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Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, catalyzes the electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to oxygen. It is a heteromeric complex consisting of 3 catalytic subunits encoded by mitochondrial genes and multiple structural subunits encoded by nuclear genes. The mitochondrially-encoded subunits function in electron transfer, an... See more...
Aliases for COX6A2 Gene
Aliases for COX6A2 Gene
External Ids for COX6A2 Gene
- HGNC: 2279
- Entrez Gene: 1339
- Ensembl: ENSG00000156885
- OMIM: 602009
- UniProtKB: Q02221
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for COX6A2 Gene
- GC16U990015
- GC16M031935
- GC16M031435
- GC16M031475
- GC16M031346
- GC16M028999
Summaries for COX6A2 Gene
-
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, catalyzes the electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to oxygen. It is a heteromeric complex consisting of 3 catalytic subunits encoded by mitochondrial genes and multiple structural subunits encoded by nuclear genes. The mitochondrially-encoded subunits function in electron transfer, and the nuclear-encoded subunits may be involved in the regulation and assembly of the complex. This nuclear gene encodes polypeptide 2 (heart/muscle isoform) of subunit VIa, and polypeptide 2 is present only in striated muscles. Polypeptide 1 (liver isoform) of subunit VIa is encoded by a different gene, and is found in all non-muscle tissues. These two polypeptides share 66% amino acid sequence identity. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
GeneCards Summary for COX6A2 Gene
COX6A2 (Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 6A2) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with COX6A2 include Mitochondrial Complex Iv Deficiency and Fatal Infantile Cardioencephalomyopathy Due To Cytochrome C Oxidase Deficiency. Among its related pathways are Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. and Cardiac muscle contraction. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include cytochrome-c oxidase activity. An important paralog of this gene is COX6A1.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for COX6A2 Gene
-
Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules unsing 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
Additional gene information for COX6A2 Gene
- HGNC(2279)
- Entrez Gene(1339)
- Ensembl(ENSG00000156885)
- OMIM(602009)
- UniProtKB(Q02221)
- Open Targets Platform(ENSG00000156885)
- Search for COX6A2 at DataMed
- Search for COX6A2 at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC Summary , Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for COX6A2 Gene
Genomics for COX6A2 Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs
Promoters and enhancers for COX6A2 Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication |
Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)
GeneHancers around COX6A2 on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path
Cistromic (ChIP-Seq) regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for COX6A2
- Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the COX6A2 gene promoter:
-
- AML1a
- AREB6
- Egr-2
- Elk-1
- GATA-1
- GCNF
- GCNF-1
- GCNF-2
- RORalpha1
- RSRFC4
Genomic Locations for COX6A2 Gene
Genomic Locations for COX6A2 Gene
- chr16:31,427,731-31,428,360
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 630 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
- chr16:31,439,052-31,439,967
- (GRCh37/hg19)
- Size:
- 916 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
Genomic View for COX6A2 Gene
Genes around COX6A2 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 16p11.2 by HGNC
- 16p11.2 by Entrez Gene
- 16p11.2 by Ensembl
COX6A2 Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for COX6A2 Gene
Proteins for COX6A2 Gene
-
Protein details for COX6A2 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- Q02221-CX6A2_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial
- Protein Accession:
- Q02221
- O00761
- Q6GTW6
Protein attributes for COX6A2 Gene
- Size:
- 97 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 10815 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Component of the cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), a multisubunit enzyme composed of 14 subunits. The complex is composed of a catalytic core of 3 subunits MT-CO1, MT-CO2 and MT-CO3, encoded in the mitochondrial DNA, and 11 supernumerary subunits COX4I1 (or COX4I2), COX5A, COX5B, COX6A1 (or COX6A2), COX6B1 (or COX6B2), COX6C, COX7A2 (or COX7A1), COX7B, COX7C, COX8A and NDUFA4, which are encoded in the nuclear genome (By similarity). The complex exists as a monomer or a dimer and forms supercomplexes (SCs) in the inner mitochondrial membrane with NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII), resulting in different assemblies (supercomplex SCI(1)III(2)IV(1) and megacomplex MCI(2)III(2)IV(2)) (By similarity).
Protein Expression for COX6A2 Gene
Post-translational modifications for COX6A2 Gene
Other Protein References for COX6A2 Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- G Biosciences Immunotag™ COX6A2 Antibody
- GeneTex Anti-COX6A2 antibody [N3C3]
-
Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for COX6A2
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-
Abcam antibodies for COX6A2
- Invitrogen Antibodies for COX6A2 (AFLGC-Cox6a2)
-
Boster Bio Antibodies for COX6A2
Protein Products
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for COX6A2
- Origene Custom Protein Services for COX6A2
- Novus Biologicals lysates for COX6A2
- antibodies-online: Show 4 available COX6A2 Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top COX6A2 Proteins
-
Quality Products:
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for COX6A2 Gene
Domains & Families for COX6A2 Gene
Gene Families for COX6A2 Gene
- HGNC:
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Predicted intracellular proteins
- Transporters
Protein Domains for COX6A2 Gene
- InterPro:
- Blocks:
-
- Cytochrome c oxidase, subunit VIa
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for COX6A2 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
-
- Cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIA-muscle (CX6A2_HUMAN)
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
Q02221- Family:
-
- Belongs to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A family.
Function for COX6A2 Gene
Molecular function for COX6A2 Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and the ATP synthase. Cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. Electrons originating from reduced cytochrome c in the intermembrane space (IMS) are transferred via the dinuclear copper A center (CU(A)) of subunit 2 and heme A of subunit 1 to the active site in subunit 1, a binuclear center (BNC) formed by heme A3 and copper B (CU(B)). The BNC reduces molecular oxygen to 2 water molecules unsing 4 electrons from cytochrome c in the IMS and 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix.
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- cytochrome c oxidase,subunit VIa2,component of the complex IV,terminal enzyme complex for electron transfert,oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS),inner mitochondrial membrane
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for COX6A2 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0004129 | contributes_to cytochrome-c oxidase activity | IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0016491 | oxidoreductase activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0030234 | enzyme regulator activity | IBA | 21873635 |
Phenotypes for COX6A2 Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for COX6A2:
- inferred from 1 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for COX6A2:
-
- no effect
- Decreased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- shRNA abundance <= 50%
- Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor)
- Increased viability with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor)
- Decreased homologous recombination repair frequency
- Decreased POU5F1-GFP protein expression
- Increased cell number in G1, small nuclei in G1
Animal Models for COX6A2 Gene
- MGI Knock Outs for COX6A2:
-
- Cox6a2 Cox6a2<tm1Djg>
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for COX6A2 - Select products 50% OFF >
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-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for COX6A2
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-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for COX6A2
miRNA for COX6A2 Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target COX6A2
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for COX6A2
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Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for COX6A2 - Select products 50% OFF >
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- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for COX6A2
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Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for COX6A2
No data available for Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Human Phenotype Ontology , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for COX6A2 Gene
Localization for COX6A2 Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for COX6A2 Gene
- Mitochondrion inner membrane. Single-pass membrane protein.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| mitochondrion | 5 |
| plasma membrane | 2 |
| extracellular | 2 |
| nucleus | 2 |
| cytoskeleton | 1 |
| peroxisome | 1 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 1 |
| cytosol | 1 |
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005739 | mitochondrion | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005743 | mitochondrial inner membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005751 | mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV | IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0016020 | membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0016021 | integral component of membrane | IEA | -- |
No data available for Subcellular locations from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for COX6A2 Gene
Pathways & Interactions for COX6A2 Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. |
.40
|
|
| 2 | Parkinson disease | ||
| 3 | Cardiac muscle contraction | ||
| 4 | Metabolism | ||
| 5 | AMPK Enzyme Complex Pathway |
AMPK Enzyme Complex Pathway
-
|
|
Pathways by source for COX6A2 Gene
1 BioSystems pathway for COX6A2 Gene
8 KEGG pathways for COX6A2 Gene
1 Qiagen pathway for COX6A2 Gene
- AMPK Enzyme Complex Pathway
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Q02221-CX6A2_HUMAN
- Pathway: Energy metabolism; oxidative phosphorylation.
Interacting Proteins for COX6A2 Gene
GPS-Prot Interaction Network for COX6A2
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0006091 | generation of precursor metabolites and energy | TAS | 9284905 |
| GO:0006119 | oxidative phosphorylation | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006123 | mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen | IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0009060 | aerobic respiration | IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0050790 | regulation of catalytic activity | IEA | -- |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for COX6A2 Gene
Transcripts for COX6A2 Gene
mRNA/cDNA for COX6A2 Gene
- 1 REFSEQ mRNAs :
- 5 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
- 2 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links to gene/alias where relevant :
-
- ENST00000287490 372 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000565462 353 nts (view in UCSC)
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for COX6A2 - Select products 50% OFF >
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- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for COX6A2
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for COX6A2
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for COX6A2
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for COX6A2
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Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for COX6A2 - Select products 50% OFF >
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- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for COX6A2
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for COX6A2
Relevant External Links for COX6A2 Gene
- GeneLoc Exon Structure for
- COX6A2
Expression for COX6A2 Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Testis (Reproductive System)
- Sertoli cells Seminiferous Tubules
- Gut Tube (Gastrointestinal Tract)
- Heart (Cardiovascular System)
-
Skeletal Muscle (Muscoskeletal System)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for COX6A2 Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Muscle - Skeletal (x22.1), Heart - Left Ventricle (x19.5), and Heart - Atrial Appendage (x9.9).
This gene is overexpressed in Fetal heart (45.5) and Heart (23.5).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB and MOPED for COX6A2 Gene
- Elite partner
Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for COX6A2
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for COX6A2 Gene:
Hs.250760mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for COX6A2 Gene:
Q02221-CX6A2_HUMAN
Tissue specificity:
Expressed specifically in heart and muscle.
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for COX6A2 Gene
- Muscle(4.8)
- Nervous system(4.4)
- Heart(3.5)
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for COX6A2
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for COX6A2
Gene Expression Assay Products
No data available for Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for COX6A2 Gene
Orthologs for COX6A2 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | COX6A2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | COX6A2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | COX6A2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Cox6a2 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Cox6a2 30 |
|
||
| Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | COX6A2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | cox6a2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | levy 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |
| CG30093 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
| CG14077 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
| Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | tag-174 31 |
|
OneToMany |
- Species where no ortholog for COX6A2 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chicken (Gallus gallus)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- Corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- Lizard (Anolis carolinensis)
- Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
- Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
- Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- Rice (Oryza sativa)
- Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
- Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi)
- Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- Soybean (Glycine max)
- Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis)
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Evolution for COX6A2 Gene
- ENSEMBL:
- Gene Tree for COX6A2 (if available)
- TreeFam:
- Gene Tree for COX6A2 (if available)
- Aminode:
- Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for COX6A2: view image
Paralogs for COX6A2 Gene
Variants for COX6A2 Gene
| Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| nsv1066280 | CNV | gain | 25217958 |
| nsv833194 | CNV | loss | 17160897 |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
63.8% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
0.41;
8.91% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for COX6A2 Gene
- SNPedia medical, phenotypic, and genealogical associations of SNPs for
- COX6A2
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay Products
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for COX6A2 Gene
Disorders for COX6A2 Gene
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| mitochondrial complex iv deficiency |
|
|
| fatal infantile cardioencephalomyopathy due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency |
|
|
Search COX6A2 in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
Additional Disease Information for COX6A2
No data available for UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Genatlas for COX6A2 Gene
Publications for COX6A2 Gene
- Structure of the human gene (COX6A2) for the heart/muscle isoform of cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIa and its chromosomal location in humans, mice, and cattle. (PMID: 9177785) Bachman NJ … Lomax MI (Genomics 1997) 2 3 4 23
- Differential expression of genes specifying two isoforms of subunit VIa of human cytochrome c oxidase. (PMID: 1327966) Fabrizi GM … Schon EA (Gene 1992) 2 3 4
- The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PMID: 15489334) Gerhard DS … MGC Project Team (Genome research 2004) 3 4
- COX6A2 variants cause a muscle-specific cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. (PMID: 31155743) Inoue M … Nishino I (Annals of neurology 2019) 3
- HIV-1 Tat protein directly induces mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and inactivates cytochrome c oxidase. (PMID: 22419111) Lecoeur H … Jacotot E (Cell death & disease 2012) 3
ExternalLinks
Products for COX6A2 Gene
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- Browse Primary Antibodies
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- antibodies-online: Show 11 available COX6A2 Antibodies ranked by validation data
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- Quality Products:
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- Boster Bio Antibodies for COX6A2
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Sources for COX6A2 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) NCBI Entrez Gene
- (4) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) Cell Signaling Technology
- (12) GO
- (13) UniProtKB/TrEMBL
- (14) InterPro
- (15) ProtoNet
- (16) Blocks
- (17) MGI
- (18) IUBMB
- (19) KEGG
- (20) MINT
- (21) STRING
- (22) IntAct
- (23) Novoseek
- (24) PharmGKB
- (25) DrugBank
- (26) HMDB
- (27) ASD
- (28) SAGE
- (29) SOURCE
- (30) HomoloGene
- (31) PanEnsembl
- (32) euGenes
- (33) SGD
- (34) FlyBase
- (35) WormBase
- (36) Pseudogene
- (37) DGV
- (38) dbSNP
- (39) GenAtlas
- (40) HGMD
- (41) GAD
- (42) BGMUT
- (43) HuGE
- (44) Atlas
- (45) GenBank
- (46) HORDE
- (47) HUGE
- (48) IMGT
- (49) Leiden
- (50) miRBase
- (51) DME
- (52) OriGene
- (53) PubMed
- (54) R&D Systems
- (55) TGDB
- (56) Tocris
- (57) Abcam
- (58) Novus Biologicals
- (59) ProSpec
- (60) Sino Biological
- (61) GenScript
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