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The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme family of dipeptidyl carboxydipeptidases and has considerable homology to human angiotensin 1 converting enzyme. This secreted protein catalyzes the cleavage of angiotensin I into angiotensin 1-9, and angiotensin II into the vasodilator angiotensin 1-7. The organ- and cell-specific expression of this gene suggests that it may play a role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal function, as well as fertility. In addition, the encoded protein is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of the human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus). [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2020]
ACE2 (Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with ACE2 include Covid-19 and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Among its related pathways are Collagen chain trimerization and Peptide hormone metabolism. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include metallopeptidase activity and peptide binding. An important paralog of this gene is ACE.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, aka peptidyl dipeptidase A, carboxycathepsin) cleaves a C-terminal dipeptide from angiotensin I to create the vasoconstrictor peptide, angiotensin II. ACE can also inactivate the vasodilator, proinflammatory peptide, bradykinin.
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0001618 | virus receptor activity | IDA,IMP | 24227843 |
GO:0004175 | endopeptidase activity | IDA | 15283675 |
GO:0004180 | carboxypeptidase activity | IEA,IDA | 10924499 |
GO:0004181 | metallocarboxypeptidase activity | EXP | 10924499 |
GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 10969042 |
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0005576 | extracellular region | IEA,IDA | 10969042 |
GO:0005615 | extracellular space | IBA,IDA | 18258853 |
GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IEA | -- |
GO:0005886 | plasma membrane | TAS | -- |
GO:0009986 | cell surface | IDA | 18343844 |
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0001817 | regulation of cytokine production | IC | 15380922 |
GO:0002003 | angiotensin maturation | IC,TAS | -- |
GO:0003051 | angiotensin-mediated drinking behavior | IMP | 18258853 |
GO:0003081 | regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin | IMP | 18258853 |
GO:0006508 | proteolysis | IEA | -- |
Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Captopril | Approved | Pharma | Inhibitor, Inhibition | ACE inhibitor, ACE inhibitor; also inhibits LTA4 hydrolase | 50 | |
Hydroxychloroquine | Approved | Pharma | Target, modulator | Autophagy inhibitor | 431 | |
Angiotensin II | Approved, Investigational | Pharma | Agonist, Full agonist | Potent vasopressor and a powerful stimulus for production and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. | 1347 | |
Vitamin C | Approved | Nutra | 748,748 | |||
Lisinopril | Approved, Investigational | Pharma | inhibitor | ACE inhibitor | 131 |
Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benazepril hydrochloride |
|
86541-74-4 |
|
|
||
Moexipril hydrochloride |
|
82586-52-5 |
|
|
Compound | Action | Cas Number |
---|---|---|
Benazepril hydrochloride | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | 86541-74-4 |
Captopril | ACE inhibitor; also inhibits LTA4 hydrolase | 62571-86-2 |
Moexipril hydrochloride | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | 82586-52-5 |
Perindopril erbumine | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | 107133-36-8 |
Spinorphin | Enkephalin-degrading and ACE inhibitor | 137201-62-8 |
Compound | Action | Cas Number |
---|---|---|
Acetyl Angiotensinogen (1-14), porcine | Angiotensinogen precursor | 66641-26-7 |
Angiotensin 1/2 (1-5) | Vasoconstrictor | 58442-64-1 |
Angiotensin 1/2 + A (2 - 8) | 51833-76-2 | |
Angiotensin I (human, mouse, rat) | Precursor of angiotensin II | 484-42-4 |
Enalaprilat Dihydrate | 84680-54-6 | |
Ramipril | 87333-19-5 |
ExUns: | 1a | · | 1b | ^ | 2a | · | 2b | · | 2c | ^ | 3 | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | · | 4c | ^ | 5a | · | 5b | ^ | 6 | ^ | 7 | ^ | 8 | ^ | 9 | ^ | 10a | · | 10b | ^ | 11 | ^ | 12 | ^ | 13a | · | 13b | ^ | 14 | ^ | 15a | · | 15b | ^ | 16 | ^ | 17a | · |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP1: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SP2: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SP3: | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SP4: | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SP5: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SP6: | - |
ExUns: | 17b | ^ | 18 | ^ | 19 | ^ | 20 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP1: | |||||||
SP2: | |||||||
SP3: | |||||||
SP4: | |||||||
SP5: | |||||||
SP6: |
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.
Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | ACE2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | ACE2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | ACE2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Ace2 30 17 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Ace2 30 |
|
||
Oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | ACE2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | ACE2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | ACE2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | ACE2 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Tropical Clawed Frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | ace2 30 |
|
||
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | ace2 30 31 |
|
OneToOne | |
Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
Actinopterygii | Omy.2478 30 |
|
||
Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | Ance 31 |
|
ManyToMany | |
Acer 31 32 |
|
ManyToMany | |||
Ance-2 32 |
|
|
|||
Worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | acn-1 30 31 |
|
OneToMany | |
Sea Squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | -- 31 |
|
ManyToMany |
SNP ID | Clinical significance and condition | Chr 0X pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
724557 | Likely Benign: not provided | 15,589,463(-) | G/T | INTRON_VARIANT | |
778980 | Benign: not provided | 15,566,297(-) | A/G | SYNONYMOUS_VARIANT | |
780203 | Likely Benign: not provided | 15,600,835(-) | T/C | MISSENSE_VARIANT | |
rs183135788 | - | p.Asn638Ser | |||
rs4646116 | - | p.Lys26Arg |
Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
---|---|---|---|
nsv1125275 | CNV | insertion | 24896259 |
Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|
covid-19 |
|
|
severe acute respiratory syndrome |
|
|
coronavirus infectious disease |
|
|
hartnup disorder |
|
|
intracranial aneurysm |
|