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PTGS2 Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 74
GCID: GC01M186640

Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (Prostaglandin G/H...

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(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, ¹⁰fRNAdb, ¹²H-InvDB, ¹³NCBI, ¹⁴NONCODE, and/or ¹⁵RNAdb)
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Aliases
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (Prostaglandin G/H Synthase And Cyclooxygenase)¹ ²		PGG/HS²
Prostaglandin H2 Synthase 2² ³		PHS-2²
COX-2² ³		Cyclooxygenase 2b²
COX2² ³		hCox-2²
PGHS-2² ³		Prostaglandin G/H Synthase 2²
PGH Synthase 2² ³		Cyclooxygenase-2³
PHS II² ³		Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2³
EC 1.14.99.1³ ⁸		EC 1.14.99⁸
GRIPGHS²

External Ids:	HGNC: 9605¹	Entrez Gene: 5743²	Ensembl: ENSG00000073756⁷	OMIM: 600262⁵	UniProtKB: P35354³

Export aliases for PTGS2 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC01M184166 GC01M182068 GC01M183160 GC01M183879 GC01M183372 GC01M184907 GC01M157875

(According to Entrez Gene, GeneCards, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
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Entrez Gene summary for PTGS2 Gene:

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), also known as cyclooxygenase, is the key enzyme in prostaglandin

biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase. There are two isozymes of PTGS: a constitutive

PTGS1 and an inducible PTGS2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. This gene

encodes the inducible isozyme. It is regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is responsible

for the prostanoid biosynthesis involved in inflammation and mitogenesis. (provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009)

GeneCards Summary for PTGS2 Gene:

PTGS2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)) is a protein-coding gene. Diseases associated with PTGS2 include bile duct cysts, and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. GO annotations related to this gene include protein homodimerization activity and heme binding. An important paralog of this gene is PTGS1.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PGH2_HUMAN, P35354

Function: Critical component of colonic mucosal wound repair (By similarity). Mediates the formation of

prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for

prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity

summary for PTGS2 Gene:

Cyclooxygenase (also known as COX, Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase, Prostaglandin G/H synthase) is

expressed in cells in three isoforms: COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3. COX-1 (constitutive) and COX-2 (inducible)

isoforms catalyze the rate-limiting step of prostaglandin production and are the targets of non-steroidal

anti-inflammatory drugs. COX-3 does not appear to be involved in inflammatory processes, but seems to be

involved in pain and fever. COX-3 is thought to be derived through the retention of the highly structured G

+ C-rich intron 1 of the COX-1 gene.

Gene Wiki entry for PTGS2 Gene

PharmGKB "VIP" summary for PTGS2

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 75), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
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RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000001.11 NC_018912.2 NT_004487.20

Regulatory elements:

Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PTGS2 gene promoter:
AP-1 ATF-2 POU6F1 (c2) STAT5A CREB deltaCREB FOXJ2 (long isoform) c-Jun FOXJ2
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids (see all 3): PTGS2 promoter sequence

Search Chromatin IP Primers for PTGS2

Epigenetics:

DNA Methylation CpG Assay Predesigned for Pyrosequencing in human, mouse, rat PTGS2

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 1q25.2-q25.3 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 1q31.1 HGNC cytogenetic band: 1q25.2-q25.3

PTGS2 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PTGS2 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 1 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC01M186640: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	186,640,923 bp from pter	End:	186,649,559 bp from pter
Size:	8,637 bases	Orientation:	minus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, ²neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Cloud-Clone Corp.,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Cloud-Clone Corp., Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, LSBio, Abcam, and/or Cloud-Clone Corp.)
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UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PGH2_HUMAN, P35354 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor

Size: 604 amino acids; 68996 Da

Cofactor: Binds 1 heme B (iron-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit (By similarity)

Subunit: Homodimer (By similarity)

Miscellaneous: This enzyme acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase

Miscellaneous: This enzyme is the target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin

1 PDB 3D structure from and Proteopedia for PTGS2:

1V0X (3D)

Secondary accessions: A8K802 Q16876

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PTGS2: NX_P35354

Explore proteomics data for PTGS2 at MOPED

Post-translational modifications:

S-nitrosylation by NOS2 (iNOS) activates enzyme activity. S-nitrosylation may take place on different Cys residues

in addition to Cys-561¹

Glycosylation² at Asn53, Asn130, Asn396, Asn580

Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus

Selected DME Specific Peptides for PTGS2 (P35354) (see all 30)

LYHWHPL

ASIDQSR

IINTASI

LGHGVDL

See PTGS2 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED, PaxDB, and MaxQB

REFSEQ proteins: NP_000954.1

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000356438 ENSP00000454130

Reactome Protein details: P35354

PTGS2 Human Recombinant Protein Products:

	Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
	Browse R&D Systems for human recombinant proteins
	Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
	Browse OriGene full length recombinant human proteins expressed in human HEK293 cells OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate for PTGS2 OriGene Custom MassSpec OriGene Custom Protein Services for PTGS2
	GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for PTGS2
	Novus Biologicals PTGS2 Proteins Novus Biologicals PTGS2 Lysates
	Sino Biological Recombinant Protein for PTGS2 Sino Biological Cell Lysate for PTGS2
	Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
	Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for PTGS2

PTGS2 Antibody Products:

	EMD Millipore Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies for the study of PTGS2
	R&D Systems Antibodies for PTGS2 (COX-2)
	Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Antibodies for PTGS2 (COX-2)
	OriGene Antibodies for PTGS2 OriGene Custom Antibody Services for PTGS2
	Novus Biologicals PTGS2 Antibodies
	Abcam antibodies for PTGS2
	Cloud-Clone Corp. Antibodies for PTGS2
	ThermoFisher Antibodies for PTGS2
	LSBio Antibodies in human, mouse, rat for PTGS2

PTGS2 Assay Products:

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
	OriGene Custom Assay Services for PTGS2
	R&D Systems ELISAs for PTGS2 (COX-2) (see all)
	GenScript Custom Assay Services for PTGS2
	Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Sandwich ELISA Kits for PTGS2 (COX-2)
	Enzo Life Sciences assays for PTGS2
	Cloud-Clone Corp. ELISAs for PTGS2 Cloud-Clone Corp. CLIAs for PTGS2

(According to HGNC, IUPHAR, InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
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IUPHAR Guide to PHARMACOLOGY protein family classification: COX-2

Cyclooxygenase

4 InterPro protein domains:

IPR000742 EG-like_dom

IPR010255 Haem_peroxidase

IPR019791 Haem_peroxidase_animal_subgr

IPR002007 Haem_peroxidase_animal

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P35354

ProtoNet protein and cluster: P35354

3 Blocks protein domains:

IPB002007 Animal haem peroxidase signature

IPB006210 Type I EGF

IPB010255 Haem peroxidase

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PGH2_HUMAN, P35354

Similarity: Belongs to the prostaglandin G/H synthase family

Similarity: Contains 1 EGF-like domain

PTGS2 for domains About GeneDecksing

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, inGenious Targeting Laboratory, genOway,
transcription factor targeting from QIAGEN and/or HOMER, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, ESI BIO, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Molecular Function:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: PGH2_HUMAN, P35354

Function: Critical component of colonic mucosal wound repair (By similarity). Mediates the formation of

prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of inflammation and/or a role for

prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity

Catalytic activity: Arachidonate + AH(2) + 2 O(2) = prostaglandin H(2) + A + H(2)O

Biophysicochemical properties: Kinetic parameters: KM=16.2 uM for arachidonate (in absence of sodium nitroprusside

NO donor); KM=17.0 uM for arachidonate (in presence of sodium nitroprusside NO donor); Vmax=81.3 nmol/min/mg

enzyme (in absence of sodium nitroprusside NO donor); Vmax=132 nmol/min/mg enzyme (in absence of sodium

nitroprusside NO donor);

Induction: By cytokines and mitogens

Genatlas biochemistry entry for PTGS2:

prostaglandin G/H synthase 2,mitogen and cytokine inducible form (lipocalin family,Kernel group),monomer,potent

mediator of inflammation,playing a minor role in colorectal carcinogenesis,overexpressed in squamous cell

carcinoma of the head and neck,putatively involved in the tumor tissue response to necrosis

Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB): EC 1.14.99.1¹ ² EC 1.14.99²

Gene Ontology (GO): Selected molecular function terms (see all 10): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0004601	peroxidase activity	NAS	14511332
GO:0004666	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity	IDA	1380156
GO:0005515	protein binding	--	--
GO:0008289	lipid binding	IEA	--
GO:0016702	oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen	--	--

PTGS2 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

Phenotypes:
Selected MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 13 alleles) (MGI details for Ptgs2) (see all 25):

adipose tissue	behavior/neurological	cardiovascular system	cellular	digestive/alimentary
embryogenesis	endocrine/exocrine gland	growth/size/body	hematopoietic system	homeostasis/metabolism
immune system	integument	liver/biliary system	mortality/aging	muscle

PTGS2 for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

Animal Models:
MGI mouse knock-outs for PTGS2: Ptgs2^tm1Unc Ptgs2^{tm2(Ptgs1)Fun} Ptgs2^tm3Fun Ptgs2^tm1Jed

inGenious Targeting Laboratory: Let us create your new Knockout/Knockin mouse model for PTGS2

inGenious Targeting Laboratory: Contact us about creating complex and humanized mouse models for PTGS2

genOway customized KO model: permanent, tissue-specific or time-controlled inactivation for PTGS2

genOway customized Knockin model: humanization, point mutation, expression monitoring, etc. for PTGS2

miRNA Products:		miRTarBase miRNAs that target PTGS2: hsa-mir-181a-5p (MIRT025094), hsa-mir-16-5p (MIRT001426), hsa-mir-137 (MIRT006329), hsa-mir-124-3p (MIRT022542), hsa-let-7b-5p (MIRT001603), hsa-mir-101-3p (MIRT004297), hsa-mir-26b-5p (MIRT004659), hsa-mir-132-3p (MIRT021768), hsa-mir-128-3p (MIRT021956), hsa-mir-335-5p (MIRT017755)

		Block miRNA regulation of human, mouse, rat PTGS2 using miScript Target Protectors
		Selected qRT-PCR Assays for microRNAs that regulate PTGS2 (see all 23):
		hsa-miR-4291 hsa-miR-576-3p hsa-miR-624* hsa-miR-1297 hsa-miR-144 hsa-miR-629* hsa-miR-558 hsa-miR-1827

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PTGS2 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		OriGene RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for PTGS2
		Predesigned siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PTGS2

Gene Editing
Products:

DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PTGS2

Clone Products:		OriGene clones in human, mouse for PTGS2 (see all 8) OriGene ORF clones in mouse, rat for PTGS2 OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PTGS2 (NM_000963)
		Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for PTGS2
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PTGS2
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PTGS2

Cell Line Products:		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for PTGS2
		Browse ESI BIO Cell Lines and PureStem Progenitors for PTGS2

In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PTGS2

(According to UniProtKB, COMPARTMENTS Subcellular localization database, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

PGH2_HUMAN, P35354: Microsome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral

membrane protein

Subcellular locations from COMPARTMENTS:

Compartment	Confidence
endoplasmic reticulum	5
nucleus	4
extracellular	3
cytoskeleton	2
cytosol	2
mitochondrion	2
peroxisome	2
plasma membrane	2
lysosome	1

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Gene Ontology (GO): 5 cellular component terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005634	nucleus	ISS	--
GO:0005737	cytoplasm	ISS	--
GO:0005789	endoplasmic reticulum membrane	TAS	--
GO:0043005	neuron projection	IDA	12355421
GO:0043234	protein complex	IEA	--

PTGS2 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(SuperPaths according to PathCards, Pathways according to R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Sino Biological, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to QIAGEN, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene).
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SuperPaths for PTGS2 About (see all 46)

See pathways by source

SuperPath

Contained pathways About

Arachidonic acid metabolism

Arachidonic acid metabolism	0.41	Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)
Arachidonic acid metabolism	0.40	C20 prostanoid biosynthesis
HETE and HPETE biosynthesis and metabolism	0.33	Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives

Metabolism

	Metabolism	0.38			Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins	0.37
	Metabolic pathways	0.38

Eicosanoid Synthesis

Eicosanoid Synthesis

aspirin triggered resolvin E biosynthesis

0.00

PEDF Induced Signaling

	MIF Mediated Glucocorticoid Regulation	0.94			all-trans-Retinoic Acid Signaling in Brain	0.71
	MIF Regulation of Innate Immune Cells	0.94			Endothelin-1 Signaling Pathway	0.46

Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes

Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes

0.38

Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway

0.38

Pathways by source See SuperPaths
Show all pathways

Selected Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of GeneGlobe Pathway Central Maps for PTGS2 (see all 13)

	MIF Regulation of Innate Immune Cells
	Neuropathic Pain-Signaling in Dorsal Horn Neurons
	HGF Pathway
	Endothelin-1 Signaling Pathway
	Colorectal Cancer Metastasis

3 Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Pathways for PTGS2

	Angiogenesis
	Neuroscience
	NF-kappaB Signaling

Selected GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathways for PTGS2 (see all 10)

	HETE and HPETE biosynthesis and metabolism
	Immune response MIF-mediated glucocorticoid regulation
	Immune response MIF in innate immunity response
	Development VEGF signaling via VEGFR2 - generic cascades
	Transcription PPAR Pathway

Selected BioSystems Pathways for PTGS2 (see all 13)

	Eicosanoid Synthesis
	Selenium Pathway
	Prostaglandin Synthesis and Regulation
	C20 prostanoid biosynthesis
	aspirin triggered resolvin E biosynthesis

2 Reactome Pathways for PTGS2

	Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
	Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)

3 PharmGKB Pathways for PTGS2

	Acetaminophen Pathway, Pharmacokinetics
	Celecoxib Pathway, Pharmacodynamics
	Etoposide Pathway, Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics

Selected Kegg Pathways (Kegg details for PTGS2) (see all 14):

	Arachidonic acid metabolism
	Metabolic pathways
	NF-kappa B signaling pathway
	VEGF signaling pathway
	TNF signaling pathway

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PGH2_HUMAN, P35354

Pathway: Lipid metabolism; prostaglandin biosynthesis

PTGS2 for pathways About GeneDecksing

Pathway & Disease-focused RT² Profiler PCR Arrays including PTGS2 (see all 25):

Lung Cancer in human mouse rat

Wound Healing in human mouse rat

Inflammasomes in human mouse rat

Prostate Cancer in human mouse rat

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Enzymes in human mouse rat

Interactions:

GeneGlobe Interaction Network for PTGS2

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

Selected Interacting proteins for PTGS2 (P35354³ ENSP00000356438⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 90)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
ABHD16A	O95870³, ENSP00000379282⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000379282
ENSG00000206403	O95870³	I2D: score=1
ENSG00000224552	O95870³	I2D: score=1
ENSG00000230475	O95870³	I2D: score=1
ENSG00000231488	O95870³	I2D: score=1

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): Selected biological process terms (see all 66): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0001516	prostaglandin biosynthetic process	NAS	--
GO:0001525	angiogenesis	IEA	--
GO:0006693	prostaglandin metabolic process	TAS	9630216
GO:0006928	cellular component movement	TAS	9630216
GO:0006954	inflammatory response	IEA	--

PTGS2 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, ApexBio, HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, Ligands according to IUPHAR, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB)
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Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Enzo Life Sciences drugs & compounds for PTGS2

Browse compounds at ApexBio

Compounds for PTGS2 available from Tocris Bioscience About this table

Compound	Action	CAS #
Celecoxib	Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor	[169590-42-5]
Resveratrol	Cyclooxygenase inhibitor	[501-36-0]
NS 398	Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor	[123653-11-2]
SC 58125	Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor	[162054-19-5]
Indomethacin	Cyclooxygenase inhibitor (COX-1 > COX-2)	[53-86-1]

Selected HMDB Compounds for PTGS2 (see all 16) About this table

Compound	Synonyms	CAS #	PubMed Ids
11R-HEPE	11(R)-hydroxyeicosa-5Z,8Z,12E,14Z,17Z-pentaenoate (see all 2)	--	--
Acetaminophen	4'-Hydroxyacetanilide (see all 629)	103-90-2	--
Arachidonic acid	5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid (see all 16)	506-32-1	--
Aspirin	2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid (see all 59)	50-78-2	--
Celecoxib	Celebrex (see all 3)	169590-42-5	--
Heme	(protoporphyrinato)iron (see all 19)	14875-96-8	--
Ibuprofen	alpha-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propionate (see all 9)	15687-27-1	--
Iron	Armco iron (see all 19)	7439-89-6	--
Naproxen	(+)-(S)-Naproxen (see all 49)	22204-53-1	--
Oxygen	Oxygen (see all 5)	7782-44-7	--

Selected DrugBank Compounds for PTGS2 (see all 72) About this table

Compound	Synonyms	CAS #	Type	Actions	PubMed Ids
Rofecoxib	MK 966 (see all 2)	162011-90-7	target	inhibitor	10566562 20724158 10555907 10693877 11752352 18922570 20166930 11398914 10643177 10580458
Flurbiprofen	FLP (see all 5)	5104-49-4	target	inhibitor	19066416 17562170 10091674 10773011 10977131 11006278 11405284
Ibuprofen	Ibuprophen (see all 3)	15687-27-1	target	inhibitor	15494133 15556152 14510637 11752352 12852704 15481334
Ibuprofen	Ibuprophen (see all 3)	15687-27-1	enzyme	inhibitor	15494133 15556152 14510637 11752352 12852704 15481334 22668799
Valdecoxib	--	181695-72-7	target	inhibitor	11060833 12564662 12167567 10715145 11752352 12644588 15494548
Acetylsalicylic acid	2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic acid (see all 24)	50-78-2	target	inhibitor	17033106 17301265 17258197 11752352 17037745 17181859
Antrafenine	--	55300-30-6	target	inhibitor	17604186 17612049 17607546 11752352 17532719 17521299
Carprofen	2-(6-Chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl)propanoic acid (see all 6)	53716-49-7	target	inhibitor	15198222 11703020 10895904 17181139 15939622 11752352
Celecoxib	--	169590-42-5	target	inhibitor	12055598 12093311 12104042 11752352 12086402 12086292
Diflunisal	--	22494-42-4	target	inhibitor	8737748 11673972 10825891 11752352 11315375 12852483
Etodolac	--	41340-25-4	target	inhibitor	15198222 11009046 11752352 12824918 10594327 11275997

7 IUPHAR Ligands for PTGS2 (COX-2 ) About this table

Ligand	Type	Action	Affinity	Pubmed IDs
diclofenac	Inhibitor	Inhibition	6.7	--
celecoxib	Inhibitor	Inhibition	5.1	--
rofecoxib	Inhibitor	Inhibition	4.3	--
etoricoxib	Inhibitor	Inhibition	4.3	--
lumiracoxib	Inhibitor	Inhibition	4.3	--
parecoxib	Inhibitor	Inhibition	4.3	--
valdecoxib	Inhibitor	Inhibition	4.3	--

Selected Novoseek inferred chemical compound relationships for PTGS2 gene (see all 117) About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
celecoxib	97	1888	18230053 (7), 18766003 (7), 15014359 (6), 16230415 (6) (see all 99)
rofecoxib	96	933	20110006 (10), 10411562 (6), 17620346 (5), 17636557 (4) (see all 99)
pge2	94.8	3923	18727513 (9), 19452719 (9), 12493746 (8), 16585602 (7) (see all 99)
prostaglandin	92.7	1317	10735591 (5), 10692251 (4), 9016346 (4), 8063757 (3) (see all 99)
ns 398	92.2	312	14630280 (5), 15703831 (4), 15382039 (4), 19956533 (4) (see all 99)
valdecoxib	91.6	196	15494548 (6), 17605893 (3), 18171312 (3), 17429597 (3) (see all 99)
etoricoxib	89.3	163	11160644 (5), 12817520 (4), 15827069 (3), 19392653 (3) (see all 99)
arachidonic acid	88.4	747	9373167 (6), 9461572 (5), 9973312 (4), 9031736 (4) (see all 99)
nimesulide	88.3	372	18333314 (5), 18288985 (5), 19152549 (4), 14977856 (4) (see all 99)
meloxicam	87.8	275	16245223 (4), 12911075 (3), 19078323 (3), 10812057 (3) (see all 99)

3 PharmGKB related drug/compound annotations for PTGS2 gene About this table

Drug/compound	PharmGKB Annotation
aspirin	CA
ibuprofen	CA
rofecoxib	CA

PTGS2 for compounds About GeneDecksing

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 236 Homo sapiens; Apr 25 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
Conferences by KenesGroup, exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN )
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REFSEQ mRNAs for PTGS2 gene:

NM_000963.3

Unigene Cluster for PTGS2:

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)

Hs.196384 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_000963

5 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000367468(uc001gsb.3 uc009wyo.3) ENST00000490885 ENST00000559627

ENST00000466691 ENST00000559800

Congresses - knowledge worth sharing:
European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) 10 - 13 May 2014

miRNA Products:		Block miRNA regulation of human, mouse, rat PTGS2 using miScript Target Protectors
		Selected qRT-PCR Assays for microRNAs that regulate PTGS2 (see all 23):
		hsa-miR-4291 hsa-miR-576-3p hsa-miR-624* hsa-miR-1297 hsa-miR-144 hsa-miR-629* hsa-miR-558 hsa-miR-1827

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PTGS2 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		OriGene RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for PTGS2
		Predesigned siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PTGS2

Clone Products:		OriGene clones in human, mouse for PTGS2 (see all 8) OriGene ORF clones in mouse, rat for PTGS2 OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PTGS2 (NM_000963)
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PTGS2
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PTGS2

Primer Products:		OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for PTGS2 OriGene qSTAR qPCR primer pairs in human, mouse for PTGS2
		Pre-validated RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PTGS2
		QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PTGS2
		QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PTGS2

Additional mRNA sequence:

AJ634912.1 AK292167.1 AY151286.1 AY462100.1 BC013734.1 HM473188.1 L15326.1 M90100.1

3 DOTS entries:

DT.413375 DT.91935010 DT.121406567

Selected AceView cDNA sequences (see all 101):

AA296431 AY462100 AA644211 CB960307 CB143773 D58162 BM978796 BG236304

BQ100978 BQ722004 CD365731 BQ100700 CK823042 CK823043 AL710813 BP335244

AJ634912 BG152882 BC013734 BP337788 T29235 BV199193 BM128780 AL710848

GeneLoc Exon Structure

5 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for PTGS2 About this scheme

ExUns:	1a	·	1b	·	1c	·	1d	^	2	^	3	^	4a	·	4b	^	5a	·	5b	^	6	^	7	^	8	^	9a	·	9b	^	10a	·	10b
SP1:																											-
SP2:																	-										-
SP3:																											-
SP4:
SP5:

ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for PTGS2

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE ¹MOPED, ²PaxDb, and ³MaxQB, plus additional links to SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
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PTGS2 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS <intensity>^2/3
CGAP TAG: CTGTTCCTTT

About this image

PTGS2 expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells About this table

Data from LifeMap, the Embryonic Development and Stem Cells Database
selected tissues (see all 13) fully expand


Ovary (Reproductive System) fully expand to see all 3 entries
Mural Granulosa Cells Antral Follicle
Oviduct

Blood (Hematopoietic System) fully expand to see all 3 entries
Monocytes Peripheral Blood

Fibroblasts
Cardiac Fibroblasts Myocardium
Detroit 551

Epithelial Cells
Outer Root Sheath Cells Outer Root Sheath

Peripheral Nervous System (Nervous System)
Schwann Precursor Cells Peripheral Nerve Domain

PTGS2 Protein expression data from MOPED¹, PaxDb² and MaxQB³:

About this image

PTGS2 Protein Expression

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.196384

Pathway & Disease-focused RT² Profiler PCR Arrays including PTGS2 (see all 25):

Lung Cancer in human mouse rat

Wound Healing in human mouse rat

Inflammasomes in human mouse rat

Prostate Cancer in human mouse rat

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Enzymes in human mouse rat

Primer Products:		OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for PTGS2 OriGene qSTAR qPCR primer pairs in human, mouse for PTGS2
		Pre-validated RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PTGS2
		QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PTGS2
		QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PTGS2

In Situ
Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PTGS2

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
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This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

Orthologs for PTGS2 gene from Selected species (see all 15) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Ptgs2^{1 , 5}	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2^{1, 5}	84.92(n)¹ 87.12(a)¹		1 (63.84 cM)⁵ 19225¹ NM_011198.3¹ NP_035328.2¹ 150100124⁵
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	PTGS2¹	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin more	78.23(n) 82.65(a)		396451 NM_001167719.1 NP_001161191.1
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	PTGS2⁶	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostagland...	79(a)	1 ↔ 1	GL343203.1(2256271-2268823)
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	Amphibia	Xl.33329²	Xenopus laevis transcribed sequence with moderate similarity more	75.65(n)		CA988090.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	ptgs2²	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	75.55(n)		246227 AY028585.1

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PTGS2 (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for PTGS2 (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
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Paralogs for PTGS2 gene

PTGS1²

2 SIMAP similar genes for PTGS2 using alignment to 3 protein entries: PGH2_HUMAN (see all proteins):

COX-2 PTGS1

PTGS2 for paralogs About GeneDecksing

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, ⁴UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD), the Human Cytochrome P450 Allele Nomenclature Database, and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays, and Copy Number PCR Arrays from QIAGEN)
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SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 1 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs66485939^1,2	C	--	186646588(+)	`TGTGT-/GTATAAT`	1	--	int¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs689463^1,2	C	--	186650999(-)	`AGACTT/-CTACA`	1	--	us2k¹		1		NS	172
rs4648310^1,2	C,F,H	--	193187485(-)	`cctctA/Gtcctt`	1	--	ds500¹		22		NS EA NA	2134
rs146578605^1,2		--	193187526(+)	`ATGATC/TTGCCC`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs180672416^1,2		--	193187545(+)	`ATAATA/TTCCTC`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs4648309^1,2	C,F	--	193187574(-)	`GGGGGC/GACAAA`	1	--	ds500¹		1		NS	180
rs4648308^1,2	C,F,A,H	--	193187577(-)	`GAAGGG/AGGCAC`	1	--	ds500¹		19		NS NA WA CSA EA	1302
rs190748919^1,2		--	193187598(+)	`TCTTAC/TTCTTT`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs139126874^1,2		--	193187633(+)	`TTCTTC/GTAGAC`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs149935897^1,2		--	193187652(+)	`GAAAAC/TAAGCT`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PTGS2 (186640923 - 186649559 bp)

Structural Variations
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) 5 variations for PTGS2: About this table

Variant ID	Type	Subtype	PubMed ID
dgv413n71	CNV	Loss	21882294
nsv470750	CNV	Loss	18288195
dgv412n71	CNV	Loss	21882294
dgv414n71	CNV	Loss	21882294
nsv872590	CNV	Gain	21882294

Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PTGS2

Site Specific Mutation Identification with PCR Assays

SeqTarget long-range PCR primers for resequencing PTGS2

DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for PTGS2

(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Conferences by KenesGroup, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
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OMIM gene information: 600262 OMIM disorders: --

Selected diseases for PTGS2 (see all 328):
About MalaCards

bile duct cysts acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis protoplasmic astrocytoma teratoma with malignant transformation

malignant mesenchymal tumor uterine carcinosarcoma adiponectin deficiency bursitis

bartter syndrome, type 2 small bowel adenocarcinoma asthma and nasal polyps familial adenomatous polyposis

esophagus adenocarcinoma atrophy of prostate bowenoid papulosis colonic disease

intestinal neoplasm choledochal cyst juvenile polyposis syndrome thoracic cancer

Selected diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for PTGS2 (see all 22):

Colorectal cancer Arthritis Carcinoma Vascular disease

Familial adenomatous polyposis Gastrointestinal system disease Adenoma Lung cancer

Pain agnosia Breast cancer Brain disease Esophageal cancer

Myocardial infarction Prostate cancer Skin cancer Alzheimer's disease

Urinary bladder cancer Kidney disease Endometriosis Pancreatic cancer

PTGS2 for disorders About GeneDecksing

Congresses - knowledge worth sharing:
The International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD) 9 - 13 March 2014
Alzheimer's & Parkinson's Diseases Congress (ADPD) 18 - 22 March 2015

98 Novoseek inferred disease relationships for PTGS2 gene (see top 10) About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
inflammation	82.3	1159	16580899 (5), 11437671 (4), 10414396 (4), 12669881 (4) (see all 99)
colon cancer	78.8	585	19437564 (7), 12432918 (6), 20046424 (5), 18320325 (5) (see all 99)
osteoarthritis	78.6	261	15974939 (4), 10560596 (3), 19602530 (3), 19807303 (3) (see all 99)
tumors	76.5	3567	15200266 (8), 20192574 (8), 19329856 (7), 16139560 (7) (see all 99)
colorectal cancer	76.2	748	19671325 (9), 16324362 (7), 16551850 (7), 19132985 (6) (see all 99)
gastrointestinal complications	75.5	50	15475342 (3), 19947799 (2), 15190384 (2), 17552414 (2) (see all 33)
cancer	75	1766	16124396 (6), 12692419 (6), 17428102 (5), 16007171 (5) (see all 99)
familial adenomatous polyposis	72.3	128	14581346 (3), 10874062 (3), 16622748 (2), 11495083 (2) (see all 86)
gastrointestinal ulcers	71.7	19	17611980 (1), 12208114 (1), 18356636 (1), 11961974 (1) (see all 14)
rheumatoid arthritis	69.3	196	15974939 (3), 18261308 (3), 11087881 (2), 15775145 (2) (see all 99)
arthritis	67.3	149	19784684 (3), 11102560 (3), 14606981 (3), 15341245 (2) (see all 99)
ulcer	65.6	205	16247187 (6), 16494585 (4), 15475342 (4), 15531909 (3) (see all 87)
necrosis	64.9	367	16080553 (3), 11158257 (2), 15664395 (2), 18727644 (2) (see all 99)
adenoma	64.6	477	20427397 (10), 10666384 (9), 15505432 (8), 16295777 (7) (see all 99)
premalignant	63.8	116	19737986 (4), 10980112 (3), 12516959 (3), 17826825 (3) (see all 62)
adenocarcinoma	63.3	412	11059772 (7), 12469191 (7), 12713622 (7), 14981968 (6) (see all 99)
gastropathy	62.9	22	15471508 (2), 15998959 (2), 10383283 (1), 15563357 (1) (see all 15)
carcinoma squamous cell	62.8	442	11297248 (6), 11410611 (6), 15461861 (5), 12957358 (5) (see all 99)
dysmenorrhea primary	62.7	9	10511349 (2), 12151162 (1), 10566562 (1), 16178945 (1) (see all 6)
polyps	61.1	248	12743436 (7), 15654792 (6), 18230181 (6), 15628724 (5) (see all 93)
intestinal polyps	60.9	26	12941808 (3), 11533709 (2), 11945149 (2), 12460897 (2) (see all 16)
metastasis	59.1	674	17403293 (7), 16097070 (6), 12680220 (6), 18977022 (6) (see all 99)
gastric cancer	59.1	633	12532440 (8), 15634545 (6), 14532971 (6), 10404093 (6) (see all 99)
peptic ulcer	58.6	36	16271912 (2), 11316141 (2), 16817839 (1), 12187755 (1) (see all 29)
nsclc	58.5	413	18671849 (7), 16119982 (7), 12633561 (6), 12895344 (5) (see all 99)
carcinoma	56.5	523	12576817 (8), 19671325 (7), 18400268 (6), 18758643 (6) (see all 99)
colorectal tumors	56.4	57	16818642 (4), 15075004 (3), 19497798 (3), 12802790 (2) (see all 31)
colon tumor	55.6	50	10987288 (2), 10069452 (2), 8643486 (1), 10728691 (1) (see all 38)
barrett esophagus	55	59	17307036 (3), 11904314 (3), 15269153 (3), 16492917 (2) (see all 39)
colorectal carcinoma	53.8	132	17403293 (7), 11051257 (4), 17062337 (4), 11407522 (3) (see all 64)
gastric ulcer	53.8	68	17086892 (9), 11519793 (6), 14529402 (4), 15720413 (4) (see all 25)
effects cardiovascular	53	53	15151474 (3), 11509060 (1), 15684203 (1), 17612050 (1) (see all 42)
gastrointestinal bleeding	51.6	40	19809010 (3), 17146090 (3), 15668365 (3), 15178499 (2) (see all 28)
adenomatous polyps	51.6	24	16943401 (2), 18214062 (2), 17923032 (1), 19119558 (1) (see all 16)
colon carcinoma	51.1	71	15632146 (3), 16357153 (3), 15289320 (2), 10713711 (2) (see all 44)
prostate cancer	51	375	15907789 (6), 16597032 (6), 17609663 (6), 18386814 (6) (see all 99)
cancer lung	50.6	265	16542464 (4), 15270659 (4), 15829319 (4), 12902860 (4) (see all 99)
breast cancer	50.1	786	11912139 (8), 15001242 (7), 17332916 (7), 17147116 (7) (see all 99)
pancreatic cancer	49.5	198	10953335 (7), 16759529 (5), 18577844 (5), 10070951 (4) (see all 71)
dysplasia	49.5	193	14766253 (8), 11745262 (5), 12957358 (5), 11448905 (4) (see all 79)
colon adenocarcinoma	49	39	18032824 (5), 16506021 (4), 12417326 (3), 16215757 (3) (see all 19)
colonic polyps	48.6	12	14649330 (1), 11769882 (1), 11922545 (1), 17488476 (1) (see all 9)
adenocarcinoma gastric	48.1	61	12910695 (4), 19925030 (4), 9846504 (3), 12679908 (3) (see all 31)
dysmenorrhea	47.4	19	15533352 (4), 15050982 (3), 20363696 (1), 12167567 (1) (see all 13)
microsatellite instability	47.4	37	11403917 (3), 16438886 (3), 19671325 (2), 10945606 (1) (see all 23)
colorectal neoplasms	46.8	13	10666384 (1), 17923032 (1), 18708371 (1), 10762011 (1) (see all 12)
toxicity renal	46.7	18	15903352 (2), 16335308 (2), 9219317 (1), 11317165 (1) (see all 14)
hyperalgesia	46	42	12871573 (4), 12411415 (3), 9875720 (2), 19663884 (2) (see all 22)
adenocarcinoma lung	44.5	56	14566258 (5), 11891209 (5), 14744769 (3), 19685508 (3) (see all 30)
nasal polyps	44.4	86	15480320 (7), 11800371 (6), 10664933 (4), 15301300 (4) (see all 21)
metaplasia	44.3	58	11943943 (3), 10702199 (2), 17222248 (2), 11943946 (2) (see all 35)
rheumatic diseases	43.5	18	17691996 (2), 19078323 (2), 12187755 (1), 11336565 (1) (see all 13)
alzheimers disease	42	108	9740394 (4), 11181073 (2), 16300681 (2), 15276698 (2) (see all 68)
edema	41.1	66	7991575 (2), 12749519 (2), 9707287 (2), 15087954 (2) (see all 44)
gastrointestinal perforation	40.9	1	15702656 (1)
polyposis	40.7	28	15480979 (3), 19124115 (2), 12218179 (2), 10666384 (1) (see all 17)
hnscc	40.7	94	10070952 (6), 17875728 (5), 12883661 (5), 10668483 (5) (see all 23)
bladder cancer	40.6	165	18242386 (5), 12442003 (5), 15240520 (5), 15870865 (4) (see all 52)
gastric carcinoma	40.5	176	18301460 (8), 19173907 (7), 19159555 (7), 19118057 (6) (see all 47)
atherosclerosis	40.3	61	17318614 (4), 10073969 (3), 16785824 (2), 12664583 (2) (see all 44)
uterine carcinosarcoma	40.1	15	15589595 (5), 19900134 (3), 11605037 (3), 15700850 (1)
gastritis	39.9	51	10348815 (5), 10807888 (4), 11886470 (4), 15720413 (4) (see all 26)
osteoarthritis knee	39.6	6	18547825 (1), 12641865 (1), 15478167 (1), 20128070 (1) (see all 5)
oral cancer	38.9	59	15892674 (5), 18356024 (3), 12516959 (2), 15461861 (2) (see all 24)
myocardial infarction	38.7	105	16220041 (2), 18287589 (2), 15094969 (2), 19779026 (2) (see all 80)
cholangiocarcinoma	38.2	99	14973068 (6), 14607721 (5), 19621664 (4), 11870367 (4) (see all 35)
epithelial tumor	37.6	42	16000571 (2), 19218449 (2), 10451445 (1), 11891188 (1) (see all 24)
hepatocellular carcinoma	37	193	19956533 (5), 15218507 (4), 15918970 (4), 17160481 (4) (see all 82)
gastric lesion	36.8	18	10980112 (3), 20492336 (2), 15037209 (2), 16899628 (1) (see all 9)
perforation	36.3	12	10807404 (2), 17258718 (1), 10925968 (1), 12395741 (1) (see all 9)
prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia	36.3	8	18468781 (2), 11502467 (1), 17265445 (1), 11310211 (1) (see all 6)
angioedema	36	17	11708434 (3), 11570615 (2), 17291297 (2), 15811906 (2) (see all 9)
inflammatory bowel diseases	35.6	45	9219792 (3), 10468690 (3), 9679035 (2), 15475742 (2) (see all 33)
upper gastrointestinal bleeding	35.3	5	15144234 (1), 15743481 (1), 17058080 (1), 15934863 (1) (see all 5)
gouty arthritis acute	34.9	2	12411331 (1), 16922642 (1)
neurodegeneration	34.9	53	14552702 (3), 17483693 (2), 18307244 (2), 18760329 (2) (see all 29)
chronic arthritis	34.2	10	9714356 (2), 12755582 (1), 16013657 (1), 16224510 (1) (see all 8)
atherosclerotic plaque	33.9	33	17680542 (3), 16212965 (3), 17362675 (2), 11514380 (1) (see all 20)
cardiovascular diseases	33.6	79	12551863 (2), 16499546 (2), 14623265 (2), 18373616 (2) (see all 65)
urticaria	33.4	17	11708434 (3), 11570615 (2), 17291297 (2), 15335302 (1) (see all 11)
astrocytoma protoplasmic	33.4	1	15017587 (1)
peripheral edema	33.3	5	11249495 (1), 17469317 (1), 11981317 (1), 16470092 (1) (see all 5)
skin cancer	33.2	29	17645375 (2), 16921490 (1), 9635856 (1), 12164941 (1) (see all 25)
cervical cancer	33	134	17013750 (7), 18275990 (5), 11234900 (5), 14555539 (4) (see all 52)
lung carcinoma	32.7	35	16300728 (3), 9823297 (2), 16452236 (2), 15221958 (2) (see all 22)
mammary tumor	32.6	32	15967164 (2), 11032948 (2), 14693742 (2), 11135226 (1) (see all 21)
carcinoma transitional cell	32.4	69	12576817 (5), 17296438 (3), 17024120 (3), 10582676 (3) (see all 27)
intestinal cancer	32.2	4	15992053 (1), 11943943 (1), 9151799 (1), 10668484 (1)
ovarian carcinoma	32	94	11891188 (6), 15363351 (5), 16456945 (4), 15266333 (4) (see all 41)
neck cancer	31.9	35	11326316 (2), 12203806 (2), 16240325 (2), 17387473 (2) (see all 22)
carcinoma ductal	31.7	68	16169726 (6), 16131446 (4), 20174726 (3), 14735188 (2) (see all 29)
gastrointestinal tumor	31.6	12	9888205 (1), 16641552 (1), 16700663 (1), 17934641 (1) (see all 8)
sulfa allergy	31.5	1	11900314 (1)
colitis	31.1	36	14631309 (3), 19101538 (3), 10327390 (3), 15659320 (2) (see all 23)
carcinoma non-small cell lung	30.9	17	16483484 (2), 18003891 (1), 11156228 (1), 15068324 (1) (see all 11)
neovascularization	30.7	38	11051257 (3), 19879866 (3), 10821793 (2), 12821538 (2) (see all 23)
endometriosis	30.5	121	12322896 (6), 16456945 (6), 20068324 (6), 15871199 (6) (see all 36)
hyperprostaglandin e syndrome	30.3	6	11673754 (3), 14630996 (1)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): PTGS2
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PTGS2 (284 documents)

Export disorders for PTGS2 gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for PTGS2 gene, integrated from 10 sources (see all 6739):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PTGS2)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

Genetic polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase-2 gene, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and breast cancer risk. (PubMed id 17181859)^{1, 4, 7, 9} Shen J....Santella R.M. (Breast Cancer Res. 2006)
Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. (PubMed id 1380156)^{1, 2, 3} Hla T. and Neilson K. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1992)
No association between cyclooxygenase-2 and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 genetic polymorphisms and colon cancer risk. (PubMed id 19437564)^{1, 4, 9} Thompson C.L....Li L. (World J. Gastroenterol. 2009)
COX2 genetic variation, NSAIDs, and advanced prostate cancer risk. (PubMed id 17609663)^{1, 4, 9} Cheng I....Witte J.S. (Br. J. Cancer 2007)
Association of polymorphisms of PTGS2 and CYP8A1 with myocardial infarction. (PubMed id 19327107)^{1, 4, 9} Xie X....Liu F. (Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2009)
Cyclooxygenase-2 polymorphisms, aspirin treatment, and risk for colorectal adenoma recurrence--data from a randomized clinical trial. (PubMed id 19755647)^{1, 4, 9} Barry E.L....Baron J.A. (amp 2009)
The COX-2 promoter polymorphism -765 G>C is associated with early-onset, conventional and stump gastric cancers. (PubMed id 18311113)^{1, 4, 9} Sitarz R....Milne A.N. (Mod. Pathol. 2008)
COX1 and COX2 polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk in a Polish population. (PubMed id 18214026)^{1, 4, 9} Hou L....Chow W.H. (Anticancer Res. 2007)
Functional polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) gene and risk of breast cancer in a Chinese population. (PubMed id 17479405)^{1, 4, 9} Gao J....Shen H.B. (J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 2007)
The cyclooxygenase 2 genetic variant -765G>C does not modulate the effects of celecoxib on prostaglandin E2 production. (PubMed id 17178263)^{1, 4, 9} Skarke C....LAPtsch J. (Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2006)

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Aliases
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(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 5743	HGNC: 9605	AceView: PTGS2	Ensembl:ENSG00000073756	euGenes: HUgn5743
ECgene: PTGS2	Kegg: 5743	H-InvDB: PTGS2

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, and/or others, e.g. Wikipedia and GeneReviews, via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for PTGS2	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for PTGS2	Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
NIEHS-SNPs	http://egp.gs.washington.edu/data/ptgs2/
SeattleSNPs	http://pga.gs.washington.edu/data/ptgs2/

Intellectual Property for PTGS2 gene
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Patent Information for PTGS2 gene:
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Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (Prostaglandin G/H...

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