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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

UROC1 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 53
GCID: GC03M126200

urocanate hydratase 1

(Previous name: urocanase domain containing 1 )
 Explore 3 diseases affiliated with
UROC1 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for UROC1
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Urocanate Hydratase 11 2     FLJ313001
HMFN03201 2     Urocanase 12
Urocanase Domain Containing 11 2     Urocanate Hydratase2
Imidazolonepropionate Hydrolase2 3     Urocanase3
EC 4.2.1.493 8     

External Ids:    HGNC: 264441   Entrez Gene: 1316692   Ensembl: ENSG000001596507   OMIM: 6130125   UniProtKB: Q96N763   

Export aliases for UROC1 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC03M127683 GC03M123581


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for UROC1:
This gene encodes an enzyme involved in histidine catabolism, metabolizing urocanic acid to formiminoglutamic acid. The
gene product is known to protect the skin from ultra violet rays and is contained in human sweat. Deficiency of this
gene product in the liver is an apparent cause of mental retardation. Multiple transcript variants encoding different
isoforms have been found for this gene.(provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009)




(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000003.11  NC_018914.1  NT_005612.16  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the UROC1 gene promoter:
         USF1   RP58   Pax-5   AML1a   MIF-1   E47   USF-1   Pax-4a   Zic3   ATF6   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmidUROC1 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for UROC1

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat UROC1


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 3q21.3   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  3q21.3   HGNC cytogenetic band: 3q21.2

UROC1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
UROC1 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 3         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC03M126200:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
126,200,008 bp from pter      End:
126,236,616 bp from pter
Size:
36,609 bases      Orientation:
minus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: HUTU_HUMAN, Q96N76 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Urocanate hydratase  
Size: 676 amino acids; 74831 Da
Cofactor: NAD (By similarity)
Sequence caution: Sequence=BAD38651.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Note=Translation N-terminally shortened;
Secondary accessions: E9PE13 Q14C64 Q68CJ7
Alternative splicing: 2 isoforms:  Q96N76-1   Q96N76-2   (No experimental confirmation available)

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for UROC1: NX_Q96N76

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q96N76

  • 4 DME Specific Peptides for UROC1 (Q96N76)
     HNGGGVG  MYGQMTAGS  ELVTYGGNG  GFGPFRWVCTSG 

    UROC1 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    UROC1 Protein Expression
    REFSEQ proteins (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NP_001159446.1  NP_653240.1  

    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000290868   ENSP00000373073  
    Reactome Protein details: Q96N76
    Human Recombinant Protein Products for UROC1: 
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    Uscn Proteins for UROC1

    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005829cytosol TAS--

    UROC1 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    UROC1 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    3 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR023636 Urocanase_CS
     IPR023637 Urocanase_dom
     IPR000193 Urocanase

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q96N76

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q96N76

    1 Blocks protein family: IPB000193 Urocanase

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: HUTU_HUMAN, Q96N76
    Similarity: Belongs to the urocanase family


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, inGenious Targeting Laboratory,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, Sirion Biotech, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Sirion Biotech, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, Sirion Biotech, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Molecular Function:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: HUTU_HUMAN, Q96N76
    Catalytic activity: 3-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate = urocanate + H(2)O

         Enzyme Number (IUBMB): EC 4.2.1.491 2

         Gene Ontology (GO): 1 molecular function term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0016153urocanate hydratase activity IDA19304569
         
    UROC1 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    Phenotypes:
         1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for UROC1:
     Increased gamma-H2AX phosphory 

    Animal Models:
       inGenious Targeting Laboratory - Customizable classic, inducible, and humanized mouse model solutions for UROC1 

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    Inhib. RNA
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    In Situ Assay
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    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways  About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1Histidine catabolism
    Histidine catabolism1.00
    histidine degradation III0.57
    histidine degradation VI0.60
    2Metabolism
    Metabolism1.00
    Metabolic pathways0.38
    3Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives
    Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives1.00
    4Histidine metabolism
    Histidine metabolism1.00

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways


    2 BioSystems Pathways for UROC1 
        histidine degradation VI
    histidine degradation III

    3        Reactome Pathways for UROC1
        Histidine catabolism
    Metabolism
    Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives


    2         Kegg Pathways  (Kegg details for UROC1):
        Histidine metabolism
    Metabolic pathways

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: HUTU_HUMAN, Q96N76
    Pathway: Amino-acid degradation; L-histidine degradation into L-glutamate; N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate from L-histidine:
    step 2/3


    UROC1 for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for UROC1

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 3 interactants - click image to see more details)

    3 Interacting proteins for UROC1 (ENSP000002908684) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D

    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    AMDHD1ENSP000002667364STRING: ENSP00000266736
    HALENSP000002612084STRING: ENSP00000261208
    SUMO1ENSP000003760764STRING: ENSP00000376076
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0006548histidine catabolic process TAS--
    GO:0019556histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formamide IEA--
    GO:0019557histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formate IEA--
    GO:0034641cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process TAS--
    GO:0044281small molecule metabolic process TAS--

    UROC1 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for UROC1

    6 HMDB Compounds for UROC1    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #PubMed Ids
    2-Ketobutyric acid2-Ketobutanoate (see all 35)600-18-0--
    4-Imidazolone-5-propionic acid4,5-dihydro-4-oxo-5-imidazolepropanoate (see all 20)17340-16-8--
    NAD3-Carbamoyl-1-D-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate (see all 28)53-84-9--
    NADH1,4-Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (see all 17)58-68-4--
    Urocanic acid3-(1H-Imidazol-4-yl)-2-propenoate (see all 12)104-98-3--
    WaterDihydrogen oxide (see all 2)7732-18-5--
    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about UROC1 / HUTU 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, Sirion Biotech, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for UROC1 gene (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_001165974.1  NM_144639.2  

    Unigene Cluster for UROC1:

    Urocanate hydratase 1
    Hs.331148  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_001165974
    2 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000290868(uc010hsi.2 uc003eiz.2) ENST00000383579

    miRNA
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    2 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate UROC1:
    hsa-miR-330-5p hsa-miR-326
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidUROC1 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
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      QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat UROC1
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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AB075869.1 AK055862.1 BC115405.1 BC115406.1 

    2 DOTS entries:

    DT.307853  DT.120894593 

    24/43 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 43):

    AB075869 NM_144639 AK055862 CB138529 CB130120 CB134902 CB135235 BX108463 
    CB139102 CB133220 CB134885 CB130096 CB135212 CB135588 CB139082 CB147373 
    CB148856 R01081 CB141192 CB130073 H59867 CB141197 CB135252 CB147394 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    UROC1 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: GGAGCCCTGA
    UROC1 Expression
    About this image

    UROC1 expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells
    Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine    About this table

    1 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartment/Cell 
    Tissue Anatomical Compartment CellCategory (developmental path)
    LiverLiver LobulePeriportal HepatocytesLiver
    Expression: Positive    Negative     Selective marker
    Experimental details: Curated     Microarrays     In-situ hybridization

    See UROC1 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for UROC1

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.331148
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    In Situ
    Assay Products:
     

     
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    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

    Orthologs for UROC1 gene from 6/21 species (see all 21)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    mouse
    (Mus musculus)
    Mammalia Uroc11 , 5 urocanase domain containing 11, 5 87.26(n)1
    92(a)1
      6 (40.15 cM)5
    2435371  NM_144940.21  NP_659189.21 
     903332895 
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves UROC11 urocanase domain containing 1 72.99(n)
    81.48(a)
      416035  XM_414375.2  XP_414375.1 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia UROC16
    --
    76(a)
    1 ↔ 1
    2(169254046-169311496)
    African clawed frog
    (Xenopus laevis)
    Amphibia CF522068.12   -- 76.49(n)    CF522068.1 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii Dr.119582 Transcribed sequence with weak similarity to protein more 77.1(n)    CD597444.1 
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    Secernentea CELE_Y51H4A.71 Protein Y51H4A.7 57.45(n)
    62.06(a)
      178460  NM_070563.3  NP_502964.2 


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for UROC1 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for UROC1 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
      --

    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/740 NCBI SNPs in UROC1 are shown (see all 740    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 3 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs1811886271,2
    --126199797(+) AAGGAC/TGCAGT 2 -- ds50010--------
    rs757758761,2
    F--126199869(+) AAATGT/CGTTTC 2 -- ds50011Minor allele frequency- C:0.13WA 118
    rs1156036331,2
    F--126199918(+) GCAGCC/TGCCCT 2 -- ds50011Minor allele frequency- T:0.03WA 118
    rs1854542551,2
    --126200000(+) AAAAGC/GAACCC 2 -- ds50010--------
    rs746944661,2
    --126200006(+) AACCCC/TGCTGG 2 -- ds50011Minor allele frequency- T:0.01WA 118
    rs76209461,2
    C,F--126200119(+) CAGCAA/GGGAAG 2 -- ut311Minor allele frequency- G:0.06EA 120
    rs7775131,2
    C,F,O,A,H--126200146(+) GTTTTT/ATTTAC 2 -- ut3123Minor allele frequency- A:0.42MN NS EA NA WA CSA 2509
    rs8009501,2
    C,F,A,H--126200291(+) TGCCCC/TTCTCC 2 -- ut31 ese322Minor allele frequency- T:0.41NS EA NA WA 3632
    rs8123691,2
    C,F,A,H--126200304(+) TCCACA/CGACAT 2 -- ut31 ese314Minor allele frequency- C:0.05MN NS NA WA CSA EA 670
    rs17993981,2
    C,F,A,H--126200403(+) GTTGCA/CCGCCC 2 -- ut31 ese325Minor allele frequency- C:0.43EA MN NS NA WA CSA 4014

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for UROC1 (126200008 - 126236616 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 2 variations for UROC1
         2 CNVs: 68451 5213
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): UROC1

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
    QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing UROC1
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    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    UROC1 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 613012   
    OMIM disorders: 276880  
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: HUTU_HUMAN, Q96N76
  • Defects in UROC1 are a cause of urocanase deficiency (UROD) [MIM:276880]. An inborn error of histidine
  • metabolism resulting in urocanic aciduria and neurological manifestations including mental retardation, ataxia,
    episodic aggressive behavior or exaggerated affection-seeking

    3 diseases for UROC1:    About MalaCards
    urocanase deficiency    hepatoblastoma    ataxia


    Export disorders for UROC1 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for UROC1 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 12):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with UROC1)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Mutations in the urocanase gene UROC1 are associated with urocanic aciduria. (PubMed id 19304569)1, 2, 3, 9 Espinos C.... Artuch R. (2009)
    2. Expression profiling and differential screening between hepatoblastomas and the corresponding normal livers: identification of high expression of the PLK1 oncogene as a poor-prognostic indicator of hepatoblastomas. (PubMed id 15221005)1, 2 Yamada S....Nakagawara A. (2004)
    3. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    4. Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PubMed id 14702039)1, 2 Ota T.... Sugano S. (2004)
    5. The urocanase story: a novel role of NAD+ as electrophile. (PubMed id 7944380)1, 9 Retey J. (1994)
    6. Identification of SUMOylated proteins in neuroblastoma cells after treatment with hydrogen peroxide or ascorbate. (PubMed id 21110914)1 Grant M.M. (2010)
    7. The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3. (PubMed id 16641997)2 Muzny D.M....Gibbs R.A. (2006)
    8. Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. (PubMed id 16344560)1 Kimura K.... Sugano S. (2006)
    9. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. (PubMed id 12477932)1 Strausberg R.L....Marra M.A. (2002)
    10. A liver urocanase deficiency. (PubMed id 6107814)1 Kalafatic Z....Res L. (1980)

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
    About This Section
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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 131669 HGNC: 26444 AceView: FLJ31300 Ensembl:ENSG00000159650 euGenes: HUgn131669
    ECgene: UROC1 Kegg: 131669 H-InvDB: UROC1

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for UROC1 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    Patent Information for UROC1 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving UROC1

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



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