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Category Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21

GIFtS
-

WARS Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 67
GCID: GC14M100800

tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase

(Previous symbol: IFI53)

Explore 32 diseases affiliated with
WARS via

MalaCards

our new
Human Malady Compendium

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Tryptophanyl-TRNA Synthetase¹ ² ³		TrpRS³
IFI53¹ ² ³		Tryptophan TRNA Ligase 1, Cytoplasmic²
IFP53¹ ² ³		Tryptophan--TRNA Ligase, Cytoplasmic²
Interferon-Induced Protein 53² ³		TrpRS³
HWRS¹		WRS³
EC 6.1.1.2³ ⁸		EC 6.1.1⁸
GAMMA-2²

External Ids:	HGNC: 12729¹	Entrez Gene: 7453²	Ensembl: ENSG00000140105⁷	OMIM: 191050⁵	UniProtKB: P23381³

Export aliases for WARS gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC14M098311 GC14M094615 GC14M098790 GC14M099869 GC14M080981

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for WARS:

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central

role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be

among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic

form, named WARS, and a mitochondrial form, named WARS2. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) catalyzes the

aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan and is induced by interferon. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the

class I tRNA synthetase family. Four transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this

gene. (provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: SYWC_HUMAN, P23381

Function: Isoform 1, isoform 2 and T1-TrpRS have aminoacylation activity while T2-TrpRS lacks it. Isoform 2, T1-TrpRS

and T2-TrpRS possess angiostatic activity whereas isoform 1 lacks it. T2-TrpRS inhibits fluid shear stress-activated

responses of endothelial cells. Regulates ERK, Akt, and eNOS activation pathways that are associated with

angiogenesis, cytoskeletal reorganization and shear stress-responsive gene expression

Gene Wiki entry for WARS

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000014.8 NC_018925.1 NT_026437.12

Regulatory elements:

SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the WARS gene promoter:
NF-kappaB1 NF-kappaB
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids (see all 3): WARS promoter sequence

Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for WARS

Epigenetics:

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat WARS

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 14q32.31 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 14q32.2 HGNC cytogenetic band: 14q32.2

WARS Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
WARS gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 14 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC14M100800: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	100,800,125 bp from pter	End:	100,843,142 bp from pter
Size:	43,018 bases	Orientation:	minus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to ²PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: SYWC_HUMAN, P23381 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Tryptophan--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic

Size: 471 amino acids; 53165 Da

Subunit: Homodimer. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 interact with an oxidized form of GAPDH. GAPDH stimulates the

aminoacylation activity of isoform 2

Subcellular location: Cytoplasm

Sequence caution: Sequence=BAF83830.1; Type=Erroneous initiation;

6/11 PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for WARS (see all 11):

1O5T (3D)

1R6T (3D)

1R6U (3D)

1ULH (3D)

2AKE (3D)

2AZX (3D)

Secondary accessions: A6NGN1 A6NID3 P78535 Q502Y0 Q53XB6 Q9UDI5 Q9UDL3

Alternative splicing: 2 isoforms: P23381-1 P23381-2

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for WARS: NX_P23381

Post-translational modifications:

Proteolytic cleavage generates 2 forms; T1-TrpRS and T2-TrpRS¹

View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus²

View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P23381

4/10 DME Specific Peptides for WARS (P23381) (see all 10)

FFPALQG

VKEFMTPR

LYTGRGPS

KMSASDPNS

WARS Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image

REFSEQ proteins (4 alternative transcripts):

NP_004175.2 NP_776049.1 NP_998810.1 NP_998811.1

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000376620 ENSP00000351481 ENSP00000347495 ENSP00000339485 ENSP00000451460

ENSP00000451887 ENSP00000451891 ENSP00000451490 ENSP00000451251 ENSP00000450500

ENSP00000451599 ENSP00000452519 ENSP00000451544 ENSP00000450427 ENSP00000451349

ENSP00000450934 ENSP00000451469 ENSP00000451402 ENSP00000451679 ENSP00000452550

ENSP00000451906 ENSP00000451716 ENSP00000450563 ENSP00000451922 ENSP00000451894

ENSP00000451027 ENSP00000450978 ENSP00000451953 ENSP00000451777 ENSP00000451377

ENSP00000450623 ENSP00000452379 ENSP00000452358

Reactome Protein details: P23381
Human Recombinant Protein Products:

	Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
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	Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
	OriGene Purified Protein: WARS OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate (see all 2): WARS OriGene Custom Protein Services for WARS
	GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for WARS
	Novus Biologicals WARS Proteins Novus Biologicals WARS Lysates
	Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
	ProSpec Recombinant Protein for WARS
	Uscn Proteins for WARS

Gene Ontology (GO): 3 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005625	soluble fraction	--	--
GO:0005737	cytoplasm	TAS	16130169
GO:0005829	cytosol	TAS	--

WARS for ontologies About GeneDecksing

WARS Antibody Products:

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	Novus Biologicals WARS Antibodies
	Abcam antibodies for WARS
	Uscn Antibodies for WARS
	Search ThermoFisher Antibodies for WARS

Assay Products for WARS:

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
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	GenScript Custom Assay Services for WARS
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for WARS

(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

WARS for domains About GeneDecksing

5/6 InterPro domains/families (see all 6):

IPR001412 aa-tRNA-synth_I_CS

IPR000738 WHEP-TRS

IPR014729 Rossmann-like_a/b/a_fold

IPR002306 Trp-tRNA-ligase

IPR009068 S15_NS1_RNA-bd

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P23381

ProtoNet protein and cluster: P23381

2 Blocks protein families:

IPB000738 WHEP-TRS domain

IPB002305 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: SYWC_HUMAN, P23381

Similarity: Belongs to the class-I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family

Similarity: Contains 1 WHEP-TRS domain

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: SYWC_HUMAN, P23381

Function: Isoform 1, isoform 2 and T1-TrpRS have aminoacylation activity while T2-TrpRS lacks it. Isoform 2, T1-TrpRS

and T2-TrpRS possess angiostatic activity whereas isoform 1 lacks it. T2-TrpRS inhibits fluid shear stress-activated

responses of endothelial cells. Regulates ERK, Akt, and eNOS activation pathways that are associated with

angiogenesis, cytoskeletal reorganization and shear stress-responsive gene expression

Catalytic activity: ATP + L-tryptophan + tRNA(Trp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-tryptophyl-tRNA(Trp)

Induction: By IFNG/IFN-gamma

Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB): EC 6.1.1.2¹ ² EC 6.1.1²

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone (see all 4): WARS Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat WARS
		6 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate WARS:
		hsa-miR-4324 hsa-miR-125a-5p hsa-miR-670 hsa-miR-125b hsa-miR-516b hsa-miR-4319
		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: WARS 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for WARS (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: WARS OriGene siRNA: WARS
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat WARS

Gene Editing
Products:

DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for WARS

Clone Products:		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
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		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector (see all 4): WARS (NM_004184)
		Browse Sino Biological Human cDNA Clones
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		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat WARS

Cell Line Products:		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for WARS
		Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for WARS

In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for WARS

Gene Ontology (GO): 4 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0004812	aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity	--	--
GO:0004830	tryptophan-tRNA ligase activity	TAS	--
GO:0005515	protein binding	IPI	15628863
GO:0005524	ATP binding	IEA	--

WARS for ontologies About GeneDecksing

1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for WARS:

Decreased Wnt reporter activit

(Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
About This Section

Unified GeneCards pathways About this table

See pathways by source

Super-pathway

contained gene-specific pathways

tRNA Aminoacylation

	tRNA Aminoacylation	1.00			Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis	0.54
	Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation	0.57

Tryptophan metabolism

Tryptophan metabolism

1.00

Tryptophan metabolism

0.47

Generic Transcription Pathway

Gene Expression

0.46

Pathway sources
See GeneCards unified pathways
Show all pathways

1 BioSystems Pathway for WARS

Tryptophan metabolism

3 Reactome Pathways for WARS

	Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation
	tRNA Aminoacylation
	Gene Expression

2 Kegg Pathways (Kegg details for WARS):

	Tryptophan metabolism
	Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis

WARS for pathways About GeneDecksing

Interactions:

SABiosciences Gene Network Central^TM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for WARS

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

5/58 Interacting proteins for WARS (P23381^{2, 3} ENSP00000347495⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 58)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
CDK2AP2	O75956²^,³, ENSP00000301488⁴	MINT-63228 I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000301488
DCAF13	Q9NV06²^,³, ENSP00000297579⁴	MINT-8277113 I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000297579
MDH2	P40926²^,³, ENSP00000327070⁴	MINT-63720 I2D: score=5 STRING: ENSP00000327070
DNMT3B	Q9UBC3²^,³, ENSP00000328547⁴	MINT-8277102 I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000328547
EEF1A1	P68104³, ENSP00000330054⁴	I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000330054

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/7 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 7): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0001525	angiogenesis	IEA	--
GO:0006412	translation	TAS	1761529
GO:0006418	tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation	TAS	--
GO:0006436	tryptophanyl-tRNA aminoacylation	NAS	8496617
GO:0008285	negative regulation of cell proliferation	TAS	1761529

WARS for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section

WARS for compounds About GeneDecksing

Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse Tocris compounds for WARS

5 HMDB Compounds for WARS About this table

Compound	Synonyms	CAS #	PubMed Ids
Adenosine monophosphate	5'-AMP (see all 28)	61-19-8	--
Adenosine triphosphate	5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate) Adenosine (see all 24)	56-65-5	--
L-Tryptophan	(-)-tryptophan (see all 53)	73-22-3	--
Phosphoric acid	acide phosphorique (FRENCH) (see all 20)	7664-38-2	--
Pyrophosphate	(4-)Diphosphoric acid ion (see all 10)	14000-31-8	--

3 DrugBank Compounds for WARS About this table

Compound	Synonyms	CAS #	Type	Actions	PubMed Ids
L-Tryptophan	(-)-Tryptophan (see all 14)	73-22-3	target	inhibitor	16724112 17150540 17661345 17114500 17428498
L-Tryptophan	(-)-Tryptophan (see all 14)	73-22-3	enzyme	substrate inhibitor	16724112 17150540 17661345 17114500 17428498 16724112 17150540 17661345 17114500 17428498
Tryptophanyl-5'amp	--	--	target	--	17139284 17016423
L-Tryptophanamide	--	--	target	--	10592235

10/11 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for WARS gene (see all 11) About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
trna(trp)	90.2	19	11834741 (6), 7743129 (1), 11600701 (1), 8646895 (1) (see all 5)
aminoacyl-trna	87	5	8643392 (1), 19900940 (1), 12438642 (1)
indoleamine	77.6	9	1398953 (2), 7665918 (1), 9731757 (1), 15961579 (1) (see all 8)
trna	72.7	36	17726052 (3), 7743129 (2), 16798914 (2), 14660560 (1) (see all 15)
anticodon	71	2	15130561 (1), 17386262 (1)
kynurenine	60.2	1	15961579 (1)
tryptamine	43.6	4	10376788 (1), 17114825 (1)
atp	34.6	19	12473451 (7), 7729548 (1), 7743129 (1), 16888724 (1) (see all 5)
phosphatidylinositol	0	2	12644569 (1), 17661345 (1)
alanine	0	2	7729548 (1)

Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about WARS / SYWC

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for WARS gene (4 alternative transcripts):

NM_004184.3 NM_173701.1 NM_213645.1 NM_213646.1

Unigene Cluster for WARS:

Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase

Hs.497599 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_004184

18/44 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant (see all 44):

ENST00000392882(uc001yhh.1 uc001yhi.1 uc001yhg.2) ENST00000358655(uc001yhk.1)

ENST00000355338(uc001yhl.1) ENST00000344102 ENST00000557135 ENST00000556645

ENST00000554100 ENST00000554950 ENST00000557614 ENST00000554601 ENST00000553395

ENST00000556504 ENST00000554084 ENST00000557722 ENST00000557297 ENST00000556435

ENST00000553808(uc010twz.1) ENST00000554331

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone (see all 4): WARS Browse OriGene MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat WARS
		6 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate WARS:
		hsa-miR-4324 hsa-miR-125a-5p hsa-miR-670 hsa-miR-125b hsa-miR-516b hsa-miR-4319
		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: WARS 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for WARS (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: WARS OriGene siRNA: WARS
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat WARS

Clone Products:		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for WARS (see all 8) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for WARS (see all 4) OriGene custom cloning services � gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
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		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat WARS

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		QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat WARS
		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat WARS

Additional cDNA sequence:

AK025487.1 AK056100.1 AK124668.1 AK130698.1 AK291141.1 AK300255.1 BC017489.1 BC095453.1

BX248006.1 M61715.1 M77804.1 X59892.1 X62570.1

24/81 DOTS entries (see all 81):

DT.97856550 DT.97782840 DT.454214 DT.102838655 DT.95281872 DT.95304824 DT.100708291 DT.100708270

DT.100708249 DT.100708253 DT.100708272 DT.100645536 DT.92461503 DT.450366 DT.100708294 DT.100801587

DT.120758993 DT.95184645 DT.100000216 DT.100708251 DT.100708265 DT.120758969 DT.100850845 DT.95304968

24/1051 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 1051):

BI860098 BU070688 BM663197 AA988054 BU579793 BX356733 CR592442 AU076478

BU617842 BQ050677 BM069598 CN478631 CA420057 NM_213646 CR612095 CB529573

BX366869 CN483262 CA442921 AI950860 BM313841 AU135950 AW575454 CR592745

GeneLoc Exon Structure

5/20 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for WARS (see all 20) About this scheme

ExUns:	1a	·	1b	·	1c	^	2a	·	2b	·	2c	·	2d	·	2e	·	2f	^	3a	·	3b	·	3c	·	3d	^	4	^	5a	·	5b	^	6	^	7a	·	7b	·	7c	^	8	^	9	^	10a	·	10b	·	10c	·	10d	^
SP1:																											-						-
SP2:																											-		-		-		-
SP3:							-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
SP4:																											-		-		-		-																		-
SP5:							-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-				-

ExUns:	11a	·	11b	^	12a	·	12b	·	12c	^	13	^	14	^	15a	·	15b	^	16	^	17a	·	17b
SP1:					-
SP2:					-
SP3:					-
SP4:	-				-
SP5:

ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for WARS

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

WARS expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: TGCAGGCCTG

About this image

WARS expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells

Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine About this table

Stem Cell Differentiation: 3 LifeMap Cells

Name

Category

PureStem™ mesenchymal progenitor SM30 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)

Adipose, Bone, Cartilage

PureStem™ progenitor Z1 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)

Definitive endoderm-like cells (A scalable, suspensi...)

Expression:

Positive

Negative

Selective marker

Experimental details:

Curated

Microarrays

In-situ hybridization

See WARS Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
Genevestigator expression for WARS

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.497599

SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Array including WARS:

Amino Acid Metabolism I in human mouse rat

Primer Products:		OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for WARS Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
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		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat WARS

In Situ
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(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
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This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.

Orthologs for WARS gene from 10/41 species (see all 41) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Wars^{1 , 5}	tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase^{1, 5}	87.05(n)¹ 90.23(a)¹		12 (59.66 cM)⁵ 22375¹ NM_011710.3¹ NP_035840.3¹ 108860030⁵
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	WARS¹	tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase	73.52(n) 78.59(a)		423458 XM_421368.2 XP_421368.1
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	WARS⁶	--	80(a)	1 ↔ 1	GL343270.1(908587-922488)
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	Amphibia	wars-prov²	tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase	78.84(n)		BC046713.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	zgc73274²	hypothetical protein MGC73274	78.06(n)		393745 BC049526.1
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	Insecta	Aats-trp^{1 , 3}	tryptophanyl-tRNA aminoacylation tryptophan-tRNA more³ Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase¹	62(a)³ 62.18(n)¹ 62.59(a)¹		85D7³ 45399¹ NM_080087.2¹ NP_524826.1¹
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)	Secernentea	wrs-1³ wars-1¹	tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase³ Protein WARS-1¹	64(a)³ 60.34(n)¹ 62.28(a)¹		V(18858644-18861787)³ 180231¹ NM_075282.3¹ NP_507683.2¹
baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)	Saccharomycetes	WRS1(YOL097C)⁴ WRS1¹	Cytoplasmic tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, aminoacylates more⁴ Wrs1p¹	57.56(n)¹ 55.93(a)¹		15(137825-136527)⁴ 854056^{1, 4} NP_014544.1^{1, 4}
thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)	eudicotyledons	AT3G04600¹	tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase	61.04(n) 60.61(a)		819617 NM_001084635.1 NP_001078104.1
rice (Oryza sativa)	Liliopsida	Os.8880²	Rice mRNA for rabbit eukaryotic release factor (T171 more	73.91(n)		AK102417.1

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for WARS (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for WARS (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
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Paralogs for WARS gene

18/30 SIMAP similar genes for WARS using alignment to 27 protein entries: SYWC_HUMAN (see all proteins) (see all similar genes):

NXPE2 ERBB2 GCDH APOPT1 FAM175A LYRM4

AURA2 NF2 FAM3A TCEB1 CRCP PKN1

CATSPERG NPLOC4 ZNF564 ZNF585B FKBP3 LOC100506792

WARS for paralogs About GeneDecksing

1 Pseudogenes.org Pseudogene for WARS
PGOHUM00000261835

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
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SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 14 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs183954492^1,2		--	100799647(+)	`CCCTAA/TGGCCT`	4	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs11160581^1,2	C,F,A,H,	--	100799784(+)	`CCCGAC/GCTGGC`	4	--	ds500¹		7		NA WA EA	368
rs3742383^1,2	F	--	100799989(+)	`GCACAA/CCACCA`	4	--	ds500¹		1		EA	1502
rs187753679^1,2		--	100800086(+)	`CTCTGC/TTCCCT`	4	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs114727386^1,2		--	100800091(+)	`CTCCCT/ACCTCA`	4	--	ds500¹		1		WA	118
rs3742384^1,2	C,F,A,H,	--	100800103(+)	`ACCTCC/TCAGAC`	4	--	ds500¹		23		EA NS NA WA CSA	3722
rs192324165^1,2		--	100800198(+)	`AGATAC/TATCAA`	4	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs183826028^1,2		--	100800336(+)	`CCACCC/TGTCCA`	4	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs45474797^1,2	C,F,	--	100800580(+)	`GAAAGT/CTTCAC`	4	--	ut3¹		1		NA	120
rs188498133^1,2		--	100800589(+)	`ACCCCC/TAAGTC`	4	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for WARS (100800125 - 100843142 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 1 variation for WARS
1 CNV: 47864

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(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
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WARS for disorders           About GeneDecksing

OMIM gene information: 191050    OMIM disorders: --

20/32 diseases for WARS (see all 32):    About MalaCards

tinea favosa phlebotomus fever reflex epilepsy bladder transitional cell carcinoma

transitional cell carcinoma chancroid inflammatory bowel disease dysentery

scabies trachoma gonorrhea typhus

smallpox plague glanders myocardial infarction

graves' disease rheumatoid arthritis cervical carcinoma alzheimer's disease

9 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for WARS:

Typhus Kaposi's sarcoma Plague Smallpox

Malaria Gonorrhea Tinea favosa Dysentery

Phlebotomus fever

5 Novoseek disease relationships for WARS gene About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
autoimmune response	34.9	1	19363598 (1)
autoimmune diseases	0	2	9785582 (1), 1795698 (1)
necrosis	0	1	15075355 (1)
inflammation	0	2	15627054 (1)
tumors	0	7	19900940 (5), 15075355 (1), 10197441 (1)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): WARS
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: WARS (11 documents)

Export disorders for WARS gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for WARS gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 158):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with WARS)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

Human interferon gamma potently induces the synthesis of a 55-kDa protein (gamma 2) highly homologous to rabbit peptide chain release factor and bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. (PubMed id 1763065)^{1, 2, 3, 9} Fleckner J.... Justesen J. (1991)
Molecular cloning and characterization of an interferon induced human cDNA with sequence homology to a mammalian peptide chain release factor. (PubMed id 1537332)^{1, 2, 3} Buwitt U.... Boettger E.C. (1992)
Oxidative stress-responsive intracellular regulation specific for the angiostatic form of human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. (PubMed id 15628863)^{1, 2, 9} Wakasugi K....Morishima I. (2005)
The human gene encoding tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: interferon- response elements and exon-intron organization. (PubMed id 7685728)^{1, 2, 9} Frolova L.Y.... Kisselev L.L. (1993)
Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the structural gene encoding for human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. (PubMed id 1765274)^{1, 2, 9} Frolova L.Y....Kisselev L.L. (1991)
Biologically active fragment of a human tRNA synthetase inhibits fluid shear stress-activated responses of endothelial cells. (PubMed id 14630953)^{1, 2, 9} Tzima E....Schimmel P. (2003)
A human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase as a regulator of angiogenesis. (PubMed id 11773626)^{1, 2, 9} Wakasugi K.... Schimmel P. (2002)
Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene polymorphisms and risk of incident myocardial infarction. (PubMed id 15939065)^{1, 4, 9} Zee R.Y....Ridker P.M. (2005)
Gamma interferon potently induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase expression in human keratinocytes. (PubMed id 8496617)^{1, 2, 9} Reano A....Schmitt D. (1993)
Interferon induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase expression in human fibroblasts. (PubMed id 1761529)^{1, 2, 9} Rubin B.Y.... Tate W.P. (1991)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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		AND	OR
Aliases
Disorders
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
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(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 7453	HGNC: 12729	AceView: WARS	Ensembl:ENSG00000140105	euGenes: HUgn7453
ECgene: WARS	Kegg: 7453	H-InvDB: WARS

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for WARS	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

Intellectual Property for WARS gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for WARS gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving WARS

GeneCards and IP:
Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards Improving the IP Search

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