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This gene encodes a member of the plakin protein family of adhesion junction plaque proteins. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined. It has been reported that some isoforms are expressed in neural and muscle tissue, anchoring neural intermediat... See more...
Aliases for DST Gene
Aliases for DST Gene
External Ids for DST Gene
- HGNC: 1090
- Entrez Gene: 667
- Ensembl: ENSG00000151914
- OMIM: 113810
- UniProtKB: Q03001
Previous HGNC Symbols for DST Gene
- BPAG1
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for DST Gene
- GC06M056370
- GC06M056430
- GC06M056158
- GC06M056322
Summaries for DST Gene
-
This gene encodes a member of the plakin protein family of adhesion junction plaque proteins. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined. It has been reported that some isoforms are expressed in neural and muscle tissue, anchoring neural intermediate filaments to the actin cytoskeleton, and some isoforms are expressed in epithelial tissue, anchoring keratin-containing intermediate filaments to hemidesmosomes. Consistent with the expression, mice defective for this gene show skin blistering and neurodegeneration. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2010]
GeneCards Summary for DST Gene
DST (Dystonin) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with DST include Neuropathy, Hereditary Sensory And Autonomic, Type Vi and Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex, Autosomal Recessive 2. Among its related pathways are Degradation of the extracellular matrix and Cytoskeleton remodeling Neurofilaments. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include calcium ion binding and actin binding. An important paralog of this gene is MACF1.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for DST Gene
-
Cytoskeletal linker protein. Acts as an integrator of intermediate filaments, actin and microtubule cytoskeleton networks. Required for anchoring either intermediate filaments to the actin cytoskeleton in neural and muscle cells or keratin-containing intermediate filaments to hemidesmosomes in epithelial cells. The proteins may self-aggregate to form filaments or a two-dimensional mesh. Regulates the organization and stability of the microtubule network of sensory neurons to allow axonal transport. Mediates docking of the dynein/dynactin motor complex to vesicle cargos for retrograde axonal transport through its interaction with TMEM108 and DCTN1 (By similarity).
-
[Isoform 3]: plays a structural role in the assembly of hemidesmosomes of epithelial cells; anchors keratin-containing intermediate filaments to the inner plaque of hemidesmosomes. Required for the regulation of keratinocyte polarity and motility; mediates integrin ITGB4 regulation of RAC1 activity.
-
[Isoform 6]: required for bundling actin filaments around the nucleus.
-
[Isoform 7]: regulates the organization and stability of the microtubule network of sensory neurons to allow axonal transport.
Additional gene information for DST Gene
- HGNC(1090)
- Entrez Gene(667)
- Ensembl(ENSG00000151914)
- OMIM(113810)
- UniProtKB(Q03001)
- Open Targets Platform(ENSG00000151914)
- Monarch Initiative
- Search for DST at DataMed
- Search for DST at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC Summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for DST Gene
Genomics for DST Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs
Promoters and enhancers for DST Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication |
Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)
GeneHancers around DST on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path
Cistromic (ChIP-Seq) regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for DST
- Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the DST gene promoter:
-
- IRF-1
- PPAR-gamma1
- PPAR-gamma2
Genomic Locations for DST Gene
Genomic Locations for DST Gene
- chr6:56,457,987-56,954,830
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 496,844 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
- chr6:56,322,785-56,819,426
- (GRCh37/hg19)
- Size:
- 496,642 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
Genomic View for DST Gene
Genes around DST on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 6p12.1 by HGNC
- 6p12.1 by Entrez Gene
- 6p12.1 by Ensembl
DST Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for DST Gene
Proteins for DST Gene
-
Protein details for DST Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- Q03001-DYST_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Dystonin
- Protein Accession:
- Q03001
- B7Z3H1
- E7ERU0
- O94833
- Q12825
- Q13266
- Q13267
- Q13775
- Q5TBT0
- Q5TBT2
- Q5TF23
- Q5TF24
- Q8N1T8
- Q8N8J3
- Q8WXK8
- Q8WXK9
- Q96AK9
- Q96DQ5
- Q96J76
- Q96QT5
- Q9H555
- Q9UGD7
- Q9UGD8
- Q9UN10
Protein attributes for DST Gene
- Size:
- 7570 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 860662 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Homodimer. Isoform 1 interacts (via N-terminus) with PLEC (via N-terminus). Interacts with the neuronal intermediate filament protein, PRPH. Interacts with DES. Interacts with SYNE3 (By similarity). Isoform 1 and isoform 6 can homodimerize (via N-terminus). Isoform 1 interacts (via N-terminus) with ACTN2. Isoform 1 interacts (via N-terminus) with PLEC (via N-terminus). Isoform 3 interacts (via N-terminus) with COL17A1 (via cytoplasmic region). Isoform 3 interacts (via N-terminus) with ITGB4 isoform beta-4a (via cytoplasmic region). Isoform 3 interacts (via N-terminus) with ERBIN (via C-terminus). Isoform 3 associates (via C-terminal) with KRT5-KRT14 (via rod region) intermediate filaments of keratins. Interacts with MAPRE1; probably required for targeting to the growing microtubule plus ends. Interacts with TMIGD2. Isoform 9 interacts with TMEM108 (By similarity).
- SequenceCaution:
-
- Sequence=AAA35538.1; Type=Miscellaneous discrepancy; Note=Contaminating sequence. Sequence of unknown origin in the C-terminal part.; Evidence={ECO:0000305}; Sequence=AAA57185.1; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction; Evidence={ECO:0000305}; Sequence=BAB70870.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Note=Truncated N-terminus.; Evidence={ECO:0000305}; Sequence=BAC04449.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Note=Truncated N-terminus.; Evidence={ECO:0000305}; Sequence=BAC04848.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Note=Truncated N-terminus.; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
- Miscellaneous:
-
- [Isoform 4]: Incomplete sequence.
- [Isoform 5]: Incomplete sequence. May be produced at very low levels due to a premature stop codon in the mRNA, leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
- [Isoform 6]: Incomplete sequence. Transmembrane protein (helical transmembrane domain from amino acid 18 to 38).
- [Isoform 7]: Incomplete sequence.
- [Isoform 8]: Probably myristoylated on Gly-2. Probably S-palmitoylated on Cys-5 and Cys-7.
Protein Expression for DST Gene
Post-translational modifications for DST Gene
Other Protein References for DST Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
-
- ENSP00000244364
- ENSP00000359824
- ENSP00000498389
- ENSP00000499198
- ENSP00000431020
- ENSP00000489032
- ENSP00000354508
- ENSP00000430472
- ENSP00000489111
- ENSP00000431121
- ENSP00000498983
- ENSP00000404924
- ENSP00000431030
- ENSP00000359801
- ENSP00000428068
- ENSP00000431003
- ENSP00000393082
- ENSP00000429221
- ENSP00000307959
- ENSP00000400883
- REFSEQ proteins:
-
- XP_005249372.1
- XP_005249373.1
- XP_005249375.1
- XP_005249376.1
- XP_005249377.1
- XP_005249379.1
- XP_005249380.1
- XP_005249381.1
- XP_011513126.1
- XP_011513127.1
- XP_016866694.1
- XP_016866695.1
- XP_016866696.1
- XP_016866698.1
- XP_016866699.1
- XP_016866700.1
- XP_016866701.1
- XP_016866702.1
- XP_016866703.1
- XP_016866704.1
- XP_016866705.1
- XP_016866706.1
- XP_016866707.1
- XP_016866708.1
- XP_016866709.1
- XP_016866710.1
- XP_016866711.1
- XP_016866712.1
- XP_016866714.1
- XP_024302298.1
- NP_001138241.1
- NP_001138242.1
- NP_001361651.1
- NP_001361658.1
- NP_001361659.1
- NP_001361663.1
- NP_001361665.1
- NP_001714.1
- NP_056363.2
- NP_899236.1
Antibody Products
- G Biosciences Immunotag™ DST Antibody
-
Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for DST
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for DST
-
Abcam antibodies for DST
- Invitrogen Antibodies for DST (AFLGC-DST)
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for DST
Protein Products
- Search Origene for Purified Proteins, MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for DST
- Origene Custom Protein Services for DST
- Novus Biologicals proteins for DST
- antibodies-online: Show 3 available Dystonin Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top Dystonin Proteins
-
Quality Products:
-
Abcam proteins for DST
Assay Products
- G Biosciences Immunotag™ Dystonin ELISA Kit
- antibodies-online: Show 6 available Dystonin Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top Dystonin Elisa Kits
-
Quality Products:
-
Signalway ELISA kits for DST
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for DST Gene
Domains & Families for DST Gene
Gene Families for DST Gene
- HGNC:
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Cancer-related genes
- Disease related genes
- Plasma proteins
- Predicted intracellular proteins
Protein Domains for DST Gene
- InterPro:
- Blocks:
-
- Actin-binding, actinin-type
- Calponin-like actin-binding
- Spectrin repeat
- Plectin repeat
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for DST Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
-
- Hemidesmosomal plaque protein (DYST_HUMAN)
- Dystonin (Q5TBT1_HUMAN)
- Dystonin (Q5TF24_HUMAN)
- DST protein (Q86T18_HUMAN)
- DST protein (Q9BSP9_HUMAN)
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
Q03001UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:
DYST_HUMAN :- Its association with epidermal and simple keratins is dependent on the tertiary structure induced by heterodimerization of these intermediate filaments proteins and most likely involves recognition sites located in the rod domain of these keratins.
- Domain:
-
- Its association with epidermal and simple keratins is dependent on the tertiary structure induced by heterodimerization of these intermediate filaments proteins and most likely involves recognition sites located in the rod domain of these keratins.
- The microtubule tip localization signal (MtLS) motif; mediates interaction with MAPRE1 and targeting to the growing microtubule plus ends.
Function for DST Gene
Molecular function for DST Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Cytoskeletal linker protein. Acts as an integrator of intermediate filaments, actin and microtubule cytoskeleton networks. Required for anchoring either intermediate filaments to the actin cytoskeleton in neural and muscle cells or keratin-containing intermediate filaments to hemidesmosomes in epithelial cells. The proteins may self-aggregate to form filaments or a two-dimensional mesh. Regulates the organization and stability of the microtubule network of sensory neurons to allow axonal transport. Mediates docking of the dynein/dynactin motor complex to vesicle cargos for retrograde axonal transport through its interaction with TMEM108 and DCTN1 (By similarity).
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- [Isoform 3]: plays a structural role in the assembly of hemidesmosomes of epithelial cells; anchors keratin-containing intermediate filaments to the inner plaque of hemidesmosomes. Required for the regulation of keratinocyte polarity and motility; mediates integrin ITGB4 regulation of RAC1 activity.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- [Isoform 6]: required for bundling actin filaments around the nucleus.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- [Isoform 7]: regulates the organization and stability of the microtubule network of sensory neurons to allow axonal transport.
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for DST Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0003779 | actin binding | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005178 | integrin binding | IPI | 11375975 |
| GO:0005198 | structural molecule activity | IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0005509 | calcium ion binding | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005515 | protein binding | IEA,IPI | 12482924 |
Phenotypes for DST Gene
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for DST:
-
- Increased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- Mildly decreased CFP-tsO45G cell surface transport
- no effect
- Decreased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- Decreased epidermal growth factor (EGF) endocytosis, decreased transferrin (TF) endocytosis
- Strongly decreased CFP-tsO45G cell surface transport
- Increased shRNA abundance
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for DST - Select products 50% OFF >
- * DST CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for DST
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for DST
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for DST
miRNA for DST Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target DST
-
- hsa-miR-335-5p (MIRT018347)
- hsa-miR-215-5p (MIRT024665)
- hsa-miR-192-5p (MIRT026612)
- hsa-miR-32-5p (MIRT028321)
- hsa-miR-615-3p (MIRT040309)
- hsa-miR-484 (MIRT042022)
- hsa-miR-218-5p (MIRT046995)
- hsa-miR-26a-5p (MIRT050193)
- hsa-miR-3130-3p (MIRT361124)
- hsa-miR-485-3p (MIRT440770)
- hsa-miR-539-3p (MIRT440771)
- hsa-miR-136-5p (MIRT440772)
- hsa-miR-127-5p (MIRT440773)
- hsa-miR-432-5p (MIRT440775)
- hsa-miR-5047 (MIRT537924)
- hsa-miR-1301-3p (MIRT537925)
- hsa-miR-7156-3p (MIRT537926)
- hsa-miR-500a-3p (MIRT537927)
- hsa-miR-6882-3p (MIRT537928)
- hsa-miR-107 (MIRT537929)
- hsa-miR-103a-3p (MIRT537930)
- hsa-miR-6804-3p (MIRT537931)
- hsa-miR-1468-3p (MIRT537932)
- hsa-miR-6893-3p (MIRT537933)
- hsa-miR-370-3p (MIRT537934)
- hsa-miR-545-3p (MIRT537935)
- hsa-miR-8063 (MIRT537936)
- hsa-miR-548p (MIRT537937)
- mmu-miR-129-5p (MIRT594123)
- mmu-miR-450b-5p (MIRT594124)
- mmu-miR-1931 (MIRT594125)
- hsa-miR-4460 (MIRT704095)
- hsa-miR-4662a-5p (MIRT704096)
- hsa-miR-3119 (MIRT704097)
- hsa-miR-140-5p (MIRT704098)
- hsa-miR-6718-5p (MIRT704099)
- hsa-miR-203b-5p (MIRT704100)
- hsa-miR-553 (MIRT704101)
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for DST
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For DST
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for DST
Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for DST - Select products 50% OFF >
- * DST as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for DST
Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for DST
No data available for Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Animal Models , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for DST Gene
Localization for DST Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for DST Gene
- Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, stress fiber. Cell projection, axon. Note=Associates with intermediate filaments, actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. Localizes to actin stress fibers and to actin-rich ruffling at the cortex of cells (By similarity). Associated at the growing distal tip of microtubules. {ECO:0000250 UniProtKB:Q91ZU6}.
- [Isoform 1]: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, Z line. Cytoplasm, myofibril, sarcomere, H zone. Note=Localizes to microtubules and actin microfilaments throughout the cytoplasm and at focal contact attachments at the plasma membrane. {ECO:0000250}.
- [Isoform 2]: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Note=Colocalizes both cortical and cytoplasmic actin filaments. {ECO:0000250}.
- [Isoform 3]: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cell junction, hemidesmosome. Note=Localizes to actin and intermediate filaments cytoskeletons (By similarity). Colocalizes with the epidermal KRT5-KRT14 intermediate filaments network of keratins. Colocalizes with ITGB4 at the leading edge of migrating keratinocytes. {ECO:0000250}.
- [Isoform 6]: Nucleus. Nucleus envelope. Membrane. Single-pass membrane protein. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Single-pass membrane protein. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, stress fiber. Note=Localizes to actin and intermediate filaments cytoskeletons. Localizes to central actin stress fibers around the nucleus and is excluded form focal contact sites in myoblast cells. Translocates to the nucleus (By similarity). Associates with actin cytoskeleton in sensory neurons. {ECO:0000250 UniProtKB:Q91ZU6}.
- [Isoform 7]: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cell projection, axon. Membrane. Note=Associates with axonal microtubules and intermediate filaments, but not with actin cytoskeleton, in sensory neurons.
- [Isoform 8]: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cytoplasm, cell cortex. Cell membrane. Lipid-anchor.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| plasma membrane | 5 |
| extracellular | 5 |
| cytoskeleton | 5 |
| cytosol | 5 |
| nucleus | 4 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 4 |
| mitochondrion | 2 |
| endosome | 1 |
| lysosome | 1 |
| golgi apparatus | 1 |
| peroxisome | 0 |
- Cytosol (2)
- Microtubules (2)
- Nucleoplasm (2)
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005604 | basement membrane | TAS | 2461961 |
| GO:0005634 | nucleus | IEA,HDA | 21630459 |
| GO:0005635 | nuclear envelope | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005654 | nucleoplasm | IDA | -- |
| GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IBA,IDA | 11751855 |
Pathways & Interactions for DST Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cell junction organization | ||
| 2 | Collagen chain trimerization | ||
| 3 | Cytoskeleton remodeling Neurofilaments |
Cytoskeleton remodeling Keratin filaments
.32
|
Cytoskeleton remodeling Neurofilaments
.32
|
| 4 | Degradation of the extracellular matrix | ||
Pathways by source for DST Gene
2 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) pathways for DST Gene
- Cytoskeleton remodeling Keratin filaments
- Cytoskeleton remodeling Neurofilaments
Interacting Proteins for DST Gene
Selected Interacting proteins:
Q03001-DYST_HUMAN
ENSP00000307959
for DST Gene via
UniProtKB
MINT
STRING
IID
GPS-Prot Interaction Network for DST
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0007010 | cytoskeleton organization | IEA,IMP | 19403692 |
| GO:0007155 | cell adhesion | IEA | -- |
| GO:0007229 | integrin-mediated signaling pathway | NAS | 11375975 |
| GO:0008090 | retrograde axonal transport | ISS | -- |
| GO:0009611 | response to wounding | IDA | 19403692 |
Transcripts for DST Gene
mRNA/cDNA for DST Gene
- 12 REFSEQ mRNAs :
- 44 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
- 40 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links to gene/alias where relevant :
-
- ENST00000244364 16742 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000370788 17657 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000651941 8826 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000651790 5015 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000651289 2823 nts (view in UCSC)
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for DST - Select products 50% OFF >
- * DST CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for DST
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for DST
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for DST
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for DST
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For DST
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for DST
Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for DST - Select products 50% OFF >
- * DST as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for DST
| ExUns: | 1 | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3 | ^ | 4 | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6 | ^ | 7 | ^ | 8 | ^ | 9 | ^ | 10 | ^ | 11 | ^ | 12 | ^ | 13 | ^ | 14a | · | 14b | · | 14c | ^ | 15 | ^ | 16a | · | 16b | ^ | 17 | ^ | 18 | ^ | 19 | ^ | 20 | ^ | 21 | ^ | 22 | ^ | 23 | ^ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| SP3: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: |
| ExUns: | 24 | ^ | 25 | ^ | 26 | ^ | 27 | ^ | 28 | ^ | 29 | ^ | 30 | ^ | 31 | ^ | 32 | ^ | 33 | ^ | 34 | ^ | 35a | · | 35b | ^ | 36 | ^ | 37 | ^ | 38 | ^ | 39 | ^ | 40 | ^ | 41 | ^ | 42 | ^ | 43 | ^ | 44 | ^ | 45 | ^ | 46a | · | 46b | ^ | 47a | · |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: |
| ExUns: | 47b | ^ | 48 | ^ | 49 | ^ | 50 | ^ | 51 | ^ | 52 | ^ | 53 | ^ | 54 | ^ | 55 | ^ | 56a | · | 56b | ^ | 57a | · | 57b | ^ | 58 | ^ | 59 | ^ | 60 | ^ | 61 | ^ | 62 | ^ | 63 | ^ | 64 | ^ | 65 | ^ | 66 | ^ | 67 | ^ | 68 | ^ | 69 | ^ | 70 | ^ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| SP6: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| SP11: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: |
| ExUns: | 71 | ^ | 72 | ^ | 73 | ^ | 74a | · | 74b | ^ | 75a | · | 75b | ^ | 76 | ^ | 77a | · | 77b | ^ | 78a | · |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: |
Relevant External Links for DST Gene
- GeneLoc Exon Structure for
- DST
Expression for DST Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Lung (Respiratory System)
- Basal Cells Respiratory Bronchioles
-
Epithelial Cells
- Basal Cells Respiratory Bronchioles
- Brain (Nervous System)
- Epidermis (Integumentary System)
- Hair
-
Uterus (Reproductive System)
-
Prostate (Endocrine System)
-
Gall Bladder (Hepatobiliary System)
-
Adrenal Gland (Endocrine System)
-
Esophagus (Gastrointestinal Tract)
-
Ovary (Reproductive System)
-
Adipose (Muscoskeletal System)
This gene is overexpressed in Blymphocyte (31.7) and Neutrophil (6.2).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, MaxQB, and MOPED for DST Gene
Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for DST
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for DST Gene:
Hs.604915mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for DST Gene:
Q03001-DYST_HUMAN
Tissue specificity:
Isoform 1 is expressed in myoblasts (at protein level). Isoform 3 is expressed in the skin. Isoform 6 is expressed in the brain. Highly expressed in skeletal muscle and cultured keratinocytes.
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for DST Gene
- Nervous system(5)
- Skin(4.8)
- Eye(4.7)
- Intestine(4.7)
- Liver(4.6)
- Lung(4.1)
- Heart(3.2)
- Muscle(3.2)
- Kidney(2.8)
- Blood(2.7)
- Spleen(2.6)
- Pancreas(2.5)
- Adrenal gland(2.2)
- Thyroid gland(2.2)
- Stomach(2.2)
- Lymph node(2)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for DST Gene
Germ Layers:
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
Systems:
- cardiovascular
- digestive
- immune
- integumentary
- nervous
- respiratory
- skeletal muscle
- skeleton
Regions:
Head and neck:
- brain
- ear
- eye
- face
- head
- lacrimal apparatus
- lip
- mouth
Thorax:
- heart
- heart valve
- lung
Pelvis:
- pelvis
Limb:
- ankle
- digit
- elbow
- femur
- finger
- foot
- hand
- hip
- knee
- lower limb
- shoulder
- thigh
- toe
- upper limb
- wrist
General:
- blood
- peripheral nerve
- peripheral nervous system
- skin
- spinal cord
- sweat gland
- white blood cell
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for DST
Gene Expression Assay Products
No data available for mRNA differential expression in normal tissues for DST Gene
Orthologs for DST Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | DST 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | DST 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
| -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | DST 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Dst 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | DST 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | DST 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
| -- 31 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | DST 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | shot 30 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
| Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | vab-10 30 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
| Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | -- 31 |
|
OneToMany |
- Species where no ortholog for DST was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- Corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
- Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
- Rice (Oryza sativa)
- Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
- Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- Soybean (Glycine max)
- Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis)
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Evolution for DST Gene
- ENSEMBL:
- Gene Tree for DST (if available)
- TreeFam:
- Gene Tree for DST (if available)
- Aminode:
- Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for DST: view image
Paralogs for DST Gene
Paralogs for DST Gene
(15) SIMAP similar genes for DST Gene using alignment to 20 proteins:
- DYST_HUMAN
- E7ERU0_HUMAN
- E7ERU2_HUMAN
- E7ERX3_HUMAN
- E7ESK0_HUMAN
- E7ETB9_HUMAN
- E9PEB9_HUMAN
- E9PHM6_HUMAN
- F6QMI7_HUMAN
- F8W9J4_HUMAN
- H0YAT7_HUMAN
- H0YBX0_HUMAN
- H0YC65_HUMAN
- H0YC82_HUMAN
- J3QTQ0_HUMAN
- L8E8Z4_HUMAN
- Q5T0V7_HUMAN
- Q6P0N6_HUMAN
- Q86T18_HUMAN
- Q9BSP9_HUMAN
Variants for DST Gene
Sequence variations, with clinical significance, from ClinVar and Humsavar, with links to dbSNP for DST Gene
| SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 06 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 638844 | Uncertain Significance: Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type VI; Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, autosomal recessive 2 | 56,618,061(-) | G/T | MISSENSE_VARIANT,INTRON_VARIANT | |
| 639025 | Uncertain Significance: Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type VI; Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, autosomal recessive 2 | 56,618,563(-) | T/C | MISSENSE_VARIANT,INTRON_VARIANT | |
| 639219 | Uncertain Significance: Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type VI; Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, autosomal recessive 2 | 56,642,646(-) | C/T | MISSENSE_VARIANT,INTRON_VARIANT | |
| 639415 | Uncertain Significance: Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type VI; Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, autosomal recessive 2 | 56,631,960(-) | G/A | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 639498 | Uncertain Significance: Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type VI; Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, autosomal recessive 2 | 56,629,341(-) | T/C | MISSENSE_VARIANT |
| Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| dgv1779e212 | CNV | loss | 25503493 |
| dgv3319n106 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
| esv1002581 | CNV | deletion | 20482838 |
| esv1047493 | CNV | insertion | 17803354 |
| esv2555940 | CNV | deletion | 19546169 |
| esv2672362 | CNV | deletion | 23128226 |
| esv2732121 | CNV | deletion | 23290073 |
| esv3303382 | CNV | mobile element insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3305103 | CNV | mobile element insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3306537 | CNV | mobile element insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3340117 | CNV | insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3396904 | CNV | insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3423201 | CNV | insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3539786 | CNV | deletion | 23714750 |
| esv3571088 | CNV | loss | 25503493 |
| esv3609105 | CNV | loss | 21293372 |
| nsv1034418 | CNV | loss | 25217958 |
| nsv1073561 | CNV | deletion | 25765185 |
| nsv1073562 | CNV | deletion | 25765185 |
| nsv1122129 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
| nsv1131965 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
| nsv1133374 | CNV | tandem duplication | 24896259 |
| nsv436516 | CNV | deletion | 17901297 |
| nsv475313 | CNV | novel sequence insertion | 20440878 |
| nsv476250 | CNV | novel sequence insertion | 20440878 |
| nsv478598 | CNV | novel sequence insertion | 20440878 |
| nsv508408 | CNV | deletion | 20534489 |
| nsv5314 | CNV | insertion | 18451855 |
| nsv5315 | CNV | deletion | 18451855 |
| nsv820249 | CNV | loss | 19587683 |
| nsv830666 | CNV | gain | 17160897 |
| nsv950181 | CNV | deletion | 24416366 |
| nsv965728 | CNV | duplication | 23825009 |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
0.199% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
20.71;
99.15% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for DST Gene
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay Products
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for DST Gene
Disorders for DST Gene
(44) MalaCards diseases for DST Gene - From: OMIM, ClinVar, GTR, Orphanet, DISEASES, Novoseek, and GeneCards
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type vi |
|
|
| epidermolysis bullosa simplex, autosomal recessive 2 |
|
|
| bullous pemphigoid |
|
|
| epidermolysis bullosa simplex |
|
|
| bullous skin disease |
|
Search DST in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
DYST_HUMAN- Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, 6 (HSAN6) [MIM:614653]: A form of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and by sensory and/or autonomic abnormalities. HSAN6 is a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia, respiratory and feeding difficulties, lack of psychomotor development, and autonomic abnormalities including labile cardiovascular function, lack of corneal reflexes leading to corneal scarring, areflexia, and absent axonal flare response after intradermal histamine injection. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:22522446}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
- Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, autosomal recessive 2 (EBSB2) [MIM:615425]: A form of epidermolysis bullosa, a dermatologic disorder characterized by localized blistering on the dorsal, lateral and plantar surfaces of the feet. EBSB2 is characterized by trauma-induced blistering mainly occurring on the feet and ankles. Ultrastructural analysis of skin biopsy shows abnormal hemidesmosomes with poorly formed inner plaques. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:20164846, ECO:0000269 PubMed:22113475}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Additional Disease Information for DST
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
- Open Targets Platform
No data available for Genatlas for DST Gene
Publications for DST Gene
- Cloning and characterization of the neural isoforms of human dystonin. (PMID: 8575775) Brown A … Kothary R (Genomics 1995) 3 4 23
- Identification of a second protein product of the gene encoding a human epidermal autoantigen. (PMID: 8010969) Hopkinson SB … Jones JC (The Biochemical journal 1994) 3 4 23
- Cloning of the 5' mRNA for the 230-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. (PMID: 8345227) Elgart GW … Stanley JR (The Journal of investigative dermatology 1993) 3 4 23
- Human bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPAG1). Amino acid sequences deduced from cloned cDNAs predict biologically important peptide segments and protein domains. (PMID: 1717441) Sawamura D … Uitto J (The Journal of biological chemistry 1991) 3 4 23
- Comparison of molecularly cloned bullous pemphigoid antigen to desmoplakin I confirms that they define a new family of cell adhesion junction plaque proteins. (PMID: 1712022) Tanaka T … Stanley JR (The Journal of biological chemistry 1991) 3 4 23
ExternalLinks
Products for DST Gene
- Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for DST
- Browse OriGene ELISA Kits
- Custom Assay Services
- Search Origene for Purified Proteins, MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for DST
- Origene Custom Protein Services for DST
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for DST
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For DST
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs for DST
- OriGene CRISPR knockouts for DST
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Browse OriGene miRNA Products For DST
- Browse Sino Biological cDNA Clones
- Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
- Browse Sino Biological Cell Lysates
- Browse Sino Biological Antibodies
- Browse Sino Biological Assays
- Browse ELISA Kits
- Browse CRO Services
- High-throughput Antibody Production Service
- Protein Production Service
- Epitope Tag Antibodies & Reporter Protein Antibodies
- Lentiviral ORF Clones
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for DST
- Novus Biologicals proteins for DST
- Browse Antibodies
- Browse Peptides and Proteins
- Browse Lysates
- Browse ELISA Kits
- Abcam antibodies for DST
- Abcam proteins for DST
- Find your target
- Browse Primary Antibodies
- Browse Conjugated Primary Antibodies
- Browse Secondary Antibodies
- Browse ELISA Kits
- Browse Matched Antibody Pairs
- Browse Proteins and Peptides
- Search Knockout (KO) Validated Antibodies
- Browse Monoclonal Antibodies
- Browse Recombinant Antibodies
- Invitrogen Antibodies for DST (AFLGC-DST)
- VectorBuilder Custom and pre-made DNA vectors for DST (ie. gene expression, shRNA knockdown, CRISPR)
- VectorBuilder Viral vectors for DST (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder CRISPR vectors for DST (ie. knockout, knockin, CRISPRa, CRISPRi)
- VectorBuilder Virus packaging for DST CRISPR vectors (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder Stable cell line generation for DST
- antibodies-online: Show 3 available Dystonin Antibodies ranked by validation data
- Compare Top Dystonin Antibodies
- antibodies-online: Show 6 available Dystonin Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top Dystonin Elisa Kits
- Quality Products:
- antibodies-online: Show 3 available Dystonin Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top Dystonin Proteins
- Quality Products:
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for DST
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for DST siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for DST
- Horizon Cell Lines for DST
- Browse GeneCopoeia Cell Lines
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for DST
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for DST
- Search GeneCopoeia for miRNA 3'UTR Target clone products for DST
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for DST
Sources for DST Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) NCBI Entrez Gene
- (4) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) Cell Signaling Technology
- (12) GO
- (13) UniProtKB/TrEMBL
- (14) InterPro
- (15) ProtoNet
- (16) Blocks
- (17) MGI
- (18) IUBMB
- (19) KEGG
- (20) MINT
- (21) STRING
- (22) IntAct
- (23) Novoseek
- (24) PharmGKB
- (25) DrugBank
- (26) HMDB
- (27) ASD
- (28) SAGE
- (29) SOURCE
- (30) HomoloGene
- (31) PanEnsembl
- (32) euGenes
- (33) SGD
- (34) FlyBase
- (35) WormBase
- (36) Pseudogene
- (37) DGV
- (38) dbSNP
- (39) GenAtlas
- (40) HGMD
- (41) GAD
- (42) BGMUT
- (43) HuGE
- (44) Atlas
- (45) GenBank
- (46) HORDE
- (47) HUGE
- (48) IMGT
- (49) Leiden
- (50) miRBase
- (51) DME
- (52) OriGene
- (53) PubMed
- (54) R&D Systems
- (55) TGDB
- (56) Tocris
- (57) Abcam
- (58) Novus Biologicals
- (59) ProSpec
- (60) Sino Biological
- (61) GenScript
- (62) Qiagen
- (63) OCA
- (64) Proteopedia
- (65) MOPED
- (66) neXtProt
- (67) Reactome
- (68) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (69) DISEASES
- (70) SIMAP
- (71) GenomeRNAi
- (72) LifeMap
- (73) miRTarBase
- (74) MalaCards
- (75) Invitrogen
- (76) BitterDB
- (77) ESI-BIO
- (78) RefSeq
- (79) BioSystems
- (80) MaxQB
- (81) IUPHAR
- (82) BioGPS
- (83) Illumina
- (84) COMPARTMENTS
- (85) HOMER
- (86) PaxDb
- (87) ApexBio
- (88) Addgene
- (89) antibodies-online
- (90) CYP
- (91) NONCODE
- (92) TreeFam
- (93) PathCards
- (94) GeneReviews
- (95) GeneTex
- (96) Taconic Biosciences
- (97) GTEx
- (98) ProteomicsDB
- (99) SCBT
- (100) DGIdb
- (101) ClinicalTrials
- (102) RVIS
- (103) SIGNOR
- (104) diseasecard
- (105) NIH Rare Diseases
- (106) Orphanet
- (107) UMLS
- (108) GTR
- (109) Disease Ontology
- (110) Genetics Home Reference
- (111) MeSH
- (112) MedlinePlus
- (113) CDC
- (114) NINDS
- (115) NCBI Bookshelf
- (116) ClinVar
- (117) Gene Damage Index
- (118) HPO
- (119) UDN
- (120) VISTA
- (121) FANTOM5
- (122) ENCODE
- (123) ProSci
- (124) Horizon
- (125) The Signaling Pathways Project (SPP)
- (126) IID
- (127) VectorBuilder
- (128) SNPedia
- (129) BRCA Exchange
- (130) CIViC
- (131) ProteoGenix
- (132) dbSUPER
- (133) TISSUES
- (134) Gene ORGANizer
- (135) abm
- (136) Human Protein Atlas
- (137) GWAS Catalog
- (138) Monarch Initiative
- (139) DataMed
- (140) HumanCyc
- (141) UCNEbase
- (142) EPDnew
- (143) Applied Biosystems
- (144) GlyConnect
- (145) Aminode
- (146) GeneCopoeia
- (147) GPS-Prot
- (148) RNACentral
- (149) LncRNADisease
- (150) LOVD
- (151) miR2Disease
- (152) DiseaseEnhancer
- (153) Boster Bio
- (154) Biorbyt
- (155) Biocompare
- (156) Mastermind
- (157) CTD^2 Dashboard
- (158) CraniofacialAtlas
- (159) GeneImprint
- (160) Synthego
- (161) ENA
- (162) GtRNAdb
- (163) LncBase
- (164) LncBook
- (165) LNCipedia
- (166) Modomics
- (167) PDBe
- (168) Rfam
- (169) SILVA
- (170) snOPY
- (171) SRPDB
- (172) GENCODE
- (173) TarBase
- (174) Signalway Antibody
- (175) Open Targets Platform
- (176) 5SRRNADB
- (177) snoDB
- (178) MirGeneDB