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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

TYW3 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 48
GCID: GC01P075198

tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 3 homolog (S. cerevisiae)

(Previous name: chromosome 1 open reading frame 171 )
(Previous symbol: C1orf171)
 Explore 1 disease affiliated with
TYW3 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for TYW3
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

This gene clusters with an RNA gene
Subcategory (RNA class): lncRNA

Quality score for the ORGUL clustered with this gene is 3

Aliases
TRNA-YW Synthesizing Protein 3 Homolog (S. Cerevisiae)1 2     Chromosome 1 Open Reading Frame 1711
C1orf1711 2 3     TRNA Wybutosine-Synthesizing Protein 3 Homolog2
TRNA-YW-Synthesizing Protein 32 3     EC 2.1.1.-3
FLJ409181     EC 2.1.18

External Ids:    HGNC: 247571   Entrez Gene: 1272532   Ensembl: ENSG000001626237   OMIM: 6112455   UniProtKB: Q6IPR33   
ORGUL members:         
NONCODE:n408081    

Export aliases for TYW3 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC01P074971 GC01P073333


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for TYW3:
Wybutosine (yW) is a hypermodified guanosine at the 3-prime position adjacent to the anticodon of phenylalanine tRNA
that stabilizes codon-anticodon interactions during decoding on the ribosome. TYW3 is the human homolog of a yeast
gene essential for yW synthesis (Noma and Suzuki, 2006).(supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: TYW3_HUMAN, Q6IPR3
Function: Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that acts as a component of the wybutosine
biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent
to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA (By similarity)




(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000001.10  NC_018912.1  NT_032977.9  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the TYW3 gene promoter:
         COUP-TF1   COUP   HNF-4alpha1   NF-AT   Gfi-1   NF-AT4   NF-AT2   COUP-TF   NF-AT3   NF-AT1   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmidTYW3 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for TYW3

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat TYW3


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 1p31.1   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  1p31.1   HGNC cytogenetic band: 1p31.1

TYW3 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
TYW3 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 1         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC01P075198:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
75,198,836 bp from pter      End:
75,232,362 bp from pter
Size:
33,527 bases      Orientation:
plus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: TYW3_HUMAN, Q6IPR3 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: tRNA wybutosine-synthesizing protein 3 homolog  
Size: 259 amino acids; 29794 Da
Sequence caution: Sequence=CAI46106.1; Type=Erroneous initiation;
Secondary accessions: B4DSP9 E9PGR7 Q5HYJ0 Q8N7L1
Alternative splicing: 2 isoforms:  Q6IPR3-1   Q6IPR3-2   (No experimental confirmation available)

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for TYW3: NX_Q6IPR3

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q6IPR3

  • 4/6 DME Specific Peptides for TYW3 (Q6IPR3) (see all 6)
     KGSVDED  GKLMVTEEYI  CVKDDVIVAL  GFRNSGITVGK 

    TYW3 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    TYW3 Protein Expression
    REFSEQ proteins (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NP_001156388.1  NP_612476.1  

    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000359904   ENSP00000407025   ENSP00000409336  

    Human Recombinant Protein Products for TYW3: 
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    Novus Biologicals TYW3 Proteins
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    Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
    Uscn Proteins for TYW3


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    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    TYW3 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    1 InterPro domain/family:
     IPR003827 tRNA_yW-synthesising

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q6IPR3

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q6IPR3

    1 Blocks protein family: IPB003827 Protein of unknown function DUF207

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: TYW3_HUMAN, Q6IPR3
    Similarity: Belongs to the TYW3 family


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, inGenious Targeting Laboratory,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, Sirion Biotech, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Sirion Biotech, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, Sirion Biotech, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Molecular Function:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: TYW3_HUMAN, Q6IPR3
    Function: Probable S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that acts as a component of the wybutosine
    biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine is a hyper modified guanosine with a tricyclic base found at the 3'-position adjacent
    to the anticodon of eukaryotic phenylalanine tRNA (By similarity)

         Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB): EC 2.1.1.-1 EC 2.1.12

         Gene Ontology (GO): 1 molecular function term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0008168methyltransferase activity IEA--
         
    TYW3 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    Animal Models:
       inGenious Targeting Laboratory - Customizable classic, inducible, and humanized mouse model solutions for TYW3 

    miRNA
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    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat TYW3
    8/12 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate TYW3 (see all 12):
    hsa-miR-3685 hsa-miR-361-5p hsa-miR-125a-3p hsa-miR-3065-5p hsa-miR-2278 hsa-miR-1285 hsa-miR-374a* hsa-miR-942
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidTYW3 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
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    In Situ Assay
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    Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for TYW3


    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section



    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: TYW3_HUMAN, Q6IPR3
    Pathway: tRNA modification; wybutosine-tRNA(Phe) biosynthesis

    Interactions:

        Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for TYW3

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 2 interactants - click image to see more details)

    2 Interacting proteins for TYW3 (ENSP000003599044) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D

    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    N6AMT1ENSP000003035844STRING: ENSP00000303584
    ERCC4ENSP000003105204STRING: ENSP00000310520
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 biological process term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0008033tRNA processing IEA--

    TYW3 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for TYW3

    1 HMDB Compound for TYW3    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #PubMed Ids
    S-Adenosylmethionine(3S)-5'-[(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)methylsulfonio]-5'-deoxyadenosine (see all 16)29908-03-0--
    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about TYW3 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, Sirion Biotech, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for TYW3 gene (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_001162916.1  NM_138467.2  

    Unigene Cluster for TYW3:

    TRNA-yW synthesizing protein 3 homolog (S. cerevisiae)
    Hs.348411  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NR_027962
    9 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000370867(uc001dgn.3 uc010oqy.2) ENST00000479111 ENST00000483990
    ENST00000485401 ENST00000449696 ENST00000486467 ENST00000467646 ENST00000457880(uc010oqw.2 uc010oqx.2)
    ENST00000421739

    miRNA
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    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat TYW3
    8/12 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate TYW3 (see all 12):
    hsa-miR-3685 hsa-miR-361-5p hsa-miR-125a-3p hsa-miR-3065-5p hsa-miR-2278 hsa-miR-1285 hsa-miR-374a* hsa-miR-942
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidTYW3 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
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    Clone
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      QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat TYW3
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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AK098237.1 AK294264.1 AK299849.1 AK311272.1 BC009514.1 BC009532.1 BC015841.1 BC020995.1 
    BC032341.2 BC071765.1 BX647591.1 NR_027962.1 

    12 DOTS entries:

    DT.451787  DT.100026465  DT.100026464  DT.121406044  DT.91911898  DT.95260818  DT.97842442  DT.100788988 
    DT.75122207  DT.97842444  DT.100788990  DT.317064 

    24/152 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 152):

    BM982713 AW149919 CA950104 N34913 BI756201 AW614871 AA760736 AK098237 
    BU618598 BM314660 BI438392 CA422473 NM_138467 BQ901030 CA429096 AA236251 
    BU509391 CA417228 AA316207 BC009514 AI797207 BC032341 AA258937 BF982589 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure

    5 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for TYW3    About this scheme

    ExUns: 1a · 1b · 1c · 1d ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 4 ^ 5 ^ 6 ^ 7a · 7b ^ 8 ^ 9 ^ 10
    SP1:                          -           -           -                 -               
    SP2:                          -           -           -                                 
    SP3:                          -                       -                                 
    SP4:                                      -           -                                 
    SP5:                                                                    -               


    ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for TYW3

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    TYW3 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: CTTTGGAAAG
    TYW3 Expression
    About this image
    See TYW3 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for TYW3

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.348411
        SABiosciences Custom PCR Arrays for TYW3

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    In Situ
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    Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for TYW3

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals and fungi.

    Orthologs for TYW3 gene from 6/21 species (see all 21)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    mouse
    (Mus musculus)
    Mammalia Tyw31 , 5 tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 3 homolog (S. cerevisiae)1, 5 77.47(n)1
    71.09(a)1
      3 (79.24 cM)5
    2095841  NM_172474.51  NP_766062.11 
     1545771995 
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves TYW31 tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 3 homolog (S. cerevisiae) 62.37(n)
    52.82(a)
      424720  XM_422546.3  XP_422546.3 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia TYW36
    --
    67(a)
    1 ↔ 1
    GL343194.1(2802072-2820005)
    African clawed frog
    (Xenopus laevis)
    Amphibia BX848301.12   -- 78.04(n)    BX848301.1 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii tyw31 tRNA-yW synthesizing protein 3 homolog (S. cerevisiae) 59.07(n)
    54.43(a)
      436884  NM_001002611.1  NP_001002611.1 
    baker's yeast
    (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
    Saccharomycetes TYW3(YGL050W)4
    TYW31
    tRNA methyltransferase required for synthesis of wybutosine, more4
    Tyw3p1
    45.34(n)1
    33.65(a)1
      7(405776-406597)4
    8528321, 4  NP_011465.31  NP_011465.14 


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for TYW3 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for TYW3 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
      --

    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/574 NCBI SNPs in TYW3 are shown (see all 574    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 1 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs1917663291,2
    --75201227(+) ACTTAC/TAAACA 3 -- int10--------
    rs1813678961,2
    --75201378(+) AGATTC/GAGAGT 3 -- int10--------
    rs1130824381,2
    --75201421(+) TCACCG/AAAGTC 3 -- int11Minor allele frequency- A:0.50CSA 2
    rs1417944331,2
    --75201809(+) GTGACA/GATAAA 3 -- int10--------
    rs763957261,2
    F--75201861(+) CAAAAG/AAAATT 3 -- int11Minor allele frequency- A:0.03WA 118
    rs1863950031,2
    --75201886(+) TTCATG/TTTTAA 3 -- int10--------
    rs729700391,2
    C,F--75202017(+) TTTACC/GTTTCA 3 -- int13Minor allele frequency- G:0.26WA 122
    rs1460694411,2
    --75202149(+) AGCCTA/GCAATA 3 -- int10--------
    rs1389274111,2
    --75202150(+) GCCTAA/CAATAT 3 -- int10--------
    rs1122608871,2
    --75202165(+) TGCATC/TATGCT 3 -- int11Minor allele frequency- T:0.50CSA 2

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for TYW3 (75198836 - 75232362 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
          Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for TYW3: --

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
    QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing TYW3
    DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for TYW3

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    TYW3 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 611245    OMIM disorders: --

    1 disease for TYW3:    About MalaCards
    noma


    Export disorders for TYW3 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for TYW3 gene integrated from 9 sources:
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with TYW3)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Ribonucleome analysis identified enzyme genes responsible for wybutosine synthesis. (PubMed id 17150819)1, 3 Noma A. and Suzuki T. (2006)
    2. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    3. Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PubMed id 14702039)1, 2 Ota T.... Sugano S. (2004)
    4. Genome-wide association analysis identifies TYW3/CRYZ and NDST4 loci associated with circulating resistin levels. (PubMed id 22843503)1 Qi Q....Qi L. (2012)
    5. Genome-wide association for abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose reveals a novel locus for visceral fat in women. (PubMed id 22589738)1 Fox C.S....Borecki I.B. (2012)
    6. The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium. (PubMed id 17974005)2 Bechtel S.... Schupp I. (2007)
    7. Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. (PubMed id 16344560)1 Kimura K.... Sugano S. (2006)
    8. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. (PubMed id 16710414)2 Gregory S.G.... Bentley D.R. (2006)
    9. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. (PubMed id 12477932)1 Strausberg R.L....Marra M.A. (2002)
    10. Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. (PubMed id 8889548)1 Bonaldo M.F.... Soares M.B. (1996)

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 127253 HGNC: 24757 AceView: LOC127253 Ensembl:ENSG00000162623 euGenes: HUgn127253
    ECgene: TYW3 H-InvDB: TYW3

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for TYW3 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    Patent Information for TYW3 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving TYW3

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



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