact with inner-core components of the receptor, and play a role in the modulation of glutamate signaling. Mutations in this gene are associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 37... See more...
Aliases for FRRS1L Gene
Aliases for FRRS1L Gene
External Ids for FRRS1L Gene
- HGNC: 1362
- Entrez Gene: 23732
- Ensembl: ENSG00000260230
- OMIM: 604574
- UniProtKB: Q9P0K9
Previous HGNC Symbols for FRRS1L Gene
- C9orf4
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for FRRS1L Gene
- GC09M111900
Summaries for FRRS1L Gene
-
This gene encodes a component of the outer-core of an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor protein in the brain. The encoded protein is thought to interact with inner-core components of the receptor, and play a role in the modulation of glutamate signaling. Mutations in this gene are associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 37. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]
GeneCards Summary for FRRS1L Gene
FRRS1L (Ferric Chelate Reductase 1 Like) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with FRRS1L include Epileptic Encephalopathy, Early Infantile, 37 and Chorea, Childhood-Onset, With Psychomotor Retardation. An important paralog of this gene is FRRS1.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for FRRS1L Gene
-
Important modulator of glutamate signaling pathway.
Additional gene information for FRRS1L Gene
- HGNC(1362)
- Entrez Gene(23732)
- Ensembl(ENSG00000260230)
- OMIM(604574)
- UniProtKB(Q9P0K9)
- Open Targets Platform(ENSG00000260230)
- Monarch Initiative
- Search for FRRS1L at DataMed
- Search for FRRS1L at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC Summary , Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for FRRS1L Gene
Genomics for FRRS1L Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs
Promoters and enhancers for FRRS1L Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication |
Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)
GeneHancers around FRRS1L on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path
Cistromic (ChIP-Seq) regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for FRRS1L
Genomic Locations for FRRS1L Gene
Genomic Locations for FRRS1L Gene
- chr9:109,130,293-109,167,295
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 37,003 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
- chr9:111,892,573-111,929,571
- (GRCh37/hg19)
- Size:
- 36,999 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
Genomic View for FRRS1L Gene
Genes around FRRS1L on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 9q31.3 by HGNC
- 9q31.3 by Entrez Gene
- 9q31.3 by Ensembl
FRRS1L Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for FRRS1L Gene
Proteins for FRRS1L Gene
-
Protein details for FRRS1L Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- Q9P0K9-FRS1L_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- DOMON domain-containing protein FRRS1L
- Protein Accession:
- Q9P0K9
- Q5T4G4
Protein attributes for FRRS1L Gene
- Size:
- 344 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 37270 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Component of the outer core of AMPAR complex. AMPAR complex consists of an inner core made of 4 pore-forming GluA/GRIA proteins (GRIA1, GRIA2, GRIA3 and GRIA4) and 4 major auxiliary subunits arranged in a twofold symmetry. One of the two pairs of distinct binding sites is occupied either by CNIH2, CNIH3 or CACNG2, CACNG3. The other harbors CACNG2, CACNG3, CACNG4, CACNG8 or GSG1L. This inner core of AMPAR complex is complemented by outer core constituents binding directly to the GluA/GRIA proteins at sites distinct from the interaction sites of the inner core constituents. Outer core constituents include at least PRRT1, PRRT2, CKAMP44/SHISA9, FRRS1L and NRN1. The proteins of the inner and outer core serve as a platform for other, more peripherally associated AMPAR constituents. Alone or in combination, these auxiliary subunits control the gating and pharmacology of the AMPAR complex and profoundly impact their biogenesis and protein processing (By similarity).
Protein Expression for FRRS1L Gene
Post-translational modifications for FRRS1L Gene
Other Protein References for FRRS1L Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- Creative Diagnostics Anti-FRRS1L (aa 158-267) polyclonal antibody
- Creative Biolabs Mouse Anti-FRRS1L Recombinant Antibody (CBXF-1800)
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for FRRS1L
- Invitrogen Antibodies for FRRS1L (AFLGC-FRRS1L)
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for FRRS1L
Protein Products
-
OriGene Purified Proteins for FRRS1L
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for FRRS1L
- Origene Custom Protein Services for FRRS1L
- antibodies-online: Show 3 available FRRS1L Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top FRRS1L Proteins
-
Quality Products:
-
Abcam proteins for FRRS1L
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for FRRS1L Gene
Domains & Families for FRRS1L Gene
Gene Families for FRRS1L Gene
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Disease related genes
- Predicted membrane proteins
Protein Domains for FRRS1L Gene
- InterPro:
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for FRRS1L Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
-
- Brain protein CG-6 (CI004_HUMAN)
No data available for Graphical View of Domain Structure and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for FRRS1L Gene
Function for FRRS1L Gene
Molecular function for FRRS1L Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Important modulator of glutamate signaling pathway.
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for FRRS1L Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0003674 | molecular_function | ND | -- |
Phenotypes for FRRS1L Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for FRRS1L:
- inferred from 1 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for FRRS1L:
Animal Models for FRRS1L Gene
- MGI Knock Outs for FRRS1L:
-
- Frrs1l Frrs1l<tm1b(EUCOMM)Hmgu>
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for FRRS1L - Select products 50% OFF >
- * FRRS1L CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for FRRS1L
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for FRRS1L
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for FRRS1L
miRNA for FRRS1L Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target FRRS1L
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for FRRS1L
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Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for FRRS1L - Select products 50% OFF >
- * FRRS1L as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for FRRS1L
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for FRRS1L
Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for FRRS1L
No data available for Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for FRRS1L Gene
Localization for FRRS1L Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for FRRS1L Gene
- Cell membrane. Cell junction, synapse.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| plasma membrane | 4 |
| mitochondrion | 2 |
| extracellular | 1 |
| cytoskeleton | 1 |
| peroxisome | 1 |
| nucleus | 1 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 1 |
| cytosol | 1 |
| golgi apparatus | 1 |
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005575 | cellular_component | ND | -- |
| GO:0005886 | plasma membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0016020 | membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0016021 | integral component of membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0030054 | cell junction | IEA | -- |
No data available for Subcellular locations from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for FRRS1L Gene
Pathways & Interactions for FRRS1L Gene
Interacting Proteins for FRRS1L Gene
GPS-Prot Interaction Network for FRRS1L
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0099072 | regulation of postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter receptor levels | IEA,IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:1900449 | regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway | IMP | 27236917 |
No data available for Pathways by source and SIGNOR curated interactions for FRRS1L Gene
Transcripts for FRRS1L Gene
mRNA/cDNA for FRRS1L Gene
- 1 REFSEQ mRNAs :
- 8 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
- 6 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links to gene/alias where relevant :
-
- ENST00000561981 8201 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000642157 3497 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000642299 445 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000644736 711 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000644747 671 nts (view in UCSC)
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for FRRS1L - Select products 50% OFF >
- * FRRS1L CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for FRRS1L
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for FRRS1L
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for FRRS1L
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for FRRS1L
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For FRRS1L
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for FRRS1L
Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for FRRS1L - Select products 50% OFF >
- * FRRS1L as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for FRRS1L
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for FRRS1L
Relevant External Links for FRRS1L Gene
- GeneLoc Exon Structure for
- FRRS1L
Expression for FRRS1L Gene
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for FRRS1L Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Brain - Nucleus accumbens (basal ganglia) (x5.2), Brain - Anterior cingulate cortex (BA24) (x4.9), Brain - Frontal Cortex (BA9) (x4.9), Brain - Cerebellar Hemisphere (x4.7), Brain - Cerebellum (x4.1), and Brain - Cortex (x4.0).
This gene is overexpressed in Frontal cortex (45.0) and Fetal Brain (17.7).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB and MOPED for FRRS1L Gene
- Elite partner
Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for FRRS1L
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for FRRS1L Gene:
Hs.347537mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for FRRS1L Gene:
Q9P0K9-FRS1L_HUMAN
Tissue specificity:
Expressed in adult and fetal brain. Very weak expression in medulla, spinal cord and in adult ovary.
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for FRRS1L Gene
- Nervous system(2.6)
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for FRRS1L
Gene Expression Assay Products
No data available for mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery and Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for FRRS1L Gene
Orthologs for FRRS1L Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | FRRS1L 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | FRRS1L 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | FRRS1L 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | FRRS1L 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | FRRS1L 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Frrs1l 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Frrs1l 30 |
|
||
| Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | FRRS1L 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| C9ORF4 30 |
|
||||
| Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | FRRS1L 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | LOC100490518 30 |
|
||
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | LOC100536668 30 |
|
||
| FRRS1L 31 |
|
OneToOne |
- Species where no ortholog for FRRS1L was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- Corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
- Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
- Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- Rice (Oryza sativa)
- Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
- Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi)
- Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- Soybean (Glycine max)
- Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Evolution for FRRS1L Gene
- ENSEMBL:
- Gene Tree for FRRS1L (if available)
- TreeFam:
- Gene Tree for FRRS1L (if available)
- Aminode:
- Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for FRRS1L: view image
Paralogs for FRRS1L Gene
Variants for FRRS1L Gene
Sequence variations, with clinical significance, from ClinVar and Humsavar, with links to dbSNP for FRRS1L Gene
| SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 09 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 638945 | Uncertain Significance: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 37 | 109,167,233(-) | C/A | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 643001 | Uncertain Significance: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 37 | 109,167,008(-) | C/A | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 644118 | Uncertain Significance: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 37 | 109,147,076(-) | A/T | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 646195 | Uncertain Significance: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 37 | 109,137,543(-) | G/A | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 649021 | Uncertain Significance: Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 37 | 109,137,597(-) | G/A | MISSENSE_VARIANT |
| Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| esv3307202 | CNV | mobile element insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3402109 | CNV | insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3621429 | CNV | loss | 21293372 |
| esv3621430 | CNV | loss | 21293372 |
| nsv1077170 | CNV | deletion | 25765185 |
| nsv1126916 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
| nsv1137495 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
53.7% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
1.36;
26.81% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for FRRS1L Gene
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay Products
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for FRRS1L Gene
Disorders for FRRS1L Gene
(9) MalaCards diseases for FRRS1L Gene - From: OMIM, ClinVar, GTR, Orphanet, DISEASES, and GeneCards
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 37 |
|
|
| chorea, benign hereditary |
|
|
| chorea, childhood-onset, with psychomotor retardation |
|
|
| visual epilepsy |
|
|
| autosomal recessive non-syndromic intellectual disability |
|
|
Search FRRS1L in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
FRS1L_HUMAN- Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 37 (EIEE37) [MIM:616981]: A form of epileptic encephalopathy, a heterogeneous group of severe childhood onset epilepsies characterized by refractory seizures, neurodevelopmental impairment, and poor prognosis. Development is normal prior to seizure onset, after which cognitive and motor delays become apparent. EIEE37 is an autosomal recessive, severe form manifesting in the first years of life. Affected individuals show hyperkinetic movement disorder with choreoathetosis, spasticity, rigidity, mental retardation, absent speech, and impaired volitional movements. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:27236917, ECO:0000269 PubMed:27239025}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Additional Disease Information for FRRS1L
No data available for Genatlas for FRRS1L Gene
Publications for FRRS1L Gene
- Cloning, mapping, and expression of a novel brain-specific transcript in the familial dysautonomia candidate region on chromosome 9q31. (PMID: 10603000) Chadwick BP … Slaugenhaupt SA (Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 2000) 2 3 4
- Loss-of-Function Mutations in FRRS1L Lead to an Epileptic-Dyskinetic Encephalopathy. (PMID: 27236917) Madeo M … Kruer MC (American journal of human genetics 2016) 3 4
- Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep maps to a homozygous truncating mutation in AMPA receptor component FRRS1L. (PMID: 27239025) Shaheen R … Alkuraya FS (Clinical genetics 2016) 3 4
- DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9. (PMID: 15164053) Humphray SJ … Dunham I (Nature 2004) 3 4
- Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. (PMID: 28514442) Huttlin EL … Harper JW (Nature 2017) 3
ExternalLinks
Products for FRRS1L Gene
- Custom Antibody Services
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- Custom Assay Services
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- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for FRRS1L
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- High-throughput Antibody Production Service
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- Novus Biologicals proteins and lysates for FRRS1L
- Browse Antibodies
- Browse Peptides and Proteins
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- Find your target
- Browse Primary Antibodies
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- Invitrogen Antibodies for FRRS1L (AFLGC-FRRS1L)
- VectorBuilder Custom and pre-made DNA vectors for FRRS1L (ie. gene expression, shRNA knockdown, CRISPR)
- VectorBuilder Viral vectors for FRRS1L (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder CRISPR vectors for FRRS1L (ie. knockout, knockin, CRISPRa, CRISPRi)
- VectorBuilder Virus packaging for FRRS1L CRISPR vectors (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder Stable cell line generation for FRRS1L
- antibodies-online: Show 4 available FRRS1L Antibodies ranked by validation data
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- antibodies-online: Search results for available FRRS1L related products ranked by validation data
- antibodies-online: Show 3 available FRRS1L Proteins ranked by validation data
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- Quality Products:
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for FRRS1L
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for FRRS1L siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for FRRS1L
- Horizon Cell Lines for FRRS1L
- Browse GeneCopoeia Cell Lines
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for FRRS1L
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for FRRS1L
- Search GeneCopoeia for miRNA 3'UTR Target clone products for FRRS1L
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for FRRS1L
Sources for FRRS1L Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) NCBI Entrez Gene
- (4) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) Cell Signaling Technology
- (12) GO
- (13) UniProtKB/TrEMBL
- (14) InterPro
- (15) ProtoNet
- (16) Blocks
- (17) MGI
- (18) IUBMB
- (19) KEGG
- (20) MINT
- (21) STRING
- (22) IntAct
- (23) Novoseek
- (24) PharmGKB
- (25) DrugBank
- (26) HMDB
- (27) ASD
- (28) SAGE
- (29) SOURCE
- (30) HomoloGene
- (31) PanEnsembl
- (32) euGenes
- (33) SGD
- (34) FlyBase
- (35) WormBase
- (36) Pseudogene
- (37) DGV
- (38) dbSNP
- (39) GenAtlas
- (40) HGMD
- (41) GAD
- (42) BGMUT
- (43) HuGE
- (44) Atlas
- (45) GenBank
- (46) HORDE
- (47) HUGE
- (48) IMGT
- (49) Leiden
- (50) miRBase
- (51) DME
- (52) OriGene
- (53) PubMed
- (54) R&D Systems
- (55) TGDB
- (56) Tocris
- (57) Abcam
- (58) Novus Biologicals
- (59) ProSpec
- (60) Sino Biological
- (61) GenScript
- (62) Qiagen
- (63) OCA
- (64) Proteopedia
- (65) MOPED
- (66) neXtProt
- (67) Reactome
- (68) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (69) DISEASES
- (70) SIMAP
- (71) GenomeRNAi
- (72) LifeMap
- (73) miRTarBase
- (74) MalaCards
- (75) Invitrogen
- (76) BitterDB
- (77) ESI-BIO
- (78) RefSeq
- (79) BioSystems
- (80) MaxQB
- (81) IUPHAR
- (82) BioGPS
- (83) Illumina
- (84) COMPARTMENTS
- (85) HOMER
- (86) PaxDb
- (87) ApexBio
- (88) Addgene
- (89) antibodies-online
- (90) CYP
- (91) NONCODE
- (92) TreeFam
- (93) PathCards
- (94) GeneReviews
- (95) GeneTex
- (96) Taconic Biosciences
- (97) GTEx
- (98) ProteomicsDB
- (99) SCBT
- (100) DGIdb
- (101) ClinicalTrials
- (102) RVIS
- (103) SIGNOR
- (104) diseasecard
- (105) NIH Rare Diseases
- (106) Orphanet
- (107) UMLS
- (108) GTR
- (109) Disease Ontology
- (110) Genetics Home Reference
- (111) MeSH
- (112) MedlinePlus
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