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TAS2R39 Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 49
GCID: GC07P142880

Taste Receptor, Type 2, Member 39

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(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, ¹⁰fRNAdb, ¹²H-InvDB, ¹³NCBI, ¹⁴NONCODE, and/or ¹⁵RNAdb)
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Aliases
Taste Receptor, Type 2, Member 39¹ ²
Taste Receptor Type 2 Member 57² ³
T2R39² ³
T2R57² ³
Taste Receptor Type 2 Member 39²

External Ids:	HGNC: 18886¹	Entrez Gene: 259285²	Ensembl: ENSG00000236398⁷	UniProtKB: P59534³

Export aliases for TAS2R39 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC00U991248 GC07P142274 GC07P142351 GC07P142397 GC07P142590 GC07P137219

(According to Entrez Gene, GeneCards, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
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GeneCards Summary for TAS2R39 Gene:

TAS2R39 (taste receptor, type 2, member 39) is a protein-coding gene. GO annotations related to this gene include G-protein coupled receptor activity. An important paralog of this gene is TAS2R41.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: T2R39_HUMAN, P59534

Function: Receptor that may play a role in the perception of bitterness and is gustducin-linked. May play a role

in sensing the chemical composition of the gastrointestinal content. The activity of this receptor may stimulate

alpha gustducin, mediate PLC-beta-2 activation and lead to the gating of TRPM5 (By similarity)

Gene Wiki entry for TAS2R39 Gene

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 75), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
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RefSeq DNA sequence at NCBI GenBank:

NC_000007.13 NC_018918.2 NT_007933.16

Regulatory elements:

Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the TAS2R39 gene promoter:
AML1a HTF FOXD3 FOXL1 POU2F1 FOXO4 POU2F1a FOXO1a FOXO1
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: TAS2R39 promoter sequence

Search Chromatin IP Primers for TAS2R39

Epigenetics:

DNA Methylation CpG Assay Predesigned for Pyrosequencing in human, mouse, rat TAS2R39

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 7q34 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 7q34 HGNC cytogenetic band: 7q34

TAS2R39 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
TAS2R39 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 7 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC07P142880: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	142,880,512 bp from pter	End:	142,881,528 bp from pter
Size:	1,017 bases	Orientation:	plus strand

1 alternative location:

Chr7+,CRA_TCAG 142,282,647-142,283,663

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, ²neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, Cloud-Clone Corp., eBioscience, and/or antibodies-online,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, Cloud-Clone Corp., eBioscience, and/or antibodies-online, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, Cloud-Clone Corp, antibodies-online, and/or others.)
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UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: T2R39_HUMAN, P59534 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Taste receptor type 2 member 39

Size: 338 amino acids; 38626 Da

Miscellaneous: Most taste cells may be activated by a limited number of bitter compounds; individual taste cells

can discriminate among bitter stimuli

Sequence caution: Sequence=AAM19321.1; Type=Frameshift; Positions=323;

1 PDB 3D structure from and Proteopedia for TAS2R39:

2GFZ (3D)

Secondary accessions: A4FUI7 Q3ZCN6 Q645W4

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for TAS2R39: NX_P59534

Explore proteomics data for TAS2R39 at MOPED

Post-translational modifications:

Glycosylation² at Asn185, Asn194

See TAS2R39 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED, PaxDB, and MaxQB

REFSEQ proteins: NP_795362.2

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000405095

Reactome Protein details: P59534

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(According to HGNC, IUPHAR, InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
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HGNC Gene Families:

TASNR: GPCR / Unclassified : Taste receptors

TAS2R: Taste receptors / Type 2

IUPHAR Guide to PHARMACOLOGY protein family classification: TAS2R39

Taste 2 receptors

1 InterPro protein domain:

IPR007960 TAS2_rcpt

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P59534

ProtoNet protein and cluster: P59534

1 Blocks protein domain: IPB001400 Somatotropin hormone

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: T2R39_HUMAN, P59534

Similarity: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor T2R family

Find genes that share domains with TAS2R39 About GenesLikeMe

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, genOway,
transcription factor targeting from QIAGEN and/or HOMER, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs and/or Addgene, Cell Lines from GenScript, ESI BIO, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Flow cytometry from eBioscience, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Molecular Function:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: T2R39_HUMAN, P59534

Function: Receptor that may play a role in the perception of bitterness and is gustducin-linked. May play a role

in sensing the chemical composition of the gastrointestinal content. The activity of this receptor may stimulate

alpha gustducin, mediate PLC-beta-2 activation and lead to the gating of TRPM5 (By similarity)

Gene Ontology (GO): 1 molecular function term: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0004930	G-protein coupled receptor activity	IEA	--

Find genes that share ontologies with TAS2R39 About GenesLikeMe

Phenotypes:
2 GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for TAS2R39:

Decreased G3BP1 protein expres

Increased HPV18 LCR reporter a

Animal Models:

genOway: Develop your customized and physiologically relevant rodent model for TAS2R39

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In Situ Assay
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(According to UniProtKB, COMPARTMENTS Subcellular localization database, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

T2R39_HUMAN, P59534: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein

Subcellular locations from COMPARTMENTS:

Compartment	Confidence
plasma membrane	3

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Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005886	plasma membrane	TAS	--
GO:0016021	integral component of membrane	IEA	--

Find genes that share ontologies with TAS2R39 About GenesLikeMe

(SuperPaths according to PathCards, Pathways according to R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Sino Biological, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to QIAGEN, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene).
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SuperPaths for TAS2R39 About

See pathways by source

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SuperPath

Contained pathways About

Taste transduction

Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors)

0.45

Taste transduction

0.45

Signaling by GPCR

	Signaling by GPCR	0.90			Signal Transduction	0.58
	GPCR downstream signaling	0.90

Peptide ligand-binding receptors

GPCR ligand binding

0.71

G alpha (i) signalling events

0.44

Find genes that share SuperPaths with TAS2R39 About GenesLikeMe

Pathways by source See SuperPaths
Show all pathways

2 Reactome Pathways for TAS2R39

	Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors)
	G alpha (i) signalling events

1 Kegg Pathway (Kegg details for TAS2R39):

Taste transduction

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Interactions:

Search GeneGlobe Interaction Network for TAS2R39

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 1 interactants - click image to see more details)

1 Interacting protein for TAS2R39 (ENSP00000405095⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
GNAT3	ENSP00000381339⁴	STRING: ENSP00000381339

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Gene Ontology (GO): 2 biological process terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	--	--
GO:0050909	sensory perception of taste	IEA	--

Find genes that share ontologies with TAS2R39 About GenesLikeMe

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, ApexBio, HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, Ligands according to IUPHAR, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB)
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Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

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Browse Tocris compounds for TAS2R39 (T2R39)

Selected BitterDB Bitter Compounds for TAS2R39 (see all 18) About this table

Compound	SMILES	CAS #
(+/-) Equol	Oc1:c:c:c(:c:c:1)C2COc3:c:c(O):c:c:c:3C2	--
(-)-Epicatechin gallate,Ecg,Epicatechin gallate	Oc1cc(O)c2C[C@@H](OC(=O)c3cc(O)c(O)c(O)c3)[C@H](Oc2c1)c4ccc(O)c(O)c4	--
(-)-Epicatechin,EC,Epicatechin	O[C@@H]1Cc2c(O)cc(O)cc2O[C@@H]1c3ccc(O)c(O)c3	--
(-)-epigallocatechin (EGC),epigallocatechin,Gallocatechol	O[C@@H]1Cc2c(O)cc(O)cc2O[C@@H]1c3cc(O)c(O)c(O)c3	--
Acetaminophen	CC(=O)Nc1ccc(O)cc1	--
amarogentin	OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@@H]2OC=C3[C@@H](CCOC3=O)[C@H]2C=C)[C@H](OC(=O)c4c(O)cc(O)cc4c5cccc(O)c5)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O	21018-84-8
chloramphenicol	OC[C@@H](NC(=O)C(Cl)Cl)[C@H](O)c1ccc(cc1)[N+](=O)[O-]	--
chloroquine	CCN(CC)CCCC(C)Nc1ccnc2cc(Cl)ccc12	54-05-7
Chlorpheniramine	CN(C)CCC(c1ccc(Cl)cc1)c2ccccn2	--
colchicine	COC1=CC=C2C(=CC1=O)[C@H](CCc3cc(OC)c(OC)c(OC)c23)NC(=O)C	--

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 236 Homo sapiens; Apr 25 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, and/or Addgene, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, Flow cytometry from eBioscience )
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REFSEQ mRNAs for TAS2R39 gene:

NM_176881.2

Unigene Cluster for TAS2R39:

Taste receptor, type 2, member 39

Hs.553660

Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_176881

1 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000446620(uc011ksw.2)

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Additional mRNA sequence:

BC100947.2 BC100948.2 BC114952.1

1 DOTS entry:

DT.100702950

1 AceView cDNA sequence:

NM_176881

GeneLoc Exon Structure

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE ¹MOPED, ²PaxDb, and ³MaxQB, plus additional links to SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
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TAS2R39 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS <intensity>^2/3
CGAP TAG: GCTGCCTACC

About this image

TAS2R39 Protein expression data from MOPED¹, PaxDb² and MaxQB³:

About this image

TAS2R39 Protein Expression

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.553660

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: T2R39_HUMAN, P59534

Tissue specificity: Expressed in subsets of taste receptor cells of the tongue and exclusively in

gustducin-positive cells

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(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
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This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

Orthologs for TAS2R39 gene from Selected species (see all 7) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Tas2r139^{1 , 5}	taste receptor, type 2, member 139^{1, 5}	72.86(n)¹ 57.77(a)¹		6 (20.40 cM)⁵ 353148¹ NM_181275.1¹ NP_851792.1¹ 42140936⁵
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	TAS2R7⁶	Gallus gallus taste receptor, type 2, member 7 (TA...	23(a)	1 → many	3(109476673-109477638)

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for TAS2R39 (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for TAS2R39 (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
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Paralogs for TAS2R39 gene

TAS2R41² TAS2R5² TAS2R46² TAS2R16² TAS2R3² TAS2R43² TAS2R14² TAS2R38²

TAS2R42² TAS2R9² TAS2R4² TAS2R30² TAS2R1² TAS2R19² TAS2R7² TAS2R20²

TAS2R8² TAS2R10² TAS2R50² TAS2R13² TAS2R40² TAS2R60² TAS2R31²

Selected SIMAP similar genes for TAS2R39 using alignment to 1 protein entry: T2R39_HUMAN(see all similar genes):

Hosa(Japanese)-T2R39 Hosa(Biaka)-T2R40 Hosa(Japanese)-T2R40 TAS2R40 Hosa(Adygei)-T2R4 Hosa(Biaka)-T2R13

Hosa(Biaka)-T2R4 Hosa(Japanese)-T2R13 TAS2R13 TAS2R4 TAS2R1 TAS2R31

TAS2R43 Hosa(Japanese)-T2R14 TAS2R10 TAS2R46 Hosa(Adygei)-T2R3 Hosa(Adygei)-T2R7

Find genes that share paralogs with TAS2R39 About GenesLikeMe

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, ⁴UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD), the Human Cytochrome P450 Allele Nomenclature Database, and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays, and Copy Number PCR Arrays from QIAGEN)
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SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 7 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs150355894^1,2	C	untested¹	142881157(+)	`ACCTGA/G/TGGATT`	2	G W	mis¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs184245522^1,2		--	142878542(+)	`GAGCAA/TCTTCT`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs79856726^1,2	F	--	142878642(+)	`TTTCTC/TATCTG`	1	--	us2k¹		1		EA	120
rs187868860^1,2		--	142878677(+)	`CCTTTG/TTTCCC`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs75542512^1,2	C,F	--	142878686(+)	`CCCTCT/GGTCAC`	1	--	us2k¹		1		WA	118
rs144502535^1,2	C	--	142878700(+)	`CCAGTA/GTTTCT`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs114952225^1,2	F	--	142878911(+)	`TGTACT/CGCCTC`	1	--	us2k¹		1		WA	118
rs148421145^1,2		--	142878996(+)	`AGCCTC/TTGAAG`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs141749251^1,2	C	--	142879058(+)	`TAGGGC/GAAAGC`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs189948959^1,2		--	142879233(+)	`AATTCA/GTAACA`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for TAS2R39 (142880512 - 142881528 bp)

Structural Variations
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) 6 variations for TAS2R39: About this table

Variant ID	Type	Subtype	PubMed ID
esv2676270	CNV	Deletion	23128226
esv2675537	CNV	Deletion	23128226
nsv465176	CNV	Loss	19166990
nsv465175	CNV	Loss	19166990
esv29078	CNV	Loss	19812545
dgv432n21	CNV	Loss	19592680

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(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
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(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for TAS2R39 gene, integrated from 10 sources (see all 11):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with TAS2R39)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to beta- glucopyranosides. (PubMed id 12379855)^{1, 2, 3} Bufe B.... Meyerhof W. (Nat. Genet. 2002)
Evolution of bitter taste receptors in humans and apes. (PubMed id 15496549)^{1, 2} Fischer A.... Paeaebo S. (Mol. Biol. Evol. 2005)
The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)^{1, 2} Gerhard D.S.... Malek J. (Genome Res. 2004)
Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways. (PubMed id 12581520)^{1, 2} Zhang Y.... Ryba N.J. (Cell 2003)
Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction. (PubMed id 11696554)^{1, 2} Margolskee R.F. (J. Biol. Chem. 2002)
Receptors for bitter and sweet taste. (PubMed id 12139982)^{1, 2} Montmayeur J.-P. and Matsunami H. (Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2002)
Soy isoflavones and other isoflavonoids activate the human bitter taste receptors hTAS2R14 and hTAS2R39. (PubMed id 21942422)¹ Roland W.S....Smit G. (J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011)
Evaluation of the bitterness of green tea catechins by a cell-based assay with the human bitter taste receptor hTAS2R39. (PubMed id 21272567)¹ Narukawa M....Watanabe T. (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2011)
Human bitter taste receptors hTAS2R8 and hTAS2R39 with differential functions to recognize bitter peptides. (PubMed id 21670512)¹ Ueno Y....Misaka T. (Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2011)
Lineage-specific loss of function of bitter taste receptor genes in humans and nonhuman primates. (PubMed id 15744053)¹ Go Y.... Takahata N. (Genetics 2005)

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(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 259285	HGNC: 18886	AceView: TAS2R39	Ensembl:ENSG00000236398	euGenes: HUgn259285
ECgene: TAS2R39	Kegg: 259285	H-InvDB: TAS2R39

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, and/or others, e.g. Wikipedia and GeneReviews, via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for TAS2R39	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

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TAS2R39 Gene

Taste Receptor, Type 2, Member 39

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TAS2R39 Gene

Taste Receptor, Type 2, Member 39

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