Aliases for RNASEL Gene
Aliases for RNASEL Gene
External Ids for RNASEL Gene
- HGNC: 10050
- Entrez Gene: 6041
- Ensembl: ENSG00000135828
- OMIM: 180435
- UniProtKB: Q05823
Previous HGNC Symbols for RNASEL Gene
- RNS4
- PRCA1
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for RNASEL Gene
- GC01M180070
- GC01M177972
- GC01M179063
- GC01M179782
- GC01M179274
- GC01M180809
- GC01M153780
Summaries for RNASEL Gene
-
This gene encodes a component of the interferon-regulated 2-5A system that functions in the antiviral and antiproliferative roles of interferons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with predisposition to prostate cancer and this gene is a candidate for the hereditary prostate cancer 1 (HPC1) allele. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
GeneCards Summary for RNASEL Gene
RNASEL (Ribonuclease L) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with RNASEL include Prostate Cancer, Hereditary, 1 and Prostate Cancer. Among its related pathways are Cytokine Signaling in Immune system and Innate Immune System. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include RNA binding and protein kinase activity. An important paralog of this gene is ANKRD16.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for RNASEL Gene
-
Endoribonuclease that functions in the interferon (IFN) antiviral response. In INF treated and virus infected cells, RNASEL probably mediates its antiviral effects through a combination of direct cleavage of single-stranded viral RNAs, inhibition of protein synthesis through the degradation of rRNA, induction of apoptosis, and induction of other antiviral genes. RNASEL mediated apoptosis is the result of a JNK-dependent stress-response pathway leading to cytochrome c release from mitochondria and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, activation of RNASEL could lead to elimination of virus infected cells under some circumstances. In the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis proposed to induce autophagy as an early stress response to small double-stranded RNA and at later stages of prolonged stress to activate caspase-dependent proteolytic cleavage of BECN1 to terminate autophagy and promote apoptosis (PubMed:26263979). Might play a central role in the regulation of mRNA turnover (PubMed:11585831). Cleaves 3 of UpNp dimers, with preference for UU and UA sequences, to sets of discrete products ranging from between 4 and 22 nucleotides in length.
Additional gene information for RNASEL Gene
- Monarch Initiative
- Search for RNASEL at DataMed
- Search for RNASEL at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for RNASEL Gene
Genomics for RNASEL Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements for RNASEL Gene
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Locations for RNASEL Gene
- chr1:182,573,634-182,589,285
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 15,652 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
- chr1:182,542,769-182,558,394
- (GRCh37/hg19)
Genomic View for RNASEL Gene
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 1q25.3 by Ensembl
- 1q25.3 by Entrez Gene
- 1q25.3 by HGNC


RefSeq DNA sequence for RNASEL Gene
Proteins for RNASEL Gene
-
Protein details for RNASEL Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- Q05823-RN5A_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- 2-5A-dependent ribonuclease
- Protein Accession:
- Q05823
- Q5W0L2
- Q6AI46
Protein attributes for RNASEL Gene
- Size:
- 741 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 83533 Da
- Cofactor:
- Name=Mn(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29035; Name=Mg(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420;
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Monomer (inactive form) or homodimer. Interacts with ABCE1; this interaction inhibits the RNASEL.
Three dimensional structures from OCA and Proteopedia for RNASEL Gene
Protein Expression for RNASEL Gene
Post-translational modifications for RNASEL Gene
Other Protein References for RNASEL Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
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-
Recommended
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for RNASEL Gene
Domains & Families for RNASEL Gene
Gene Families for RNASEL Gene
- HGNC:
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Enzymes
- Plasma proteins
- Predicted intracellular proteins
Protein Domains for RNASEL Gene
- InterPro:
- Blocks:
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for RNASEL Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
Q05823UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:
RN5A_HUMAN :- The nine ankyrin repeats also called 2-5A sensor constitute the N-terminus 2-5A binding domain.
- Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
- Domain:
-
- The nine ankyrin repeats also called 2-5A sensor constitute the N-terminus 2-5A binding domain.
- The protein kinase domain is predicted to be catalytically inactive. It allows the homodimerization.
- The ribonuclease domain is located in the C-terminus. A single active nuclease domain in a dimer is sufficient for ribonuclease activity (By similarity).
- Family:
-
- Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily.
Function for RNASEL Gene
Molecular function for RNASEL Gene
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- ribonuclease L,2,5-oligoisoadenylate dependent,interferon regulated pathway
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot EnzymeRegulation:
- After binding to 2-5A (5-phosphorylated 2,5-linked oligoadenylates) the homodimerization and subsequent activation occurs. Inhibited by RNASEL inhibitor ABCE1/RLI, a cytoplasmic member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Endoribonuclease that functions in the interferon (IFN) antiviral response. In INF treated and virus infected cells, RNASEL probably mediates its antiviral effects through a combination of direct cleavage of single-stranded viral RNAs, inhibition of protein synthesis through the degradation of rRNA, induction of apoptosis, and induction of other antiviral genes. RNASEL mediated apoptosis is the result of a JNK-dependent stress-response pathway leading to cytochrome c release from mitochondria and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, activation of RNASEL could lead to elimination of virus infected cells under some circumstances. In the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis proposed to induce autophagy as an early stress response to small double-stranded RNA and at later stages of prolonged stress to activate caspase-dependent proteolytic cleavage of BECN1 to terminate autophagy and promote apoptosis (PubMed:26263979). Might play a central role in the regulation of mRNA turnover (PubMed:11585831). Cleaves 3 of UpNp dimers, with preference for UU and UA sequences, to sets of discrete products ranging from between 4 and 22 nucleotides in length.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Induction:
- By interferons. Virus replication in higher vertebrates is restrained by IFNs that cause cells to transcribe genes encoding antiviral proteins, such as 2-5 oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs). oligoadenylate synthetase is stimulated by dsRNA to produce 5-phosphorylated, 2-5-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A), whose function is to activate RNASEL.
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for RNASEL Gene
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for RNASEL Gene
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0003723 | RNA binding | IEA,IDA | 7514601 |
GO:0004518 | nuclease activity | IEA | -- |
GO:0004519 | endonuclease activity | IEA | -- |
GO:0004521 | endoribonuclease activity | NAS | 7514601 |
GO:0004540 | ribonuclease activity | IEA | -- |
Phenotypes for RNASEL Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for RNASEL:
- inferred from 1 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for RNASEL:
-
- Increased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- Decreased viability in esophageal squamous lineage
- Decreased viability
- Decreased substrate adherent cell growth
- Decreased HIV-LTR-beta-galactosidase protein expression
- Increased cell death HMECs cells
- Synthetic lethal with gemcitabine
- Decreased viability in Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) (-/-) cell line
Animal Models for RNASEL Gene
- MGI Knock Outs for RNASEL:
-
- Rnasel tm1Slvm
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- Overview of 117 available RNASEL gene related products
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-
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miRNA for RNASEL Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target RNASEL
-
- hsa-mir-16-5p (MIRT000901)
- hsa-mir-15a-5p (MIRT000902)
- hsa-mir-335-5p (MIRT019056)
- hsa-mir-215-5p (MIRT024876)
- hsa-mir-192-5p (MIRT026865)
- hsa-mir-29a-3p (MIRT438434)
- hsa-mir-4776-3p (MIRT441865)
- hsa-mir-8070 (MIRT441866)
- hsa-mir-192-3p (MIRT441867)
- hsa-mir-4480 (MIRT441868)
- hsa-mir-409-3p (MIRT441869)
- hsa-mir-1250-3p (MIRT736486)
- hsa-mir-153-5p (MIRT737888)
- hsa-mir-3919 (MIRT742957)
- hsa-mir-3925-5p (MIRT743007)
- hsa-mir-4756-3p (MIRT748392)
- hsa-mir-520d-5p (MIRT750232)
- hsa-mir-524-5p (MIRT750287)
- hsa-mir-5696 (MIRT751257)
- hsa-mir-579-3p (MIRT751500)
- hsa-mir-589-5p (MIRT751572)
- hsa-mir-664b-3p (MIRT753611)
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for RNASEL
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, RNAi, and sirna products in human, mouse, rat for RNASEL
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- Overview of 117 available RNASEL gene related products
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Clone Products
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-
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- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- Applied Biological Materials Clones for RNASEL
-
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Cell Line Products
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No data available for Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for RNASEL Gene
Localization for RNASEL Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for RNASEL Gene
- Cytoplasm. Mitochondrion.
- Cytosol (3)
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0005575 | cellular_component | ND | -- |
GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IEA | -- |
GO:0005739 | mitochondrion | IEA | -- |
GO:0005759 | mitochondrial matrix | TAS | -- |
GO:0005829 | cytosol | TAS | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for RNASEL Gene
SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | Influenza A |
.34
|
|
2 | Hepatitis C | ||
3 | Toll-like receptor signaling pathway | ||
4 | NF-kappaB Signaling | ||
5 | CDK-mediated phosphorylation and removal of Cdc6 |
Pathways by source for RNASEL Gene
1 Cell Signaling Technology pathway for RNASEL Gene
1 BioSystems pathway for RNASEL Gene
6 Reactome pathways for RNASEL Gene
4 KEGG pathways for RNASEL Gene
Interacting Proteins for RNASEL Gene
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0006364 | rRNA processing | IEA | -- |
GO:0006397 | mRNA processing | IEA | -- |
GO:0006468 | protein phosphorylation | NAS | 7514601 |
GO:0043488 | regulation of mRNA stability | IEA | -- |
GO:0045071 | negative regulation of viral genome replication | IDA | 19923450 |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for RNASEL Gene
Transcripts for RNASEL Gene
mRNA/cDNA for RNASEL Gene
- (1) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (4) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (57) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (2) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for RNASEL Gene
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for RNASEL
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-
Vectors and viruses for KO, Activation, Repression, and more
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for RNASEL
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for RNASEL
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for RNASEL
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene shrna, RNAi, and sirna products in human, mouse, rat for RNASEL
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- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for 117 available RNASEL gene related products
- Overview of 117 available RNASEL gene related products
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for RNASEL gene
Clone Products
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-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- Applied Biological Materials Clones for RNASEL
-
Vectors and viruses for ORF, Lenti, Retro, Adenovirus, AAV, and more
Expression for RNASEL Gene
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for RNASEL Gene
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, MaxQB, and MOPED for RNASEL Gene
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of RNASEL Gene:
RNASELSOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for RNASEL Gene:
Hs.518545mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for RNASEL Gene:
Q05823-RN5A_HUMANEvidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for RNASEL Gene
- Kidney(4.3)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for RNASEL Gene
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- nervous
- reproductive
- brain
- cerebellum
- head
- prostate
- spinal cord
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for RNASEL
No data available for mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery for RNASEL Gene
Orthologs for RNASEL Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.
Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | RNASEL 33 34 |
|
||
dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | RNASEL 33 34 |
|
||
cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | RNASEL 33 34 |
|
||
mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Rnasel 33 16 34 |
|
||
rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Rnasel 33 |
|
||
platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | RNASEL 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | RNASEL 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | RNASEL 33 34 |
|
||
lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | RNASEL 34 |
|
OneToOne |
- Species where no ortholog for RNASEL was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- rice (Oryza sativa)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis)
- sea squirt (Ciona savignyi)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- soybean (Glycine max)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis)
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)
- zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Paralogs for RNASEL Gene
(1) SIMAP similar genes for RNASEL Gene using alignment to 2 proteins:
Variants for RNASEL Gene
SNP ID | Clin | Chr 01 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs486907 | risk-factor, Prostate cancer, susceptibility to | 182,585,422(-) | C/T | coding_sequence_variant, missense_variant, non_coding_transcript_variant | |
rs74315364 | pathogenic, Prostate cancer, hereditary, 1 | 182,586,014(-) | C/A | coding_sequence_variant, non_coding_transcript_variant, stop_gained | |
rs74315365 | pathogenic, Prostate cancer, hereditary, 1 | 182,586,804(-) | C/T | initiator_codon_variant, missense_variant, non_coding_transcript_variant | |
rs1000067288 | -- | 182,589,895(-) | A/G | upstream_transcript_variant | |
rs1000125889 | -- | 182,574,262(-) | C/T | 3_prime_UTR_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant, non_coding_transcript_variant |
Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
---|---|---|---|
esv1010175 | CNV | deletion | 20482838 |
esv3588104 | CNV | loss | 21293372 |
nsv548358 | CNV | gain | 21841781 |
nsv825531 | CNV | loss | 20364138 |
nsv825564 | CNV | loss | 20364138 |
Additional Variant Information for RNASEL Gene
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for RNASEL Gene
Disorders for RNASEL Gene

(7) MalaCards diseases for RNASEL Gene - From: HGMD, OMIM, ClinVar, GTR, Orphanet, DISEASES, Novoseek, and GeneCards
Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|
prostate cancer, hereditary, 1 |
|
|
prostate cancer |
|
|
chronic fatigue syndrome |
|
|
microphthalmia with limb anomalies |
|
|
male reproductive organ cancer |
|
|
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
RN5A_HUMAN- Prostate cancer, hereditary, 1 (HPC1) [MIM:601518]: A condition associated with familial predisposition to cancer of the prostate. Most prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas that develop in the acini of the prostatic ducts. Other rare histopathologic types of prostate cancer that occur in approximately 5% of patients include small cell carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, prostatic ductal carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma (basaloid), signet-ring cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma. Note=Disease susceptibility is associated with variations affecting the gene represented in this entry. {ECO:0000305 PubMed:11799394, ECO:0000305 PubMed:11941539, ECO:0000305 PubMed:12415269, ECO:0000305 PubMed:17344846}.
Additional Disease Information for RNASEL
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
No data available for Genatlas for RNASEL Gene
Publications for RNASEL Gene
- Germline alterations of the RNASEL gene, a candidate HPC1 gene at 1q25, in patients and families with prostate cancer. (PMID: 11941539) Rökman A … Schleutker J (American journal of human genetics 2002) 3 4 22 44 58
- Single and multivariate associations of MSR1, ELAC2, and RNASEL with prostate cancer in an ethnic diverse cohort of men. (PMID: 20086112) Beuten J … Leach RJ (Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 2010) 3 22 44 58
- RNASEL and RNASEL-inhibitor variation and prostate cancer risk in Afro-Caribbeans. (PMID: 18189233) Shea PR … Ferrell RE (The Prostate 2008) 3 22 44 58
- Joint effects of inflammation and androgen metabolism on prostate cancer severity. (PMID: 18566991) Rebbeck TR … Zeigler-Johnson C (International journal of cancer 2008) 3 22 44 58
- Germline mutation in RNASEL predicts increased risk of head and neck, uterine cervix and breast cancer. (PMID: 18575592) Madsen BE … Hansen LL (PloS one 2008) 3 22 44 58
Products for RNASEL Gene
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- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- antibodies-online: Search results for 71 available RNASEL Antibodies ranked by validation data
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- GeneTex RNASEL antibody for RNASEL
- Search GeneTex for Proteins for RNASEL
- ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for RNASEL gene
- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for RNASEL gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for RNASEL gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for RNASEL
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for RNASEL
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for RNASEL siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for RNASEL
- Horizon Cell Lines for RNASEL
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for 117 available RNASEL gene related products
- Overview of 117 available RNASEL gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for 117 available RNASEL gene related products
- Overview of 117 available RNASEL gene related products
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for 117 available RNASEL gene related products
- Overview of 117 available RNASEL gene related products
- genomics-online: primer clones - Search results for 117 available RNASEL gene related products
- Overview of 117 available RNASEL gene related products
- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for 117 available RNASEL gene related products
- Overview of 117 available RNASEL gene related products
Sources for RNASEL Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
- (12) TrEMBL
- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
- (15) Blocks
- (16) MGI
- (17) IUBMB
- (18) KEGG
- (19) MINT
- (20) STRING
- (21) IntAct
- (22) Novoseek
- (23) PharmGKB
- (24) DrugBank
- (25) HMDB
- (26) UniGene
- (27) AceView
- (28) ASD
- (29) ECgene
- (30) GeneAnnot
- (31) CGAP SAGE
- (32) SOURCE
- (33) HomoloGene
- (34) PanEnsembl
- (35) euGenes
- (36) SGD
- (37) FlyBase
- (38) WormBase
- (39) Pseudogene
- (40) DGV
- (41) dbSNP
- (42) GenAtlas
- (43) HGMD
- (44) GAD
- (45) BGMUT
- (46) HuGE
- (47) Atlas
- (48) Cell Signaling Technology
- (49) GenBank
- (50) H-invDB
- (51) HORDE
- (52) HUGE
- (53) IMGT
- (54) Leiden
- (55) miRBase
- (56) DME
- (57) OriGene
- (58) PubMed
- (59) R&D Systems
- (60) TGDB
- (61) Tocris
- (62) Abcam
- (63) Novus Biologicals
- (64) ProSpec
- (65) Sino Biological
- (66) GenScript
- (67) Qiagen
- (68) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (69) OCA
- (70) Proteopedia
- (71) MOPED
- (72) neXtProt
- (73) Reactome
- (74) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (75) fRNAdb
- (76) DISEASES
- (77) SIMAP
- (78) GenomeRNAi
- (79) LifeMap
- (80) miRTarBase
- (81) MalaCards
- (82) Invitrogen
- (83) BitterDB
- (84) Vector BioLabs
- (85) ESI-BIO
- (86) RefSeq
- (87) BioSystems
- (88) MaxQB
- (89) IUPHAR
- (90) BioGPS
- (91) Illumina
- (92) COMPARTMENTS
- (93) HOMER
- (94) PaxDb
- (95) ApexBio
- (96) Addgene
- (97) antibodies-online
- (98) CYP
- (99) NONCODE
- (100) SwitchGear Genomics
- (101) TreeFam
- (102) PathCards
- (103) GeneReviews
- (104) GeneTex
- (105) Taconic Biosciences
- (106) GTEx
- (107) ProteomicsDB
- (108) SCBT
- (109) DGIdb
- (110) ClinicalTrials
- (111) FDA Approved Drugs
- (112) RVIS
- (113) SIGNOR
- (114) diseasecard
- (115) NIH Rare Diseases
- (116) Orphanet
- (117) UMLS
- (118) GTR
- (119) Disease Ontology
- (120) Genetics Home Reference
- (121) MeSH
- (122) MedlinePlus
- (123) CDC
- (124) NINDS
- (125) NCBI Bookshelf
- (126) ClinVar
- (127) Gene Damage Index
- (128) ViGene Biosciences
- (129) HPO
- (130) UDN
- (131) VISTA
- (132) FANTOM5
- (133) ENCODE
- (134) ProSci
- (135) Horizon
- (136) NURSA
- (137) IID
- (138) Cyagen
- (139) VectorBuilder
- (140) SNPedia
- (141) BRCA Exchange
- (142) St John's Lab
- (143) CIViC
- (144) ProteoGenix
- (145) dbSUPER
- (146) TISSUES
- (147) Gene ORGANizer
- (148) abm
- (149) CrownBio
- (150) Human Protein Atlas
- (151) GWAS Catalog
- (152) Monarch Initiative
- (153) DataMed
- (154) HumanCyc
- (155) genomics-online
- (156) UCNEbase
- (157) EPDnew