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Aliases for DSCR8 Gene
Subcategory (RNA class) for DSCR8 Gene
lncRNA
Number of RNA Genes sources:
2 / 17
Aliases for DSCR8 Gene
- Down Syndrome Critical Region 8 2 3 5
- MTAG2 2 3 4
- DSCR8 2 5 165
- Down Syndrome Critical Region 8 (Non-Protein Coding) 2 3
- Cancer/Testis Antigen Family 25, Member 1a 2 3
- Cancer/Testis Antigen Family 25, Member 1b 2 3
- Malignant Melanoma-Associated 1 2 3
- C21orf65 3 4
- CT25.1a 2 3
- CT25.1b 2 3
- MMA-1a 2 3
- MMA-1b 2 3
- MMA-1 3 4
- Malignant Melanoma Associated Protein 1 3
- Down Syndrome Critical Region Protein 8 4
- Malignant Melanoma-Associated Protein 1 4
- Down Syndrome Critical Region Gene 8 3
- Melanoma-Testis-Associated Protein 2 3
- Chromosome 21 Open Reading Frame 65 2
- Cancer/Testis Antigen 25 4
- HSALNG0133044 164
- HSALNG0133055 164
- Protein MTAG2 4
- DCR1-24.0 4
- MMA1 3
- CT25 4
External Ids for DSCR8 Gene
- HGNC: 16707
- Entrez Gene: 84677
- Ensembl: ENSG00000198054
- OMIM: 613396
- UniProtKB: Q96T75
Previous HGNC Symbols for DSCR8 Gene
- C21orf65
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for DSCR8 Gene
- GC21P036070
- GC21P038413
- GC21P038415
- GC21P039493
- GC21P024963
Summaries for DSCR8 Gene
GeneCards Summary for DSCR8 Gene
DSCR8 (Down Syndrome Critical Region 8) is an RNA Gene, and is affiliated with the lncRNA class. Diseases associated with DSCR8 include Down Syndrome and Eyelid Carcinoma.
Additional gene information for DSCR8 Gene
- HGNC(16707)
- Entrez Gene(84677)
- Ensembl(ENSG00000198054)
- OMIM(613396)
- UniProtKB(Q96T75)
- Open Targets Platform(ENSG00000198054)
- Search for DSCR8 at DataMed
- Search for DSCR8 at HumanCyc
No data available for Entrez Gene Summary , CIViC Summary , UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary , Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for DSCR8 Gene
Genomics for DSCR8 Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs
Promoters and enhancers for DSCR8 Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication |
Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)
GeneHancers around DSCR8 on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path
- Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the DSCR8 gene promoter:
-
- AREB6
- Chx10
- FOXD3
- FOXI1
- GR
- GR-alpha
- POU2F1
- POU2F1a
- PPAR-gamma1
- PPAR-gamma2
Genomic Locations for DSCR8 Gene
Genomic Locations for DSCR8 Gene
- chr21:38,121,450-38,188,016
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 66,567 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
- chr21:39,493,545-39,560,110
- (GRCh37/hg19)
- Size:
- 66,566 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
Genomic View for DSCR8 Gene
Genes around DSCR8 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
DSCR8 in the GeneCards ncRNA compendium hub on the UCSC Golden Path
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 21q22.13 by HGNC
- 21q22.13 by Entrez Gene
- 21q22.13 by Ensembl
DSCR8 Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for DSCR8 Gene
Proteins for DSCR8 Gene
-
Protein details for DSCR8 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- Q96T75-DSCR8_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Down syndrome critical region protein 8
- Protein Accession:
- Q96T75
- Q684H4
- Q6EXA9
- Q8N3X0
- Q8NDY5
- Q96B46
Protein attributes for DSCR8 Gene
- Size:
- 97 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 10969 Da
- Quaternary structure:
- No Data Available
- Miscellaneous:
-
- Potential cancer-testis antigen, with expression restricted to the testis and certain malignant cells.
- [Isoform 1]: Predominantly expressed in the testis.
- [Isoform 3]: Predominantly expressed in the testis, at lower level in the placenta, during malignant progression of melanocytic tumors and in several tumors of varying origins.
- [Isoform 4]: Predominantly expressed in the testis, at lower level in the placenta, during malignant progression of melanocytic tumors and in several tumors of varying origins.
- [Isoform 5]: Predominantly expressed in the testis.
- [Isoform 6]: Predominantly expressed in the testis.
Post-translational modifications for DSCR8 Gene
No Post-translational modifications
Antibody Products
Protein Products
- Search Origene for Purified Proteins, MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for DSCR8
- Origene Custom Protein Services for DSCR8
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for DSCR8 Gene
Domains & Families for DSCR8 Gene
Gene Families for DSCR8 Gene
Protein Domains for DSCR8 Gene
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for DSCR8 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
-
- Protein MTAG2 (DSCR8_HUMAN)
- Malignant melanoma associated protein (Q684H4_HUMAN)
- Malignant melanoma associated protein (Q6EXA9_HUMAN)
No data available for Graphical View of Domain Structure and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for DSCR8 Gene
Function for DSCR8 Gene
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for DSCR8 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0003674 | molecular_function | ND | -- |
| GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 25416956 |
Phenotypes for DSCR8 Gene
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for DSCR8 - Select products 50% OFF >
- * DSCR8 CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
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-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for DSCR8
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miRNA for DSCR8 Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target DSCR8
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for DSCR8
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Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for DSCR8 - Select products 50% OFF >
- * DSCR8 as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
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- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for DSCR8
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for DSCR8
No data available for Molecular function , Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Human Phenotype Ontology , Animal Models , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for DSCR8 Gene
Localization for DSCR8 Gene
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| mitochondrion | 2 |
| extracellular | 1 |
| nucleus | 1 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 1 |
| cytosol | 1 |
| golgi apparatus | 1 |
| peroxisome | 0 |
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005575 | cellular_component | ND | -- |
No data available for Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Subcellular locations from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for DSCR8 Gene
Pathways & Interactions for DSCR8 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0008150 | biological_process | ND | -- |
No data available for Pathways by source and SIGNOR curated interactions for DSCR8 Gene
Transcripts for DSCR8 Gene
Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) Transcripts from RNAcentral for DSCR8 Gene
| RNAcentral Transcript ID | Subcategory | Length (nts) | # of Sources | Source Identifiers and Annotations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| URS0000D5FD3D_9606 | lncRNA | 791 | 3 |
Ensembl: ENST00000465532 (view in UCSC) , LncBook: HSALNT0273458, LNCipedia: DSCR8:11, |
| URS00008B3038_9606 | lncRNA | 716 | 3 |
Ensembl: ENST00000478613 (view in UCSC) , LncBook: HSALNT0273457, LNCipedia: DSCR8:15, |
| URS00008B6B93_9606 | lncRNA | 606 | 3 |
Ensembl: ENST00000495344 (view in UCSC) , LncBook: HSALNT0273460, LNCipedia: DSCR8:19, |
| URS0000D612B5_9606 | lncRNA | 437 | 3 |
Ensembl: ENST00000469658 (view in UCSC) , LncBook: HSALNT0273459, LNCipedia: DSCR8:10, |
| URS000075D1D9_9606 | lncRNA | 813 | 2 |
HGNC: 16707, RefSeq: NR_026838, |
DSCR8 in the GeneCards ncRNA compendium hub on the UCSC Golden Path
Additional transcripts not in RNAcentral for DSCR8 Gene
- 3 REFSEQ mRNAs :
- 18 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for DSCR8 - Select products 50% OFF >
- * DSCR8 CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
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miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for DSCR8
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For DSCR8
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for DSCR8
Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for DSCR8 - Select products 50% OFF >
- * DSCR8 as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for DSCR8
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for DSCR8
Relevant External Links for DSCR8 Gene
- GeneLoc Exon Structure for
- DSCR8
Expression for DSCR8 Gene
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for DSCR8 Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Testis (x51.6).
Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for DSCR8
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for DSCR8 Gene:
Hs.733345mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for DSCR8 Gene:
Q96T75-DSCR8_HUMAN
Tissue specificity:
Expressed in numerous tissues; not found in breast, heart, small intestine and liver (PubMed:12036297). Isoform 1: Predominantly expressed in the testis (PubMed:11920614, PubMed:15472897). Isoform 3: Predominantly expressed in the testis, at lower level in the placenta, during malignant progression of melanocytic tumors and in several tumors of varying origins (PubMed:11920614, PubMed:15472897). Isoform 4: Predominantly expressed in the testis, at lower level in the placenta, during malignant progression of melanocytic tumors and in several tumors of varying origins (PubMed:11920614, PubMed:15472897). Isoform 5: Predominantly expressed in the testis (PubMed:11920614, PubMed:15472897). Isoform 6: Predominantly expressed in the testis (PubMed:11920614, PubMed:15472897).
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for DSCR8
Gene Expression Assay Products
No data available for mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery , Protein differential expression in normal tissues , Protein expression , Protein tissue co-expression partners , Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES and Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for DSCR8 Gene
Orthologs for DSCR8 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of human and chimp.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | DSCR8 31 |
|
OneToOne |
- Species where no ortholog for DSCR8 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chicken (Gallus gallus)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- Corn (Zea mays)
- Cow (Bos Taurus)
- Dog (Canis familiaris)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
- Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- Lizard (Anolis carolinensis)
- Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
- Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- Mouse (Mus musculus)
- Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica)
- Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
- Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
- Rice (Oryza sativa)
- Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
- Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi)
- Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- Soybean (Glycine max)
- Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis)
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)
- Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Evolution for DSCR8 Gene
- ENSEMBL:
- Gene Tree for DSCR8 (if available)
- TreeFam:
- Gene Tree for DSCR8 (if available)
- Aminode:
- Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for DSCR8: view image
Paralogs for DSCR8 Gene
(3) SIMAP similar genes for DSCR8 Gene using alignment to 1 proteins:
- DSCR8_HUMAN
No data available for Paralogs for DSCR8 Gene
Variants for DSCR8 Gene
| Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| esv3304050 | CNV | mobile element insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3338824 | CNV | insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3646998 | CNV | loss | 21293372 |
| nsv1058886 | CNV | gain | 25217958 |
| nsv1140163 | CNV | insertion | 24896259 |
| nsv834097 | CNV | gain | 17160897 |
Gene Damage Index Score:
3.71;
57.40% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for DSCR8 Gene
- SNPedia medical, phenotypic, and genealogical associations of SNPs for
- DSCR8
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay Products
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Sequence variations, with clinical significance, from ClinVar and Humsavar, with links to dbSNP for DSCR8 Gene
Disorders for DSCR8 Gene
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| down syndrome |
|
|
| eyelid carcinoma |
|
|
| febrile seizures, familial, 8 |
|
|
| leigh syndrome, french canadian type |
|
|
Search DSCR8 in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
Additional Disease Information for DSCR8
No data available for UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Genatlas for DSCR8 Gene
Publications for DSCR8 Gene
- The MMA1 gene family of cancer-testis antigens has multiple alternative splice variants: characterization of their expression profile, the genomic organization, and transcript properties. (PMID: 15472897) de Wit NJ … van Muijen GN (Genes, chromosomes & cancer 2005) 3 4 23
- Nineteen additional unpredicted transcripts from human chromosome 21. (PMID: 12036297) Reymond A … Antonarakis SE (Genomics 2002) 2 3 4
- Expression profiling of MMA-1a and splice variant MMA-1b: new cancer/testis antigens identified in human melanoma. (PMID: 11920614) de Wit NJ … van Muijen GN (International journal of cancer 2002) 2 3 4
- The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PMID: 15489334) Gerhard DS … MGC Project Team (Genome research 2004) 3 4
- Comparative genomic sequence analysis of the human chromosome 21 Down syndrome critical region. (PMID: 12213769) Toyoda A … Hattori M (Genome research 2002) 3 4
ExternalLinks
Products for DSCR8 Gene
- Browse OriGene Antibodies
- Custom Antibody Services
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- Custom Assay Services
- Search Origene for Purified Proteins, MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for DSCR8
- Origene Custom Protein Services for DSCR8
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for DSCR8
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For DSCR8
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs for DSCR8
- OriGene CRISPR knockouts for DSCR8
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Browse OriGene miRNA Products For DSCR8
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for DSCR8
- Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
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- Browse CRO Services
- High-throughput Antibody Production Service
- Protein Production Service
- Epitope Tag Antibodies & Reporter Protein Antibodies
- Lentiviral ORF Clones
- VectorBuilder Custom and pre-made DNA vectors for DSCR8 (ie. gene expression, shRNA knockdown, CRISPR)
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- VectorBuilder Virus packaging for DSCR8 CRISPR vectors (ie. lentivirus, AAV, adenovirus)
- VectorBuilder Stable cell line generation for DSCR8
- antibodies-online: Search results for available DSCR8 related products ranked by validation data
- antibodies-online: Search results for available DSCR8 related products ranked by validation data
- antibodies-online: Search results for available DSCR8 related products ranked by validation data
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Sources for DSCR8 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) NCBI Entrez Gene
- (4) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) Cell Signaling Technology
- (12) GO
- (13) UniProtKB/TrEMBL
- (14) InterPro
- (15) ProtoNet
- (16) Blocks
- (17) MGI
- (18) IUBMB
- (19) KEGG
- (20) MINT
- (21) STRING
- (22) IntAct
- (23) Novoseek
- (24) PharmGKB
- (25) DrugBank
- (26) HMDB
- (27) ASD
- (28) SAGE
- (29) SOURCE
- (30) HomoloGene
- (31) PanEnsembl
- (32) euGenes
- (33) SGD
- (34) FlyBase
- (35) WormBase
- (36) Pseudogene
- (37) DGV
- (38) dbSNP
- (39) GenAtlas
- (40) HGMD
- (41) GAD
- (42) BGMUT
- (43) HuGE
- (44) Atlas
- (45) GenBank
- (46) HORDE
- (47) HUGE
- (48) IMGT
- (49) Leiden
- (50) miRBase
- (51) DME
- (52) OriGene
- (53) PubMed
- (54) R&D Systems
- (55) TGDB
- (56) Tocris
- (57) Abcam
- (58) Novus Biologicals
- (59) ProSpec
- (60) Sino Biological
- (61) GenScript
- (62) Qiagen
- (63) OCA
- (64) Proteopedia
- (65) MOPED
- (66) neXtProt
- (67) Reactome
- (68) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (69) DISEASES
- (70) SIMAP
- (71) GenomeRNAi
- (72) LifeMap
- (73) miRTarBase
- (74) MalaCards
- (75) Invitrogen
- (76) BitterDB
- (77) ESI-BIO
- (78) RefSeq
- (79) BioSystems
- (80) MaxQB
- (81) IUPHAR
- (82) BioGPS
- (83) Illumina
- (84) COMPARTMENTS
- (85) HOMER
- (86) PaxDb
- (87) ApexBio
- (88) Addgene
- (89) antibodies-online
- (90) CYP
- (91) NONCODE
- (92) TreeFam
- (93) PathCards
- (94) GeneReviews
- (95) GeneTex
- (96) Taconic Biosciences
- (97) GTEx
- (98) ProteomicsDB
- (99) SCBT
- (100) DGIdb
- (101) ClinicalTrials
- (102) RVIS
- (103) SIGNOR
- (104) diseasecard
- (105) NIH Rare Diseases
- (106) Orphanet
- (107) UMLS
- (108) GTR
- (109) Disease Ontology
- (110) Genetics Home Reference
- (111) MeSH
- (112) MedlinePlus
- (113) CDC
- (114) NINDS
- (115) NCBI Bookshelf
- (116) ClinVar
- (117) Gene Damage Index
- (118) HPO
- (119) UDN
- (120) VISTA
- (121) FANTOM5
- (122) ENCODE
- (123) ProSci
- (124) Horizon
- (125) The Signaling Pathways Project (SPP)
- (126) IID
- (127) VectorBuilder
- (128) SNPedia
- (129) BRCA Exchange
- (130) CIViC
- (131) ProteoGenix
- (132) dbSUPER
- (133) TISSUES
- (134) Gene ORGANizer
- (135) abm
- (136) Human Protein Atlas
- (137) GWAS Catalog
- (138) Monarch Initiative
- (139) DataMed
- (140) HumanCyc
- (141) UCNEbase
- (142) EPDnew
- (143) Applied Biosystems
- (144) GlyConnect
- (145) Aminode
- (146) GeneCopoeia
- (147) GPS-Prot
- (148) RNACentral
- (149) LncRNADisease
- (150) LOVD
- (151) miR2Disease
- (152) DiseaseEnhancer
- (153) Boster Bio
- (154) Biorbyt
- (155) Biocompare
- (156) Mastermind
- (157) CTD^2 Dashboard
- (158) CraniofacialAtlas
- (159) GeneImprint
- (160) Synthego
- (161) ENA
- (162) GtRNAdb
- (163) LncBase
- (164) LncBook
- (165) LNCipedia
- (166) Modomics
- (167) PDBe
- (168) Rfam
- (169) SILVA
- (170) snOPY
- (171) SRPDB
- (172) GENCODE
- (173) TarBase
- (174) Signalway Antibody
- (175) Open Targets Platform
- (176) 5SRRNADB
- (177) snoDB
- (178) MirGeneDB