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Category Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21

GIFtS
-

RASD2 Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 54
GCID: GC22P035936

RASD family, member 2

Explore 2 diseases affiliated with
RASD2 via

MalaCards

our new
Human Malady Compendium

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
RASD Family, Member 2¹ ²		Tumor Endothelial Marker 2² ³
TEM2¹ ² ³ ⁵		Ras Homolog Enriched In Striatum² ³
MGC:4834¹ ²		GTP-Binding Protein Rhes²
Rhes¹ ²		RHES⁵

External Ids:	HGNC: 18229¹	Entrez Gene: 23551²	Ensembl: ENSG00000100302⁷	OMIM: 612842⁵	UniProtKB: Q96D21³

Export aliases for RASD2 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC22P032586 GC22P034209 GC22P034261 GC22P018896

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for RASD2:

This gene encodes a Ras-related protein that enriched in striatum. The product of this gene binds to GTP and possesses

intrinsic GTPase activity. The gene belongs to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. The exact function of this gene

is unknown, but most striatum-specific mRNAs characterized to date encode components of signal transduction cascades.

(provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: RHES_HUMAN, Q96D21

Function: GTPase signaling protein that binds to and hydrolyzes GTP. Regulates signaling pathways involving

G-proteins-coupled receptor and heterotrimeric proteins such as GNB1, GNB2 and GNB3. May be involved in selected

striatal competencies, mainly locomotor activity and motor coordination

Gene Wiki entry for RASD2

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000022.10 NC_018933.1 NT_011520.12

Regulatory elements:

SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the RASD2 gene promoter:
Oct-B1 RFX1 oct-B2 E47 Egr-4 AREB6 PPAR-alpha POU2F1 POU2F1a Pax-4a
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: RASD2 promoter sequence

Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for RASD2

Epigenetics:

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat RASD2

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 22q13.1 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 22q12.3 HGNC cytogenetic band: 22q13.1

RASD2 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
RASD2 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 22 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC22P035936: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	35,936,915 bp from pter	End:	35,950,048 bp from pter
Size:	13,134 bases	Orientation:	plus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to ²PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: RHES_HUMAN, Q96D21 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: GTP-binding protein Rhes precursor

Size: 266 amino acids; 30366 Da

Subunit: Monomer (Potential). Interacts with PIK3CA and UBE2I (By similarity). Interacts with GNB1, GNB2 and GNB3.

Interacts with HTT; interacts with mutant HTT (mHTT) with a much higher affinity than wild type HTT

Subcellular location: Cell membrane; Lipid-anchor (By similarity)

Miscellaneous: Reduces cell survival in striatal cells with Huntington disease by binding to mutant Huntington disease

protein (mHTT; poly-Gln region with 82 repeats) and inducing sumoylation of mHTT

Sequence caution: Sequence=AAG00868.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Note=Translation N-terminally shortened;

Secondary accessions: O95520 Q5THY8

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for RASD2: NX_Q96D21

Post-translational modifications:

Farnesylated. Farnesylation is required for membrane targeting (By similarity)¹

View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus²

View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q96D21

RASD2 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image

REFSEQ proteins: NP_055125.2

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000216127

Human Recombinant Protein Products:

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	Uscn Proteins for RASD2

Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005886	plasma membrane	ISS	--

RASD2 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

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(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

RASD2 for domains About GeneDecksing

3 InterPro domains/families:

IPR005225 Small_GTP-bd_dom

IPR001806 Small_GTPase

IPR020849 Small_GTPase_Ras

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q96D21

ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q96D21

2 Blocks protein families:

IPB001806 Transforming protein P21 RAS signature

IPB003577 Ras small GTPase

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: RHES_HUMAN, Q96D21

Similarity: Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. RasD family

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: RHES_HUMAN, Q96D21

Function: GTPase signaling protein that binds to and hydrolyzes GTP. Regulates signaling pathways involving

G-proteins-coupled receptor and heterotrimeric proteins such as GNB1, GNB2 and GNB3. May be involved in selected

striatal competencies, mainly locomotor activity and motor coordination

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone: RASD2 Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
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		8/12 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate RASD2 (see all 12):
		hsa-miR-495 hsa-miR-631 hsa-miR-3661 hsa-miR-9 hsa-miR-124 hsa-miR-144 hsa-miR-582-5p hsa-miR-149

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Gene Editing
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In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for RASD2

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/6 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 6): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0003924	GTPase activity	NAS	11976265
GO:0005515	protein binding	--	--
GO:0005525	GTP binding	IEA	--
GO:0031624	ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding	IEA	--
GO:0031681	G-protein beta-subunit binding	IPI	19255495

RASD2 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for RASD2:

Increased gamma-H2AX phosphory

Animal Models:
Mouse knock-out Rasd2^tm1Rdl for RASD2
2 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 1 allele) (MGI details for Rasd2):

behavior/neurological

growth/size

RASD2 for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

(Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
About This Section

Interactions:

Search SABiosciences Gene Network Central^TM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for RASD2

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 12)

5/21 Interacting proteins for RASD2 (Q96D21³ ENSP00000216127⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 21)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
ACVR1	Q04771³, ENSP00000263640⁴	I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000263640
SMAD2	Q15796³, ENSP00000262160⁴	I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000262160
SMAD3	P84022³, ENSP00000332973⁴	I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000332973
SMURF1	Q9HCE7³, ENSP00000354621⁴	I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000354621
PIK3CA	P42336³, ENSP00000263967⁴	I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000263967

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/8 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 8): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0001963	synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	IEA	--
GO:0006184	GTP catabolic process	--	--
GO:0007264	small GTPase mediated signal transduction	IC	11976265
GO:0007626	locomotory behavior	ISS	--
GO:0031397	negative regulation of protein ubiquitination	IEA	--

RASD2 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section

Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse Tocris compounds for RASD2

1 HMDB Compound for RASD2 About this table

Compound	Synonyms	CAS #	PubMed Ids
Guanosine triphosphate	5'-GTP (see all 10)	86-01-1	--

Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about RASD2 / RHES

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for RASD2 gene:

NM_014310.3

Unigene Cluster for RASD2:

RASD family, member 2

Hs.474711 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: BC013419

1 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000216127(uc003anx.3 uc003any.3)

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		hsa-miR-495 hsa-miR-631 hsa-miR-3661 hsa-miR-9 hsa-miR-124 hsa-miR-144 hsa-miR-582-5p hsa-miR-149

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Additional cDNA sequence:

AF279143.1 AL831936.1 BC013419.2 CR456477.1

1 DOTS entry:

DT.100027076

24/73 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 73):

BI754083 BQ954076 BC013419 BQ073742 BX090908 BQ947936 BU584208 NM_014310

CR456477 BQ017479 AF279143 BU585097 BE275652 BU585108 BE047733 BF970943

BU584604 BU584901 BU585099 BU585096 BX332736 BE408863 H55531 BQ954352

GeneLoc Exon Structure

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

RASD2 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: GATCTCCGTG

About this image

RASD2 expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells

Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine About this table

1 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartment/Cell

Tissue

Anatomical Compartment

Cell

Category (developmental path)

Heart

Atrioventricular Node

Atrioventricular Node Cells

Myocardium

Expression:

Positive

Negative

Selective marker

Experimental details:

Curated

Microarrays

In-situ hybridization

Stem Cell Differentiation: 3 LifeMap Cells

Name

Category

PureStem™ mesenchymal progenitor 7PEND24 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)

Cartilage, Neural Crest

PureStem™ progenitor SK17 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)

PureStem™ progenitor W10 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)

See RASD2 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
Genevestigator expression for RASD2

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.474711

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: RHES_HUMAN, Q96D21

Tissue specificity: Pancreatic endocrine cells (islets of Langerhans)

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In Situ
Assay Products:

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(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
About This Section

This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

Orthologs for RASD2 gene from 6/21 species (see all 21) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	RASD2¹	RASD family, member 2	81.33(n) 90.23(a)		418057 XM_416293.3 XP_416293.3
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	RASD2⁶	--	89(a)	1 ↔ 1	5(21678463-21682044)
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	Amphibia	Xl.24880²	Xenopus laevis transcribed sequence with weak similarity more	76.23(n)		BJ069624.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	zgc:114118⁶ BX908759.3⁶	--	32(a) 29(a)	1 ↔ many 1 ↔ many	3(47587827-47590319) 1(57737782-57741410)
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	Insecta	CG8641³	RAS small monomeric GTPase	48(a) (best of 2)		65E3 --
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)	Secernentea	D1081.4⁶	--	25(a)	possible ortholog	I(8474843-8476276)

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for RASD2 (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for RASD2 (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
About This Section

Paralogs for RASD2 gene

RAP2C² RASL10B² DIRAS1² RAP1B² RAP2A² RAP1A² RAP2B² RASD1²

DIRAS2² RASL10A² DIRAS3²

18/22 SIMAP similar genes for RASD2 using alignment to 1 protein entry: RHES_HUMAN(see all similar genes):

RASD1 DIRAS2 DKFZp547A0616 RAP2B RAP2C DIRAS1

RAP2A RAP1B RAP1A NRAS RRAS DIRAS3

RALA RERG RAB5B RIT1 RRAS2 MRAS

RASD2 for paralogs About GeneDecksing

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
About This Section

SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 22 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs146081209^1,2		--	35935443(+)	`GGTTGC/GGGGTG`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs2092195^1,2	C,F,A,H,	--	35935475(+)	`GTCCAG/AGGATC`	1	--	us2k¹ tfbs³		15		NS EA NA CSA WA	933
rs9622223^1,2		--	35935560(+)	`tcctgA/Gtatgt`	1	--	us2k¹		1		NA	2
rs185629459^1,2		--	35935747(+)	`TATGGC/TAAGTG`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs190434737^1,2		--	35935842(+)	`TAAAAA/CATATA`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs142069123^1,2		--	35935859(+)	`AATAAA/GTGGTG`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs73419190^1,2	C,F,	--	35935908(+)	`TAGGTG/CAAGCC`	1	--	us2k¹		5		WA EA CSA	364
rs78331972^1,2	F,	--	35935989(+)	`TCGGCC/TGTGGT`	1	--	us2k¹		1		WA	118
rs150820251^1,2		--	35935990(+)	`CGGCCA/GTGGTC`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs113034223^1,2	C,F,	--	35936027(+)	`TCTGGC/TTACTA`	1	--	us2k¹		1		EA	218

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for RASD2 (35936915 - 35950048 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 1 variation for RASD2
1 CNV: 9845

SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays

QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing RASD2

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(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
About This Section

RASD2 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

OMIM gene information: 612842    OMIM disorders: --

2 diseases for RASD2:    About MalaCards

huntington's disease pancreatitis

Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: RASD2 (1 document)

Export disorders for RASD2 gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

PubMed articles for RASD2 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 16):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with RASD2)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium. (PubMed id 10947988)^{1, 2, 3} St Croix B....Kinzler K.W. (2000)
Identification of the monomeric G-protein, Rhes, as an efaroxan- regulated protein in the pancreatic beta-cell. (PubMed id 11976265)^{1, 2, 9} Chan S.L.F.... Morgan N.G. (2002)
The cationic region of Rhes mediates its interactions with specific Gbeta subunits. (PubMed id 19255495)^{1, 2} Hill C....Davey J. (2009)
The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)^{1, 2} Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
The small GTP-binding protein, Rhes, regulates signal transduction from G protein-coupled receptors. (PubMed id 14724584)^{1, 3} Vargiu P....Bernal J. (2004)
A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome. (PubMed id 15461802)^{1, 2} Collins J.E.... Dunham I. (2004)
The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. (PubMed id 10591208)^{1, 2} Dunham I....O'Brien K.P. (1999)
Rhes: A striatal-specific Ras homolog related to Dexras1. (PubMed id 10467249)^{1, 3} Falk J.D....Sutcliffe J.G. (1999)
Rhes expression in pancreatic beta-cells is regulated by efaroxan in a calcium-dependent process. (PubMed id 16945334)^{1, 9} Taylor J.P....Chan S.L. (2006)
Rhes, a striatal specific protein, mediates mutant-hu ntingtin cytotoxicity. (PubMed id 19498170)² Subramaniam S....Snyder S.H. (2009)

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(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 23551	HGNC: 18229	AceView: RASD2	Ensembl:ENSG00000100302	euGenes: HUgn23551
ECgene: RASD2	H-InvDB: RASD2

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for RASD2	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

Intellectual Property for RASD2 gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for RASD2 gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving RASD2

GeneCards and IP:
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(Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, SABiosciences, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Uscn, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Cell lines from GenScript and LifeMap BioReagents, PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, and/or Enzo Life Sciences),
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