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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

TAS2R38 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 51
GCID: GC07M141672

taste receptor, type 2, member 38

(Previous name: phenylthiocarbamide tasting )
(Previous symbol: PTC)
 Explore 9 diseases affiliated with
TAS2R38 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for TAS2R38
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Taste Receptor, Type 2, Member 381 2     T2R382 3
PTC1 2 3 5     PTC Bitter Taste Receptor2 3
T2R611 2 3 5     Phenylthiocarbamide Tasting1
Taste Receptor Type 2 Member 612 3     Taste Receptor Type 2 Member 382

External Ids:    HGNC: 95841   Entrez Gene: 57262   Ensembl: ENSG000002571387   OMIM: 6077515   UniProtKB: P595333   

Export aliases for TAS2R38 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC00U991247 GC07M141002 GC07M141079 GC07M141125 GC07M141318 GC07M135968


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for TAS2R38:
This gene encodes a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor that controls the ability to taste glucosinolates, a
family of bitter-tasting compounds found in plants of the Brassica sp. Synthetic compounds phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)
and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) have been identified as ligands for this receptor and have been used to test the
genetic diversity of this gene. Although several allelic forms of this gene have been identified worldwide, there are
two predominant common forms (taster and non-taster) found outside of Africa. These alleles differ at three nucleotide
positions resulting in amino acid changes in the protein (A49P, A262V, and V296I) with the amino acid combination PAV
identifying the taster variant (and AVI identifying the non-taster variant). (provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: T2R38_HUMAN, P59533
Function: Receptor that may play a role in the perception of bitterness and is gustducin-linked. May play a role in
sensing the chemical composition of the gastrointestinal content. The activity of this receptor may stimulate alpha
gustducin, mediate PLC-beta-2 activation and lead to the gating of TRPM5 (By similarity)

Gene Wiki entry for TAS2R38


(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000007.13  NC_018918.1  NT_007914.15  NT_079596.2  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the TAS2R38 gene promoter:
         AML1a   ATF-2   c-Jun   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmidTAS2R38 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for TAS2R38

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat TAS2R38


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 7q34   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  7q34   HGNC cytogenetic band: 7q34

TAS2R38 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
TAS2R38 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 7         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC07M141672:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
141,672,431 bp from pter      End:
141,673,573 bp from pter
Size:
1,143 bases      Orientation:
minus strand

1 alternative location:
Chr7-,CRA_TCAG 141,010,626-141,011,768     

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: T2R38_HUMAN, P59533 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Taste receptor type 2 member 38  
Size: 333 amino acids; 37892 Da
Subcellular location: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein
Miscellaneous: Most taste cells may be activated by a limited number of bitter compounds; individual taste cells can
discriminate among bitter stimuli
Secondary accessions: A4D1U6 P59552 Q2M3E8 Q645W3 Q86UK3

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for TAS2R38: NX_P59533

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P59533

  • TAS2R38 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: --
    REFSEQ proteins: NP_789787.4  
    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000448219  

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    Uscn Proteins for TAS2R38

    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0016021integral to membrane IEA--


    TAS2R38 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    TAS2R38 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    1 InterPro domain/family:
     IPR007960 TAS2_rcpt

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P59533

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: P59533

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: T2R38_HUMAN, P59533
    Similarity: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor T2R family


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: T2R38_HUMAN, P59533
    Function: Receptor that may play a role in the perception of bitterness and is gustducin-linked. May play a role in
    sensing the chemical composition of the gastrointestinal content. The activity of this receptor may stimulate alpha
    gustducin, mediate PLC-beta-2 activation and lead to the gating of TRPM5 (By similarity)

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    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 molecular function term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0004930G-protein coupled receptor activity IEA--


    TAS2R38 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways  About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1Taste transduction
    Taste transduction1.00
    2Sweet Taste Signaling
    Bitter Taste Signaling0.44

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways

    1 Downloadable PowerPoint Slide of QIAGEN Pathway Central Maps for TAS2R38
        Bitter Taste Signaling


    1         Kegg Pathway  (Kegg details for TAS2R38):
        Taste transduction


    TAS2R38 for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for TAS2R38

    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 biological process term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0050909sensory perception of taste IEA--


    TAS2R38 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section

    TAS2R38 for compounds           About GeneDecksing

    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
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    Browse Tocris compounds for TAS2R38

    10/21 BitterDB Bitter Compounds for TAS2R38 (see all 21) 
    CompoundSMILES CAS #
    6-Methyl-2-thiouracilCc1cc(O)nc(S)n1--
    acetylthioureaCC(=O)NC(=S)N--
    allyl isothiocyanateC=CCN=C=S--
    Caprolactam O=C1CCCCCN1--
    ChlorpheniramineCN(C)CCC(c1ccc(Cl)cc1)c2ccccn2--
    dimethylthioformamideCN(C)C=S--
    diphenidolOC(CCCN1CCCCC1)(c2ccccc2)c3ccccc3--
    diphenylthiourea,sulfocarbanilide,sym-Diphenylthiourea,thiocarbanilideS=C(Nc1ccccc1)Nc2ccccc2102-08-9
    Ethylene Thiourea,N,N-ethylene thioureaS=C1NCCN1--
    Ethylpyrazine CCc1cnccn1--
    About this table


    2 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for TAS2R38 gene    About this table
    Compound   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    phenylthiocarbamide 96.2 9 17118801 (2), 17250611 (2), 15466815 (1), 18209019 (1) (see all 6)
    propylthiouracil 87.6 19 18719631 (3), 15547448 (3), 18209019 (3), 17250611 (2) (see all 5)

    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about TAS2R38 / T2R38 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for TAS2R38 gene: 
    NM_176817.4  

    Unigene Cluster for TAS2R38:

    Taste receptor, type 2, member 38
    Hs.647085
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_176817
    1 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000547270(uc003vwx.1)

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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    BC104933.1 BC104937.1 

    1 DOTS entry:

    DT.100701086 

    1 AceView cDNA sequence:

    NM_176817 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    TAS2R38 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: AAATGAGCTC

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)

    About this image
    Genevestigator expression for TAS2R38

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.647085

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: T2R38_HUMAN, P59533
    Tissue specificity: Expressed in subsets of taste receptor cells of the tongue and exclusively in gustducin-positive
    cells

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    In Situ
    Assay Products:
     

     
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    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

    Orthologs for TAS2R38 gene from 2/9 species (see all 9)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves Q2AB81_CHICK6
    Taste receptor type 2
    21(a)
    possible ortholog
    3(112675246-112676211)
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia --
    --
    (see all 3)
    --
    20(a)
    19(a)
    (see all 3)
    many ↔ many
    many ↔ many
    (see all 3)
    GL343381.1(254214-512591)
    GL343391.1(165866-166828)


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for TAS2R38 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for TAS2R38 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for TAS2R38 gene
    TAS2R52  TAS2R412  TAS2R462  TAS2R162  TAS2R32  TAS2R142  TAS2R432  TAS2R392  
    TAS2R422  TAS2R92  TAS2R42  TAS2R302  TAS2R12  TAS2R192  TAS2R72  TAS2R202  
    TAS2R82  TAS2R132  TAS2R402  TAS2R102  TAS2R502  TAS2R602  TAS2R312  
    18/46 SIMAP similar genes for TAS2R38 using alignment to 2 protein entries:     T2R38_HUMAN (see all proteins) (see all similar genes):
    Hosa(Adygei)-T2R38    Hosa(Biaka)-T2R38    Hosa(Japanese)-T2R38    PTC    TAS2R9    Hosa(Adygei)-T2R49
    Hosa(Biaka)-T2R49    Hosa(Biaka)-T2R55    Hosa(Japanese)-T2R49    TAS2R20    TAS2R42    TAS2R49
    TAS2R7    TAS2R8    Hosa(Adygei)-T2R3    Hosa(Adygei)-T2R55    Hosa(Adygei)-T2R7    Hosa(Biaka)-T2R13

    TAS2R38 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: T2R38_HUMAN, P59533
    Polymorphism: Variations in TAS2R38 are associated with the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC tasting)
    [MIM:171200]; also called thiourea tasting. The ability to taste the substance PTC and a number of related substances
    is genetically controlled. Genetic studies have demonstrated complex inheritance for this trait. For some people (and
    some chimpanzees also), the chemical PTC tastes very bitter. For others, it is tasteless. Actually, substantial
    variation in taste sensitivity exists in human. Five haplotypes arising from three coding SNPs in the TAS2R38 gene are
    associated with distinct phenotypes of PTC taste sensitivity


    10/63 NCBI SNPs in TAS2R38 are shown (see all 63    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 7 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs102469391,2
    C,F,A,H,drug-response141010799(+) CAGGAT/CGGCTG 2 /I /V mis131Minor allele frequency- C:0.49NA NS EA WA CSA EU 8722
    rs7135981,2
    C,F,A,H,drug-response141011540(-) GGCAGG/CCACTG 2 /P /A mis128Minor allele frequency- C:0.45NA EA NS WA CSA EU 7643
    rs737402181,2
    C,--141010253(+) TAGTAG/ATGAAT 1 -- ds50012Minor allele frequency- A:0.04WA 120
    rs46139031,2
    H--141011468(+) ACTCAG/TGAACA 2 M L mis14Minor allele frequency- T:0.00NS EA 404
    rs801345351,2
    F,--141011841(+) AAAGCG/AAGCGC 1 -- us2k11Minor allele frequency- A:0.03WA 118
    rs614643481,2
    C,--141012262(+) AGATAA/CATGCA 1 -- us2k12Minor allele frequency- C:0.10WA 120
    rs756751401,2
    F,--141012291(+) CAGTGT/AATGAT 1 -- us2k11Minor allele frequency- A:0.03WA 118
    rs359361271,2
    C,F,--141012511(+) TTACAT/CAGGCA 1 -- us2k13Minor allele frequency- C:0.33NA 6
    rs593284591,2
    C,--141013344(+) GATAGT/ACCTTA 1 -- us2k12Minor allele frequency- A:0.11WA 120
    rs1995696301,2
    C--141013367(-) TTTTTA/CAAAAA 1 -- us2k10--------

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for TAS2R38 (141672431 - 141673573 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
          Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for TAS2R38: --
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): TAS2R38

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
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    DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for TAS2R38

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    TAS2R38 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 607751   
    OMIM disorders: 171200  
    9 diseases for TAS2R38:    About MalaCards
    phenylthiocarbamide tasting    motion sickness    dental caries    nicotine dependence
    coronary heart disease    twinning    thyroid cancer    thyroiditis
    alcoholism

    Genetic Association Database (GAD): TAS2R38
    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: TAS2R38 (24 documents)

    Export disorders for TAS2R38 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for TAS2R38 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 52):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with TAS2R38)
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    1. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. (PubMed id 12595690)1, 2, 4 Kim U.-K.... Drayna D.T. (2003)
    2. Identification and characterization of human taste receptor genes belonging to the TAS2R family. (PubMed id 12584440)1, 2, 3 Conte C.... Andres-Barquin P.J. (2002)
    3. Bitter taste study in a sardinian genetic isolate supports the association of phenylthiocarbamide sensitivity to the TAS2R38 bitter receptor gene. (PubMed id 15466815)1, 4, 9 Prodi D.A....Angius A. (2004)
    4. Evolution of bitter taste receptors in humans and apes. (PubMed id 15496549)1, 2 Fischer A.... Paeaebo S. (2005)
    5. Associations between phenylthiocarbamide gene polymorphisms and cigarette smoking. (PubMed id 16298720)1, 4 Cannon D.S....Leppert M.F. (2005)
    6. TAS2R38 (phenylthiocarbamide) haplotypes, coronary heart disease traits, and eating behavior in the British Women's Heart and Health Study. (PubMed id 15883422)1, 4 Timpson N.J....Davey Smith G. (2005)
    7. Genetic and environmental determinants of bitter perception and sweet preferences. (PubMed id 15687429)1, 4 Mennella J.A....Reed D.R. (2005)
    8. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    9. Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways. (PubMed id 12581520)1, 2 Zhang Y.... Ryba N.J. (2003)
    10. Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology. (PubMed id 12690205)1, 2 Scherer S.W.... Tsui L.-C. (2003)

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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 5726 HGNC: 9584 AceView: TAS2R38 Ensembl:ENSG00000257138 euGenes: HUgn5726
    ECgene: TAS2R38 Kegg: 5726 H-InvDB: TAS2R38

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
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    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
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    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for TAS2R38 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
    ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for TAS2R38 Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
    Protein Spotlighthttp://web.expasy.org/spotlight/back_issues/sptlt119.shtml

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    Patent Information for TAS2R38 gene:
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