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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

SLC44A4 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 49
GCID: GC06M031830

solute carrier family 44, member 4

(Previous name: chromosome 6 open reading frame 29 )
(Previous symbol: C6orf29)
 Explore 9 diseases affiliated with
SLC44A4 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for SLC44A4
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Solute Carrier Family 44, Member 41 2     FLJ144911
C6orf291 2 3 5     Chromosome 6 Open Reading Frame 291
CTL41 2 3 5     Choline Transporter-Like Protein 42
NG221 2 3     Solute Carrier Family 44 Member 43

External Ids:    HGNC: 139411   Entrez Gene: 807362   Ensembl: ENSG000002043857   OMIM: 6061075   UniProtKB: Q53GD33   

Export aliases for SLC44A4 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC06M031940 GC06M031628


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for SLC44A4:
The protein encoded by this gene may be a sodium-dependent transmembrane transport protein involved in the uptake of
choline by cholinergic neurons. Defects in this gene can cause sialidosis, a lysosomal storage disease. Three
transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. (provided by RefSeq, May 2010)

Gene Wiki entry for SLC44A4


(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000006.11  NC_018917.1  NT_007592.15  NT_113891.2  NT_167244.1  NT_167245.1  NT_167247.1  NT_167248.1  
NT_167249.1  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the SLC44A4 gene promoter:
         AREB6   GR   GR-beta   p300   MyoD   STAT3   GR-alpha   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmidSLC44A4 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for SLC44A4

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat SLC44A4


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 6p21.3   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  6p21.33   HGNC cytogenetic band: 6p21.3

SLC44A4 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
SLC44A4 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 6         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC06M031830:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
31,830,969 bp from pter      End:
31,846,823 bp from pter
Size:
15,855 bases      Orientation:
minus strand

6 alternative locations:
Chr6-,ALT_REF_LOCI_3 31,813,158-31,840,046      Chr6-,ALT_REF_LOCI_5 31,822,270-31,838,119      Chr6-,ALT_REF_LOCI_6 31,821,363-31,872,799     
Chr6-,ALT_REF_LOCI_1 31,842,327-31,866,480      Chr6-,ALT_REF_LOCI_2 31,818,512-31,873,561      Chr6-,ALT_REF_LOCI_7 31,753,182-31,769,031     

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CTL4_HUMAN, Q53GD3 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Choline transporter-like protein 4  
Size: 710 amino acids; 79254 Da
Subcellular location: Membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein (By similarity)
Secondary accessions: A2BED3 B0UXX8 B0UZY8 B4DU94 Q5JP84 Q5JQ93 Q658S8 Q6UX89 Q8TEW4 Q96C58 Q96K59
Q9Y332
Alternative splicing: 3 isoforms:  Q53GD3-1   Q53GD3-2   Q53GD3-3   (No experimental confirmation available)

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for SLC44A4: NX_Q53GD3

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q53GD3

  • SLC44A4 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins (3 alternative transcripts): 
    NP_001171515.1  NP_001171516.1  NP_079533.2  

    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000229729   ENSP00000398901   ENSP00000364712   ENSP00000444109  
    Reactome Protein details: Q53GD3
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    Uscn Proteins for SLC44A4

    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005886plasma membrane TAS--
    GO:0016021integral to membrane IEA--


    SLC44A4 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    SLC44A4 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    1 InterPro domain/family:
     IPR007603 Choline_transptr-like

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q53GD3

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q53GD3

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CTL4_HUMAN, Q53GD3
    Similarity: Belongs to the CTL (choline transporter-like) family


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    miRNA
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    Inhib. RNA
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    Animal Models:
         Mouse knock-out Slc44a4tm1Lex for SLC44A4
         1 MGI phenotypic allele for Slc44a4 (no phenotypes)

    SLC44A4 for phenotypes           About GeneDecksing


    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways  About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1SLC-mediated transmembrane transport
    SLC-mediated transmembrane transport1.00
    Transport of glucose and other sugars, bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds0.38
    Transmembrane transport of small molecules0.50
    2Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis
    Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis1.00
    Phospholipid metabolism0.64
    3Metabolism
    Metabolism1.00
    Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins0.34
    4Amine compound SLC transporters
    Amine compound SLC transporters1.00
    5Synthesis of PE
    Synthesis of PC0.30

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways


    5/9        Reactome Pathways for SLC44A4 (see all 9)
        Metabolism
    Amine compound SLC transporters
    Phospholipid metabolism
    Synthesis of PC
    Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis



    SLC44A4 for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for SLC44A4

    1 Interacting protein for SLC44A4 (Q53GD33) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    DNAL4O960153I2D: score=1 
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0006644phospholipid metabolic process TAS--
    GO:0006656phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process TAS--
    GO:0044281small molecule metabolic process TAS--
    GO:0046474glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process TAS--
    GO:0055085transmembrane transport TAS--


    SLC44A4 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for SLC44A4

    1 HMDB Compound for SLC44A4    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #PubMed Ids
    Choline(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethyl ammonium (see all 19)62-49-7--

    1 DrugBank Compound for SLC44A4    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #TypeActionsPubMed Ids
    CholineBilineurine (see all 7)62-49-7transportersubstrate17520363

    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about SLC44A4 / CTL4 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for SLC44A4 gene (3 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_001178044.1  NM_001178045.1  NM_025257.2  

    Unigene Cluster for SLC44A4:

    Solute carrier family 44, member 4
    Hs.335355  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_001178045
    9 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000229729(uc010jti.3) ENST00000487680 ENST00000414427 ENST00000479777
    ENST00000475563 ENST00000465707 ENST00000462671 ENST00000375562(uc011dom.2)
    ENST00000544672(uc011dol.2)

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    1 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNA that regulate SLC44A4:
    hsa-miR-3163
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    Inhib. RNA
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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AK027397.1 AK222998.1 AK223013.1 AK300550.1 AK301596.1 AK314673.1 AL833009.1 AY358457.1 
    BC014659.1 

    17 DOTS entries:

    DT.100030531  DT.121318785  DT.100777578  DT.121318854  DT.95273297  DT.121318800  DT.97811029  DT.121318938 
    DT.95273296  DT.95273300  DT.97846417  DT.101964983  DT.121318863  DT.121318921  DT.121318931  DT.95293537 
    DT.121318954 

    24/203 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 203):

    BU949530 AL833009 BE873436 BU949285 BM837939 CA868355 CB142047 BM751104 
    BM831152 AI273975 BM769710 BU179716 AI424282 CB132901 AW469133 CB145210 
    AI560195 CA868110 AI804730 CA868218 BU174717 AY358457 BU196356 BQ684724 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    SLC44A4 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: CACCTGTCAT

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)

    About this image
    See SLC44A4 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for SLC44A4

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.335355
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    In Situ
    Assay Products:
     

     
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    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.

    Orthologs for SLC44A4 gene from 6/22 species (see all 22)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia SLC44A46
    --
    58(a)
    1 ↔ 1
    2(194471479-194510770)
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii zgc641082 hypothetical protein MGC64108 75.95(n)   393385  BC054620.1 
    fruit fly
    (Drosophila melanogaster)
    Insecta CG118801 CG11880 51.29(n)
    41.46(a)
      43440  NM_143413.1  NP_651670.1 
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    Secernentea chtl-16
    Choline transporter-like protein 1
    33(a)
    possible ortholog
    X(5355602-5364290)
    thale cress
    (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    eudicotyledons AT3G153806
    Plasma-membrane choline transporter family protein...
    21(a)
    1 → many
    3(5193228-5196591)
    rice
    (Oryza sativa)
    Liliopsida --
    --
    choline transporter-related, putative, expressed
    21(a)
    21(a)
    many ↔ many
    many ↔ many
    4(34595388-34600017)
    4(34606738-34615646)


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for SLC44A4 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for SLC44A4 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for SLC44A4 gene
    SLC44A12  SLC44A52  SLC44A32  SLC44A22  
    2 SIMAP similar genes for SLC44A4 using alignment to 6 protein entries:     CTL4_HUMAN (see all proteins):
    SLC44A5    SLC44A2

    SLC44A4 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/295 NCBI SNPs in SLC44A4 are shown (see all 295    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 6 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs172077131,2
    C,F,H,--31619034(+) GATGGG/AGGTGT 3 -- int15Minor allele frequency- A:0.03MN NS WA 906
    rs561884161,2
    C,F,--31619266(+) ACTCCG/AACTCC 3 -- int12Minor allele frequency- A:0.01CSA EU 595
    rs344182071,2
    C,F,H,--31619317(+) ACCCGG/AGCTAT 6 /A syn14Minor allele frequency- A:0.00NA NS EU 4904
    rs69158001,2
    C,F,A,H,--31619473(+) TGTGCG/AGATGA 6 /R /C mis112Minor allele frequency- A:0.01NS EA WA NA 5990
    rs39978891,2
    C,--31619952(-) GAGTG-/AGTG  
            
    CCTTC
    3 -- int10--------
    rs761162901,2
    C,--31620582(+) GCTATC/GATCTC 3 -- int12Minor allele frequency- G:0.05NA 122
    rs354217851,2
    C,F,--31620866(+) GAGATA/GGAGTC 3 -- int13Minor allele frequency- G:0.33NA 6
    rs562540131,2
    C--31621038(+) CGTCAC/TACCCA 3 -- int10--------
    rs562370821,2
    C--31621869(+) TTCTCC/TCTCGG 3 -- int10--------
    rs5424181,2
    C,F,A,--31622256(+) GTGTCA/GTACGC 3 -- int13Minor allele frequency- G:0.33WA NA EA 358

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for SLC44A4 (31830969 - 31846823 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
          Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for SLC44A4: --

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
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    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    SLC44A4 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 606107    OMIM disorders: --

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: CTL4_HUMAN, Q53GD3
  • Note=An interstitial deletion causing the fusion of exon 10 of CTL4 with the 3'-UTR of NEU has been detected
  • in two patients affected by sialidosis

    9 diseases for SLC44A4:    About MalaCards
    sialidosis    lysosomal storage disease    systemic lupus erythematosus    lupus erythematosus
    vitiligo    colon carcinoma    neuronitis    carcinoma
    malaria

    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: SLC44A4 (5 documents)

    Export disorders for SLC44A4 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for SLC44A4 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 21):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with SLC44A4)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. An electric lobe suppressor for a yeast choline transport mutation belongs to a new family of transporter-like proteins. (PubMed id 10677542)1, 2, 3 O'Regan S.... Meunier F.-M. (2000)
    2. Molecular characterization of the family of choline transporter-like proteins and their splice variants. (PubMed id 15715662)1, 3 Traiffort E....Meunier F.M. (2005)
    3. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    4. Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PubMed id 14702039)1, 2 Ota T.... Sugano S. (2004)
    5. The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. (PubMed id 14574404)1, 2 Mungall A.J.... Beck S. (2003)
    6. Analysis of the gene-dense major histocompatibility complex class III region and its comparison to mouse. (PubMed id 14656967)1, 2 Xie T.... Hood L. (2003)
    7. The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment. (PubMed id 12975309)1, 2 Clark H.F.... Gray A.M. (2003)
    8. Identification of a CTL4/Neu1 fusion transcript in a sialidosis patient. (PubMed id 12067718)1, 2 Uhl J.... Cantz M. (2002)
    9. TGFb(1) and sCTLA-4 levels are increased in eltrombopa g-exposed patients with ITP. (PubMed id 22789125)1 Fujita S....Nomura S. (2012)
    10. Refining the association of MHC with multiple scleros is in African Americans. (PubMed id 20466734)1 McElroy J.P....Gourraud P.A. (2010)

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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 80736 HGNC: 13941 AceView: C6orf29 Ensembl:ENSG00000204385 euGenes: HUgn80736
    ECgene: SLC44A4 H-InvDB: SLC44A4

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for SLC44A4 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    Patent Information for SLC44A4 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving SLC44A4

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



    (Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, SABiosciences, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Uscn, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Cell lines from GenScript and LifeMap BioReagents, PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, and/or Enzo Life Sciences),
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