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The protein encoded by this gene is a non-visual arrestin which binds to agonist-activated, phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors. This binding uncouples the receptor from the heterotrimeric G protein, resulting in termination of the G protein-coupled receptor signaling. The encoded protein also is a part of the centrosome, interacting with gamma-tubulin to help regulate p... See more...
Aliases for ARR3 Gene
Aliases for ARR3 Gene
External Ids for ARR3 Gene
- HGNC: 710
- Entrez Gene: 407
- Ensembl: ENSG00000120500
- OMIM: 301770
- UniProtKB: P36575
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for ARR3 Gene
- GC0XP065666
- GC0XP066965
- GC0XP067721
- GC0XP068354
- GC0XP069271
- GC0XP069404
- GC0XP069488
- GC0XP063309
Summaries for ARR3 Gene
-
The protein encoded by this gene is a non-visual arrestin which binds to agonist-activated, phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors. This binding uncouples the receptor from the heterotrimeric G protein, resulting in termination of the G protein-coupled receptor signaling. The encoded protein also is a part of the centrosome, interacting with gamma-tubulin to help regulate proper centrosome function. [provided by RefSeq, May 2016]
GeneCards Summary for ARR3 Gene
ARR3 (Arrestin 3) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with ARR3 include Myopia 26, X-Linked, Female-Limited and Myopia. Among its related pathways are Phototransduction and Visual Cycle in Retinal Rods. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include phosphoprotein binding and opsin binding. An important paralog of this gene is ARRB1.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for ARR3 Gene
-
May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could bind to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.
Additional gene information for ARR3 Gene
- HGNC(710)
- Entrez Gene(407)
- Ensembl(ENSG00000120500)
- OMIM(301770)
- UniProtKB(P36575)
- Open Targets Platform(ENSG00000120500)
- Search for ARR3 at DataMed
- Search for ARR3 at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC Summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , Rfam classification and piRNA Summary for ARR3 Gene
Genomics for ARR3 Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements Pubs
Promoters and enhancers for ARR3 Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data from 2017 publication |
Request up-to-date GeneHancer data (full dataset)
GeneHancers around ARR3 on the GeneHancer Hub at the UCSC Golden Path
Cistromic (ChIP-Seq) regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for ARR3
- Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the ARR3 gene promoter:
-
- AP-2alpha
- AP-2alpha isoform 2
- AP-2alpha isoform 3
- AP-2alpha isoform 4
- AP-2alphaA
- ARP-1
- E2F
- E2F-1
- ITF-2
- Tal-1beta
Genomic Locations for ARR3 Gene
Genomic Locations for ARR3 Gene
- chrX:70,268,305-70,281,840
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 13,536 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
- chrX:69,488,155-69,501,690
- (GRCh37/hg19)
- Size:
- 13,536 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
Genomic View for ARR3 Gene
Genes around ARR3 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- Xq13.1 by HGNC
- Xq13.1 by Entrez Gene
- Xq13.1 by Ensembl
ARR3 Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for ARR3 Gene
Proteins for ARR3 Gene
-
Protein details for ARR3 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P36575-ARRC_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Arrestin-C
- Protein Accession:
- P36575
- B5B0B9
- Q5JT23
- Q5JT24
- Q6IBF5
- Q96EN2
Protein attributes for ARR3 Gene
- Size:
- 388 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 42778 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Homodimer; disulfide-linked in response to retinal illumination (By similarity). Interacts with CXCR4; the interaction is dependent on the C-terminal phosphorylation of CXCR4 and modulates the calcium ion mobilization activity of CXCR4 (PubMed:20048153).
Protein Expression for ARR3 Gene
Post-translational modifications for ARR3 Gene
Other Protein References for ARR3 Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- G Biosciences Immunotag™ Arrestin-C Antibody
-
Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for ARR3
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for ARR3
-
Abcam antibodies for ARR3
- Invitrogen Antibodies for ARR3 (AFLGC-Arr3)
-
Boster Bio Antibodies for ARR3
-
Custom Antibody ServicesProSci Antibodies for ARR3
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for ARR3
Protein Products
-
OriGene Purified Proteins for ARR3
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for ARR3
- Origene Custom Protein Services for ARR3
-
Abcam proteins for ARR3
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for ARR3 Gene
Domains & Families for ARR3 Gene
Gene Families for ARR3 Gene
- HGNC:
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Predicted intracellular proteins
Protein Domains for ARR3 Gene
- InterPro:
- Blocks:
-
- Arrestin
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for ARR3 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
-
- X-arrestin (ARRC_HUMAN)
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P36575- Family:
-
- Belongs to the arrestin family.
Function for ARR3 Gene
Molecular function for ARR3 Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could bind to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins.
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- X arrestin,expressed in the red-,green-,blue-sensitive cone photoreceptors modulator of cone phototransduction
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001664 | G protein-coupled receptor binding | IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0002046 | opsin binding | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 16189514 |
| GO:0051219 | phosphoprotein binding | IEA | -- |
Phenotypes for ARR3 Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for ARR3:
- inferred from 2 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for ARR3:
Animal Models for ARR3 Gene
- MGI Knock Outs for ARR3:
-
- Arr3 Arr3<tm1Chcr>
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for ARR3 - Select products 50% OFF >
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-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for ARR3
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for ARR3
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for ARR3
miRNA for ARR3 Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target ARR3
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for ARR3
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Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for ARR3 - Select products 50% OFF >
- * ARR3 as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
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- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for ARR3
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for ARR3
Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for ARR3
No data available for Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for ARR3 Gene
Localization for ARR3 Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for ARR3 Gene
- Photoreceptor inner segment. Cell projection, cilium, photoreceptor outer segment.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| cytosol | 3 |
| plasma membrane | 2 |
| extracellular | 2 |
| cytoskeleton | 2 |
| mitochondrion | 2 |
| nucleus | 2 |
| endosome | 2 |
| lysosome | 2 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 1 |
| golgi apparatus | 1 |
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001750 | photoreceptor outer segment | IEA | -- |
| GO:0001917 | photoreceptor inner segment | IDA | 23704327 |
| GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | TAS | 8224247 |
| GO:0042995 | cell projection | IEA | -- |
| GO:0045202 | synapse | IEA | -- |
No data available for Subcellular locations from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for ARR3 Gene
Pathways & Interactions for ARR3 Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Visual Cycle in Retinal Rods |
Visual Cycle in Retinal Rods
-
|
|
| 2 | CXCR4-mediated signaling events | ||
| 3 | Thromboxane A2 receptor signaling | ||
| 4 | Phototransduction | ||
Pathways by source for ARR3 Gene
3 BioSystems pathways for ARR3 Gene
1 Qiagen pathway for ARR3 Gene
- Visual Cycle in Retinal Rods
Interacting Proteins for ARR3 Gene
Selected Interacting proteins:
ENSP00000311538
P36575-ARRC_HUMAN
for ARR3 Gene via
STRING
MINT
UniProtKB
IID
GPS-Prot Interaction Network for ARR3
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001932 | regulation of protein phosphorylation | IEA | -- |
| GO:0002031 | G protein-coupled receptor internalization | IBA | 21873635 |
| GO:0006897 | endocytosis | IEA | -- |
| GO:0007165 | signal transduction | IEA | -- |
| GO:0007601 | visual perception | IBA | 21873635 |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for ARR3 Gene
Transcripts for ARR3 Gene
mRNA/cDNA for ARR3 Gene
- 1 REFSEQ mRNAs :
- 6 NCBI additional mRNA sequence :
- 5 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links to gene/alias where relevant :
-
- ENST00000620997 1309 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000307959 1310 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000480877 549 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000477379 425 nts (view in UCSC)
- ENST00000374495 1298 nts (view in UCSC)
CRISPR Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): CRISPR Clones for ARR3 - Select products 50% OFF >
- * ARR3 CRISPR as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for ARR3
- Search GeneCopoeia for CRISPR/Cas9 clones, lentivirus and AAV products for ARR3
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for ARR3
miRNA Products
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for ARR3
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For ARR3
- Search GeneCopoeia for shRNA, lentivirus and/or AAV clone products for ARR3
Clone Products
- Applied Biological Materials (abm): Clones for ARR3 - Select products 50% OFF >
- * ARR3 as ready-to-use vector or virus: ORF | Lenti- | Retro- | Adeno- | AAV- | Protein Vector - Browse All
- * Gene synthesis, site-directed mutagenesis, subcloning, and more services - Browse All
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for ARR3
- Search GeneCopoeia for ORF cDNA, lentivirus, AAV viral particles and/or promoter clone products for ARR3
| ExUns: | 1 | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3a | · | 3b | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6 | ^ | 7 | ^ | 8a | · | 8b | ^ | 9 | ^ | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: |
Relevant External Links for ARR3 Gene
- GeneLoc Exon Structure for
- ARR3
Expression for ARR3 Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Eye (Sensory Organs)
- Mature S Cone Cells Outer Nuclear Layer
- Cone Precursor Cells Outer Nuclear Layer
- Mature L Cone Cells Outer Nuclear Layer
- Mature M Cone Cells Outer Nuclear Layer
- Mature M-S Cone Cells Outer Nuclear Layer
-
Neurons
- Mature S Cone Cells Outer Nuclear Layer
- Cone Precursor Cells Outer Nuclear Layer
- Mature L Cone Cells Outer Nuclear Layer
- Mature M Cone Cells Outer Nuclear Layer
- Mature M-S Cone Cells Outer Nuclear Layer
- NULL (Sensory Organs)
- Epithelial Cells (Uncategorized)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for ARR3 Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Small Intestine - Terminal Ileum (x4.8) and Colon - Transverse (x4.2).
This gene is overexpressed in Retina (63.6).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, MaxQB, and MOPED for ARR3 Gene
Transcriptomic regulation report from SPP (The Signaling Pathways Project) for ARR3
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for ARR3 Gene:
Hs.308mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for ARR3 Gene:
P36575-ARRC_HUMAN
Tissue specificity:
Inner and outer segments, and the inner plexiform regions of the retina.
Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for ARR3 Gene
- Eye(4.8)
- Nervous system(2.5)
- Kidney(2.2)
- Blood(2)
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for ARR3
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for ARR3
Gene Expression Assay Products
No data available for Protein tissue co-expression partners and Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for ARR3 Gene
Orthologs for ARR3 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | ARR3 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | ARR3 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | ARR3 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Arr3 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Arr3 30 |
|
||
| Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | ARR3 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | ARR3 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | ARR3 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | ARR3 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | arr3a 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
| Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | Arr1 31 32 |
|
ManyToMany | |
| krz 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
| Arr2 31 32 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
| CG32683 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
| Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | arr-1 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
| Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | CSA.10346 31 |
|
OneToMany |
- Species where no ortholog for ARR3 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Eremothecium gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- Alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- Amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- Common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- Corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- Filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Fission Yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- Green Algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. Lactis Yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- Loblloly Pine (Pinus taeda)
- Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- Medicago Trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- Moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- Pig (Sus scrofa)
- Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- Rice (Oryza sativa)
- Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- Schistosome Parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- Sea Anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- Sea Vase (Ciona intestinalis)
- Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- Soybean (Glycine max)
- Stem Rust Fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis)
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Evolution for ARR3 Gene
- ENSEMBL:
- Gene Tree for ARR3 (if available)
- TreeFam:
- Gene Tree for ARR3 (if available)
- Aminode:
- Evolutionary constrained regions (ECRs) for ARR3: view image
Paralogs for ARR3 Gene
(6) SIMAP similar genes for ARR3 Gene using alignment to 2 proteins:
- ARRC_HUMAN
- D6RCT3_HUMAN
Variants for ARR3 Gene
Sequence variations, with clinical significance, from ClinVar and Humsavar, with links to dbSNP for ARR3 Gene
| SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 0X pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 710097 | Benign: not provided | 70,278,632(+) | C/G | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
| 711141 | Benign: not provided | 70,276,429(+) | C/T | INTRON_VARIANT | |
| 711142 | Benign: not provided | 70,277,727(+) | C/T | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
| 745056 | Likely Benign: not provided | 70,269,910(+) | G/A | INTRON_VARIANT | |
| 761416 | Likely Benign: not provided | 70,280,782(+) | C/T | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT |
| Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| esv1584074 | OTHER | inversion | 17803354 |
| nsv525258 | CNV | gain | 19592680 |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
30.3% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
0.92;
19.12% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for ARR3 Gene
SNP Genotyping and Copy Number Assay Products
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for ARR3 Gene
Disorders for ARR3 Gene
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| myopia 26, x-linked, female-limited |
|
|
| myopia |
|
|
| oguchi disease 2 |
|
|
| refractive error |
|
|
| oguchi disease 1 |
|
|
Search ARR3 in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
ARRC_HUMAN- Myopia 26, X-linked, female-limited (MYP26) [MIM:301010]: A form of myopia, a refractive error of the eye, in which parallel rays from a distant object come to focus in front of the retina, vision being better for near objects than for far. MYP26 is characterized by typical tigroid fundus changes commonly seen in early onset high myopia, and an unusual pattern of X-linked female-limited inheritance. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:27829781}. Note=The disease may be caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Additional Disease Information for ARR3
No data available for Genatlas for ARR3 Gene
Publications for ARR3 Gene
- X-arrestin: a new retinal arrestin mapping to the X chromosome. (PMID: 8224247) Murakami A … Inana G (FEBS letters 1993) 2 3 4 23
- Isolation and characterization of the human X-arrestin gene. (PMID: 9931451) Sakuma H … Inana G (Gene 1998) 3 4 23
- Immunolocalization of X-arrestin in human cone photoreceptors. (PMID: 8612728) Sakuma H … McLaren MJ (FEBS letters 1996) 3 4 23
- Cone arrestin identified by targeting expression of a functional family. (PMID: 8308033) Craft CM … Wiechmann AF (The Journal of biological chemistry 1994) 3 4 23
- X-linked heterozygous mutations in ARR3 cause female-limited early onset high myopia. (PMID: 27829781) Xiao X … Zhang Q (Molecular vision 2016) 3 4
ExternalLinks
Products for ARR3 Gene
- Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for ARR3
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- High-throughput Antibody Production Service
- Protein Production Service
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- Novus Biologicals proteins and lysates for ARR3
- Browse Antibodies
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- Browse Primary Antibodies
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- VectorBuilder Custom and pre-made DNA vectors for ARR3 (ie. gene expression, shRNA knockdown, CRISPR)
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- antibodies-online: Show 17 available ARR3 Antibodies ranked by validation data
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- antibodies-online: Show 11 available ARR3 Proteins ranked by validation data
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- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for ARR3
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- Search for ARR3 Proteins at ProSci
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- Boster Bio Antibodies for ARR3
- Browse Boster Bio ELISA Kits
Sources for ARR3 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) NCBI Entrez Gene
- (4) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) Cell Signaling Technology
- (12) GO
- (13) UniProtKB/TrEMBL
- (14) InterPro
- (15) ProtoNet
- (16) Blocks
- (17) MGI
- (18) IUBMB
- (19) KEGG
- (20) MINT
- (21) STRING
- (22) IntAct
- (23) Novoseek
- (24) PharmGKB
- (25) DrugBank
- (26) HMDB
- (27) ASD
- (28) SAGE
- (29) SOURCE
- (30) HomoloGene
- (31) PanEnsembl
- (32) euGenes
- (33) SGD
- (34) FlyBase
- (35) WormBase
- (36) Pseudogene
- (37) DGV
- (38) dbSNP
- (39) GenAtlas
- (40) HGMD
- (41) GAD
- (42) BGMUT
- (43) HuGE
- (44) Atlas
- (45) GenBank
- (46) HORDE
- (47) HUGE
- (48) IMGT
- (49) Leiden
- (50) miRBase
- (51) DME
- (52) OriGene
- (53) PubMed
- (54) R&D Systems
- (55) TGDB
- (56) Tocris
- (57) Abcam
- (58) Novus Biologicals
- (59) ProSpec
- (60) Sino Biological
- (61) GenScript
- (62) Qiagen
- (63) OCA
- (64) Proteopedia
- (65) MOPED
- (66) neXtProt
- (67) Reactome
- (68) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (69) DISEASES
- (70) SIMAP
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