ASTL Gene (Protein Coding)

Astacin Like Metalloendopeptidase

GC02M096123
GIFtS:
33
See more...

Aliases for ASTL Gene

Aliases for ASTL Gene

  • Astacin Like Metalloendopeptidase 2 3 5
  • Ovastacin 2 3 4
  • Astacin-Like Metallo-Endopeptidase (M12 Family) 2 3
  • Astacin-Like Metalloendopeptidase 3 4
  • Sperm Acrosomal SLLP1 Binding 2 3
  • Oocyte Astacin 3 4
  • SAS1B 2 3
  • Astacin-Like Metalloendopeptidase (M12 Family) 3
  • EC 3.4.-.- 4
  • ASTL 5

External Ids for ASTL Gene

Previous GeneCards Identifiers for ASTL Gene

  • GC00U914494
  • GC02M096211
  • GC02U900795
  • GC02M096153
  • GC02M096789
  • GC02M090750

Summaries for ASTL Gene

GeneCards Summary for ASTL Gene

ASTL (Astacin Like Metalloendopeptidase) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with ASTL include Powassan Encephalitis and Louping Ill. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include peptidase activity and metallopeptidase activity. An important paralog of this gene is MEP1B.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for ASTL Gene

  • Oocyte-specific oolemmal receptor involved in sperm and egg adhesion and fertilization. Plays a role in the polyspermy inhibition. Probably acts as a protease for the post-fertilization cleavage of ZP2. Cleaves the sperm-binding ZP2 at the surface of the zona pellucida after fertilization and cortical granule exocytosis, rendering the zona pellucida unable to support further sperm binding (By similarity).

Additional gene information for ASTL Gene

No data available for Entrez Gene Summary , CIViC Summary , Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for ASTL Gene

Genomics for ASTL Gene

GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs

Download GeneHancer 2017 data
Promoters and enhancers for ASTL Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Identifier GH Type GH
Score		 GH Sources Gene Association Score Total Score TSS distance (kb) Number of Genes Away Size (kb) Transcription Factor
Binding Sites		 Gene Targets
GH02J096141 Enhancer 0.4 ENCODE 600.7 +1.7 1692 0.1 BACH1 SMAD5 POLR2A ZKSCAN1 ASTL ADRA2B
GH02J096263 Promoter/Enhancer 2.2 EPDnew Ensembl ENCODE CraniofacialAtlas dbSUPER 11.3 -122.8 -122787 4.1 BRCA1 HNRNPL CREB1 GATAD2A CTCF PRDM10 ZNF629 TFE3 RFX1 SIX5 CIAO1 TMEM127 piR-32469 SNRNP200 KANSL3 ANKRD36 STARD7-AS1 STARD7 ENSG00000230747 ITPRIPL1
GH02J096255 Promoter/Enhancer 2.1 VISTA FANTOM5 Ensembl ENCODE dbSUPER 11.5 -116.2 -116214 7.2 HNRNPL CREB1 GATAD2A CTCF PRDM10 REST ZNF629 TFE3 IKZF1 NFKBIZ CIAO1 SNRNP200 DUSP2 KANSL3 STARD7 STARD7-AS1 ASTL ITPRIPL1 CNNM3 ENSG00000230747
GH02J096304 Promoter/Enhancer 2.2 EPDnew Ensembl ENCODE CraniofacialAtlas 10.3 -162.6 -162642 2.6 HNRNPL CREB1 PRDM10 ZNF629 TFE3 SIX5 SOX13 NFKBIZ KDM1A ZNF692 lnc-ITPRIPL1-2 SNRNP200 CIAO1 NCAPH ASTL DUSP2
GH02J096009 Promoter/Enhancer 1.7 Ensembl ENCODE CraniofacialAtlas 11.5 +132.5 132532 2.1 CREB1 CTCF ATF7 ZNF629 ZNF692 BACH1 PKNOX1 MTA1 PATZ1 ZNF501 FAHD2CP lnc-CIAO1-4 GPAT2 ADRA2B DUSP2 ASTL ENSG00000230747 ITPRIPL1 lnc-ANKRD36C-3 ANKRD36C
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication | Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)

GeneHancers around ASTL on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path

Cistromic (ChIP-Seq) regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for ASTL

Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the ASTL gene promoter:
  • AP-1
  • GR
  • GR-alpha
  • GR-beta
  • HEN1
  • HNF-4alpha1
  • p53
  • Pax-4a

Genomic Locations for ASTL Gene

Genomic Locations for ASTL Gene
chr2:96,122,817-96,143,059
(GRCh38/hg38)
Size:
20,243 bases
Orientation:
Minus strand
chr2:96,789,589-96,804,175
(GRCh37/hg19)
Size:
14,587 bases
Orientation:
Minus strand

Genomic View for ASTL Gene

Genes around ASTL on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Cytogenetic band:
ASTL Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Location for ASTL Gene
GeneLoc Logo Genomic Neighborhood • Exon Structure • Gene Density

RefSeq DNA sequence for ASTL Gene

Proteins for ASTL Gene

Products:

  1. Antibody
  2. Protein
  3. Assay

  • Protein details for ASTL Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

    Protein Symbol:
    Q6HA08-ASTL_HUMAN
    Recommended name:
    Astacin-like metalloendopeptidase
    Protein Accession:
    Q6HA08
    Secondary Accessions:
    • Q3KNT0

    Protein attributes for ASTL Gene

    Size:
    431 amino acids
    Molecular mass:
    45936 Da
    Cofactor:
    Name=Zn(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29105;
    Quaternary structure:
    • Interacts (via N-terminal domain) with SPACA3; the interaction occurs during fertilization.

neXtProt entry for ASTL Gene

Post-translational modifications for ASTL Gene

  • Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
  • Modification sites at neXtProt

Other Protein References for ASTL Gene

ENSEMBL proteins:
REFSEQ proteins:

No data available for DME Specific Peptides for ASTL Gene

Domains & Families for ASTL Gene

Gene Families for ASTL Gene

HGNC:
Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
  • Enzymes
  • Predicted secreted proteins

Protein Domains for ASTL Gene

InterPro:
Blocks:
  • Astacin family signature
ProtoNet:

Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for ASTL Gene

GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
  • Ovastacin (ASTL_HUMAN)
  • ASTL protein (Q3B826_HUMAN)
genes like me logo Genes that share domains with ASTL: view

No data available for Graphical View of Domain Structure and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for ASTL Gene

Function for ASTL Gene

Products:

  1. Animal Model
  2. CRISPR
  3. miRNA
  4. Inhibitory RNA
  5. Clone
  6. Cell Line

Molecular function for ASTL Gene

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
Oocyte-specific oolemmal receptor involved in sperm and egg adhesion and fertilization. Plays a role in the polyspermy inhibition. Probably acts as a protease for the post-fertilization cleavage of ZP2. Cleaves the sperm-binding ZP2 at the surface of the zona pellucida after fertilization and cortical granule exocytosis, rendering the zona pellucida unable to support further sperm binding (By similarity).
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot BiophysicochemicalProperties:
Kinetic parameters: Note=Enzymatic activity was assayed using synthetic quenched fluorescent substrates QF-24, QF-35 and QF-41. Astacin displayed the highest Kcat/KM value against QF-35. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15087446}; pH dependence: Optimum pH is 7.5. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15087446};
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot EnzymeRegulation:
Inhibited by wide spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat (BB-94). Also inhibited by EDTA.

Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for ASTL Gene

Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for ASTL Gene

Gene Ontology (GO) - Molecular Function for ASTL Gene

GO ID Qualified GO term Evidence PubMed IDs
GO:0004222 metalloendopeptidase activity IBA 21873635
GO:0008233 peptidase activity IEA --
GO:0008237 metallopeptidase activity IEA --
GO:0008270 zinc ion binding IEA --
GO:0016787 hydrolase activity IEA --
genes like me logo Genes that share ontologies with ASTL: view
genes like me logo Genes that share phenotypes with ASTL: view

Animal Models for ASTL Gene

MGI Knock Outs for ASTL:

Animal Model Products

  • Taconic Biosciences Mouse Models for ASTL

CRISPR Products

miRNA for ASTL Gene

miRTarBase miRNAs that target ASTL

Inhibitory RNA Products

  • Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for ASTL

No data available for Human Phenotype Ontology , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for ASTL Gene

Localization for ASTL Gene

Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for ASTL Gene

Cytoplasm. Cell membrane. Cytoplasmic granule. Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle. Note=Secretory granules. Localizes to the peripheral cortical granules of ovulated eggs. Probably exocytosed from cortical granules during post-fertilization. Detected throughout the ooplasm of germinal vesicle stage oocytes in early bilaminar secondary follicles shortly after birth. Detected in the microvillar domain of the oolemma in arrested ovulated secondary oocytes and in the first polar body prior to fertilization. Upon fertilization, detected in the perivitelline space (PVS). Colocalizes with SPACA3 at the microvillar domain of the oolemma and in the perivitelline space (PVS) (By similarity). {ECO:0000250}.

Subcellular locations from

COMPARTMENTS
Extracellular space Cytosol Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Lysosome Endosome Peroxisome ER Golgi Apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion 0 1 2 3 4 5 Confidence
COMPARTMENTS Subcellular localization image for ASTL gene
Compartment Confidence
plasma membrane 5
extracellular 3
cytoskeleton 1
mitochondrion 1
nucleus 1
endoplasmic reticulum 1
cytosol 1
lysosome 1
golgi apparatus 1

Gene Ontology (GO) - Cellular Components for ASTL Gene

GO ID Qualified GO term Evidence PubMed IDs
GO:0005737 cytoplasm ISS 22206759
GO:0005886 plasma membrane ISS 22206759
GO:0016020 membrane IEA --
GO:0030133 transport vesicle IEA --
GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle IEA --
genes like me logo Genes that share ontologies with ASTL: view

No data available for Subcellular locations from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for ASTL Gene

Pathways & Interactions for ASTL Gene

PathCards logo

SuperPathways for ASTL Gene

No Data Available

Gene Ontology (GO) - Biological Process for ASTL Gene

GO ID Qualified GO term Evidence PubMed IDs
GO:0006508 proteolysis IEA --
GO:0007155 cell adhesion IEA,ISS 22206759
GO:0007338 single fertilization IEA --
GO:0009566 fertilization IEA,ISS 22206759
GO:0010954 positive regulation of protein processing IEA,ISS 22472438
genes like me logo Genes that share ontologies with ASTL: view

No data available for Pathways by source and SIGNOR curated interactions for ASTL Gene

Drugs & Compounds for ASTL Gene

Products:

  1. Drug
No Compound Related Data Available

Transcripts for ASTL Gene

Products:

  1. CRISPR
  2. miRNA
  3. Inhibitory RNA
  4. Clone

mRNA/cDNA for ASTL Gene

1 REFSEQ mRNAs :
3 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
2 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links to gene/alias where relevant :

CRISPR Products

Inhibitory RNA Products

  • Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for ASTL

Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for ASTL Gene

No ASD Table

Relevant External Links for ASTL Gene

GeneLoc Exon Structure for
ASTL

Expression for ASTL Gene

Products:

  1. Primer
  2. Gene Expression Assay

mRNA expression in normal human tissues from GTEx, Illumina, BioGPS, and SAGE for ASTL Gene

mRNA expression in normal human tissues for ASTL Gene
mRNA expression by GTEx for ASTL GenemRNA expression by BioGPS for ASTL Gene

mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for ASTL Gene

This gene is overexpressed in Whole Blood (x7.0) and Bladder (x5.0).

Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for ASTL

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for ASTL Gene:

Hs.447993

mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for ASTL Gene:

Q6HA08-ASTL_HUMAN
Tissue specificity: Expressed in promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells, Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells, and also in some ovarian carcinomas. Not detected in normal tissues.

Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for ASTL Gene

  • Nervous system(2)
genes like me logo Genes that share expression patterns with ASTL: view

No data available for mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery , Protein differential expression in normal tissues , Protein expression , Protein tissue co-expression partners and Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for ASTL Gene

Orthologs for ASTL Gene

This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

Orthologs for ASTL Gene

Organism Taxonomy Gene Similarity Type Details
Chimpanzee
(Pan troglodytes)
 Mammalia ASTL 30 31
  • 98.07 (n)
 OneToOne
Cow
(Bos Taurus)
 Mammalia ASTL 30 31
  • 80.41 (n)
 OneToOne
Dog
(Canis familiaris)
 Mammalia ASTL 30
  • 79.87 (n)
Rat
(Rattus norvegicus)
 Mammalia Astl 30
  • 76.41 (n)
Mouse
(Mus musculus)
 Mammalia Astl 30 17 31
  • 75.22 (n)
 OneToOne
Platypus
(Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
 Mammalia ASTL 31
  • 62 (a)
 OneToOne
Chicken
(Gallus gallus)
 Aves ASTL 31
  • 27 (a)
 OneToMany
-- 31
  • 25 (a)
 OneToMany
Lizard
(Anolis carolinensis)
 Reptilia ASTL 31
  • 71 (a)
 OneToOne
Zebrafish
(Danio rerio)
 Actinopterygii he1a 31
  • 41 (a)
 OneToMany
he1b 31
  • 40 (a)
 OneToMany
c6ast3 31
  • 37 (a)
 OneToMany
ASTL (10 of 10) 31
  • 36 (a)
 OneToMany
c6ast4 31
  • 35 (a)
 OneToMany
ASTL (7 of 10) 31
  • 35 (a)
 OneToMany
he2 31
  • 35 (a)
 OneToMany
c6ast1 31
  • 33 (a)
 OneToMany
npsn 31
  • 31 (a)
 OneToMany
ASTL (8 of 10) 31
  • 28 (a)
 OneToMany
African malaria mosquito
(Anopheles gambiae)
 Insecta AgaP_AGAP006144 30
  • 51.26 (n)
Fruit Fly
(Drosophila melanogaster)
 Insecta CG5715 30 31
  • 49.59 (n)
 OneToMany
CG6696 31
  • 29 (a)
 OneToMany
CG10280 31
  • 28 (a)
 OneToMany
CG6763 31
  • 27 (a)
 OneToMany
Worm
(Caenorhabditis elegans)
 Secernentea nas-1 31
  • 30 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-6 31
  • 27 (a)
 OneToMany
Y19D10A.6 31
  • 25 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-4 31
  • 25 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-3 31
  • 25 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-2 31
  • 24 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-7 31
  • 24 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-12 31
  • 23 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-5 31
  • 23 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-13 31
  • 23 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-8 31
  • 21 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-14 31
  • 21 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-15 31
  • 18 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-21 31
  • 17 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-27 31
  • 17 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-28 31
  • 17 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-22 31
  • 16 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-19 31
  • 16 (a)
 OneToMany
toh-1 31
  • 16 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-25 31
  • 15 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-24 31
  • 15 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-20 31
  • 15 (a)
 OneToMany
dpy-31 31
  • 15 (a)
 OneToMany
hch-1 31
  • 14 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-17 31
  • 14 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-29 31
  • 14 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-30 31
  • 13 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-36 31
  • 13 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-33 31
  • 13 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-16 31
  • 13 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-9 31
  • 13 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-23 31
  • 13 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-37 31
  • 12 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-10 31
  • 12 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-18 31
  • 12 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-38 31
  • 11 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-31 31
  • 11 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-11 31
  • 11 (a)
 OneToMany
nas-32 31
  • 11 (a)
 OneToMany
Sea Squirt
(Ciona savignyi)
 Ascidiacea -- 31
  • 24 (a)
 OneToOne
Species where no ortholog for ASTL was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
  • A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii)
  • Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
  • African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
  • Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
  • Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
  • Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
  • Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
  • Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
  • Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
  • Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
  • Bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
  • Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
  • Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
  • Corn (Zea mays)
  • E. coli (Escherichia coli)
  • Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
  • Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
  • Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
  • Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
  • Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
  • K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
  • Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
  • Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
  • Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
  • Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
  • Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica)
  • Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
  • Pig (Sus scrofa)
  • Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
  • Rice (Oryza sativa)
  • Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
  • Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
  • Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
  • Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
  • Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
  • Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
  • Soybean (Glycine max)
  • Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
  • Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
  • Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  • Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
  • Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
  • Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
  • Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis)
  • Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Evolution for ASTL Gene

ENSEMBL:
Gene Tree for ASTL (if available)
TreeFam:
Gene Tree for ASTL (if available)
Aminode:
Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for ASTL: view image

Paralogs for ASTL Gene

Variants for ASTL Gene

Products:

  1. SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay

Sequence variations, with clinical significance, from ClinVar and Humsavar, with links to dbSNP for ASTL Gene

SNP ID Clinical significance and condition Chr 02 pos Variation AA Info Type
708461 Benign: not provided 96,132,712(-) C/T SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT
780829 Benign: not provided 96,123,863(-) AT/A FRAMESHIFT_VARIANT
791863 Benign: not provided 96,129,826(-) C/T MISSENSE_VARIANT
rs1657502 - p.Lys277Gln
rs41320144 - p.Arg204His

Additional dbSNP identifiers (rs#s) for ASTL Gene

Structural Variations from Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) for ASTL Gene

Variant ID Type Subtype PubMed ID
dgv4009n100 CNV gain 25217958
dgv607e201 CNV deletion 23290073
esv2720410 CNV deletion 23290073
esv3425717 CNV duplication 20981092
esv3591652 OTHER inversion 21293372
esv5003 OTHER complex 18987735
nsv1135873 CNV deletion 24896259

Variation tolerance for ASTL Gene

Residual Variation Intolerance Score: 86.9% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score: 9.11; 87.72% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)

Additional Variant Information for ASTL Gene

Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD)
ASTL
SNPedia medical, phenotypic, and genealogical associations of SNPs for
ASTL

SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay Products

No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for ASTL Gene

Disorders for ASTL Gene

MalaCards: The human disease database

(5) MalaCards diseases for ASTL Gene - From: DISEASES

Disorder Aliases PubMed IDs
powassan encephalitis
  • powassan encephalitis virus infection
louping ill
colorado tick fever
  • tick fever, american mountain
omsk hemorrhagic fever
  • ohf
leber plus disease
  • lca
- elite association - COSMIC cancer census association via MalaCards
Search ASTL in MalaCards View complete list of genes associated with diseases

Additional Disease Information for ASTL

Genetic Association Database
(GAD)
Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
(HuGE)
ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
Open Targets Platform
genes like me logo Genes that share disorders with ASTL: view

No data available for UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Genatlas for ASTL Gene

Publications for ASTL Gene

  1. Identification and characterization of human and mouse ovastacin: a novel metalloproteinase similar to hatching enzymes from arthropods, birds, amphibians, and fish. (PMID: 15087446) Quesada V … López-Otín C (The Journal of biological chemistry 2004) 2 4 23
  2. Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of thiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study. (PMID: 20628086) Bailey SD … DREAM investigators (Diabetes care 2010) 3 41
  3. A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. (PMID: 32296183) Luck K … Calderwood MA (Nature 2020) 3
  4. Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. (PMID: 28514442) Huttlin EL … Harper JW (Nature 2017) 3
  5. The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. (PMID: 26186194) Huttlin EL … Gygi SP (Cell 2015) 3

ExternalLinks

View latest publications for ASTL gene in Mastermind

Products for ASTL Gene

  • Signalway ELISA kits for ASTL

Sources for ASTL Gene