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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

PTGS2 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 71
GCID: GC01M186640

prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H...
 Explore 359 diseases affiliated with
PTGS2 via
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Biological research products
for PTGS2    

Aliases
for PTGS2 gene

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section
Aliases
Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (Prostaglandin G/H Synthase And
Cyclooxygenase)1 2
     PGG/HS2
COX21 2 3     PHS-22
Prostaglandin H2 Synthase 22 3     Cyclooxygenase 2b2
COX-22 3     HCox-21
PGHS-22 3     Prostaglandin G/H Synthase 22
PGH Synthase 22 3     Cyclooxygenase-23
PHS II2 3     Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 23
EC 1.14.99.13 8     EC 1.14.998
GRIPGHS2     

External Ids:    HGNC: 96051   Entrez Gene: 57432   Ensembl: ENSG000000737567   OMIM: 6002625   UniProtKB: P353543   

Export aliases for PTGS2 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC01M184166 GC01M182068 GC01M183160 GC01M183879 GC01M183372 GC01M184907 GC01M157875


Summaries
for PTGS2 gene

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section
Entrez Gene summary for PTGS2:
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), also known as cyclooxygenase, is the key enzyme in prostaglandin
biosynthesis, and acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase. There are two isozymes of PTGS: a constitutive PTGS1
and an inducible PTGS2, which differ in their regulation of expression and tissue distribution. This gene encodes the
inducible isozyme. It is regulated by specific stimulatory events, suggesting that it is responsible for the
prostanoid biosynthesis involved in inflammation and mitogenesis. (provided by RefSeq, Feb 2009)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PGH2_HUMAN, P35354
Function: Mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of
inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity

summary for PTGS2:
Cyclooxygenase (also known as COX, Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase, Prostaglandin G/H synthase) is
expressed in cells in three isoforms: COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3. COX-1 (constitutive) and COX-2 (inducible)
isoforms catalyze the rate-limiting step of prostaglandin production and are the targets of non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. COX-3 does not appear to be involved in inflammatory processes, but seems to be
involved in pain and fever. COX-3 is thought to be derived through the retention of the highly structured G
+ C-rich intron 1 of the COX-1 gene.

Gene Wiki entry for PTGS2

PharmGKB "VIP" summary for PTGS2


Genomic Views
for PTGS2 gene

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000001.10  NC_018912.1  NT_004487.19  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PTGS2 gene promoter:
         AP-1   ATF-2   POU6F1 (c2)   STAT5A   CREB   deltaCREB   FOXJ2 (long isoform)   c-Jun   FOXJ2   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids (see all 3): PTGS2 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PTGS2

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PTGS2


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 1q25.2-q25.3   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  1q31.1   HGNC cytogenetic band: 1q25.2-q25.3

PTGS2 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PTGS2 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 1         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC01M186640:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
 186,640,923 bp from pter      End:
 186,649,559 bp from pter
Size:
 8,637 bases      Orientation:
 minus strand

Proteins
for PTGS2 gene

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PGH2_HUMAN, P35354 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 precursor  
Size: 604 amino acids; 68996 Da
Cofactor: Binds 1 heme B (iron-protoporphyrin IX) group per subunit (By similarity)
Subunit: Homodimer (By similarity)
Subcellular location: Microsome membrane; Peripheral membrane protein. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Peripheral
membrane protein
Miscellaneous: This enzyme acts both as a dioxygenase and as a peroxidase
Miscellaneous: This enzyme is the target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin
1 PDB 3D structure from and Proteopedia for PTGS2:
1V0X (3D)    
Secondary accessions: A8K802 Q16876

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PTGS2: NX_P35354

Post-translational modifications:

  • S-nitrosylation by NOS2 (iNOS) activates enzyme activity. S-nitrosylation may take place on different Cys residues in
    • addition to Cys-5611
  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P35354

    • 4/30 DME Specific Peptides for PTGS2 (P35354) (see all 30)
     LYHWHPL  ASIDQSR  IINTASI  LGHGVDL 

    PTGS2 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins: NP_000954.1  
    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000356438   ENSP00000454130  
    Reactome Protein details: P35354
    Human Recombinant Protein Products: 
    Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
    Browse R&D Systems for human recombinant proteins
    Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
    Browse OriGene full length recombinant human proteins expressed in human HEK293 cells
    OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate: PTGS2
    OriGene Custom Protein Services for PTGS2 
    GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for PTGS2
    Novus Biologicals PTGS2 Proteins
    Novus Biologicals PTGS2 Lysates
    Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
    Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
    Uscn Proteins for PTGS2

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/8 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 8):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005634nucleus ISS--
    GO:0005737cytoplasm ISS--
    GO:0005788endoplasmic reticulum lumen TAS--
    GO:0005789endoplasmic reticulum membrane IEA--
    GO:0005792microsome ----


    PTGS2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    PTGS2 Antibody Products: 
    EMD Millipore Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies for the study of PTGS2
    R&D Systems Antibodies for PTGS2 (COX-2)
    Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Antibodies for PTGS2  (COX-2)
    OriGene Antibodies (see all 3): PTGS2
    OriGene Custom Antibody Services for PTGS2 
    GenScript Custom Superior Antibodies Services for PTGS2
    Novus Biologicals PTGS2 Antibodies
    Abcam antibodies for PTGS2 
    Uscn Antibodies for PTGS2
    ThermoFisher Antibodies for PTGS2

    Assay Products for PTGS2: 
    Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
    OriGene Custom Immunoassay Development
    Browse OriGene Fluorogenic Cell Assay Kits
    R&D Systems ELISAs for PTGS2 (COX-2)         (see first)
    R&D Systems Multiplex/Array Assay Kits & Reagents for PTGS2 (COX-2)
    See all other biochemical assays at R&D Systems
    GenScript Custom Assay Services for PTGS2
    Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Sandwich ELISA Kits for PTGS2 (COX-2)
    Enzo Life Sciences assays for PTGS2
    Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for PTGS2

    Protein Domains /
    Families
    for PTGS2 gene

    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section
    PTGS2 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    4 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR000742 EG-like_dom
     IPR010255 Haem_peroxidase
     IPR019791 Haem_peroxidase_animal_subgr
     IPR002007 Haem_peroxidase_animal

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P35354

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: P35354

    3 Blocks protein families:
    IPB002007 Animal haem peroxidase signature
    IPB006210 Type I EGF
    IPB010255 Haem peroxidase


    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PGH2_HUMAN, P35354
    Similarity: Belongs to the prostaglandin G/H synthase family
    Similarity: Contains 1 EGF-like domain


    Function
    for PTGS2 gene

    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section
    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PGH2_HUMAN, P35354
    Function: Mediates the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonate. May have a role as a major mediator of
    inflammation and/or a role for prostanoid signaling in activity-dependent plasticity
    Catalytic activity: Arachidonate + AH(2) + 2 O(2) = prostaglandin H(2) + A + H(2)O
    Biophysicochemical properties: Kinetic parameters: KM=16.2 uM for arachidonate (in absence of sodium nitroprusside NO
    donor); KM=17.0 uM for arachidonate (in presence of sodium nitroprusside NO donor); Vmax=81.3 nmol/min/mg enzyme (in
    absence of sodium nitroprusside NO donor); Vmax=132 nmol/min/mg enzyme (in absence of sodium nitroprusside NO donor);
    Induction: By cytokines and mitogens

         Genatlas biochemistry entry for PTGS2:
    prostaglandin G/H synthase 2,mitogen and cytokine inducible form (lipocalin family,Kernel group),monomer,potent
    mediator of inflammation,playing a minor role in colorectal carcinogenesis,overexpressed in squamous cell carcinoma of
    the head and neck,putatively involved in the tumor tissue response to necrosis

    Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB): EC 1.14.99.11 2 EC 1.14.992

    miRNA
    Products:            		miRTarBase miRNAs that target PTGS2:
    hsa-mir-101 (MIRT004297), hsa-let-7b (MIRT001603), hsa-mir-16 (MIRT001426), hsa-mir-26b (MIRT004659)

    OriGene 3'-UTR Clone: PTGS2
    Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PTGS2
    8/23 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PTGS2 (see all 23):
    hsa-miR-4291 hsa-miR-576-3p hsa-miR-624* hsa-miR-1297 hsa-miR-144 hsa-miR-629* hsa-miR-558 hsa-miR-1827
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PTGS2 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:            		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PTGS2 (see all 7)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: PTGS2
    OriGene siRNA: PTGS2
    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PTGS2

    Gene Editing
    Products:    		DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PTGS2

    Clone
    Products:             		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
    OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PTGS2 (see all 3)
    OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PTGS2 (see all 2)
    OriGene custom cloning services – gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling 
    GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PTGS2 (NM_000963)
    Browse Sino Biological Human cDNA Clones
    DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PTGS2
    Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PTGS2 

    Cell Line
    Products:             		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for PTGS2
    Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for PTGS2

    In Situ Assay
    Products:       
         		Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PTGS2

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/9 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 9):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0004601peroxidase activity NAS14511332
    GO:0004666prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity IDA1380156
    GO:0005515protein binding ----
    GO:0008289lipid binding IEA--
    GO:0016702oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen IEA--


    PTGS2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    Animal Models:
         Mouse knock-outs for PTGS2: Ptgs2tm1Unc Ptgs2tm2(Ptgs1)Fun Ptgs2tm3Fun Ptgs2tm1Jed
         15/25 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 13 alleles) (MGI details for Ptgs2) (see all 25):
     adipose tissue  behavior/neurological  cardiovascular system  cellular  digestive/alimentary 
     embryogenesis  endocrine/exocrine gland  growth/size  hematopoietic system  homeostasis/metabolism 
     immune system  integument  liver/biliary system  mortality/aging  muscle 

    PTGS2 for phenotypes           About GeneDecksing


    Pathways & Interactions
    for PTGS2 gene

    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/39 super-pathways (see all 39) About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1Arachidonic acid metabolism
    		Arachidonic acid metabolism1.00
    		HETE and HPETE biosynthesis and metabolism0.39
    		Arachidonic acid metabolism0.42
    		Eicosanoid Synthesis0.31
    		HETE and HPETE biosynthesis and metabolism0.39
    2Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)
    		Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)1.00
    		Prostaglandin 2 biosynthesis and metabolism FM0.44
    		prostanoid biosynthesis0.50
    		Prostaglandin 2 biosynthesis and metabolism FM0.44
    3PEDF Induced Signaling
    		MIF Mediated Glucocorticoid Regulation0.73
    		all-trans-Retinoic Acid Signaling in Brain0.59
    		MIF Regulation of Innate Immune Cells0.71
    		Endothelin-1 Signaling Pathway0.44
    4Metabolism
    		Metabolism1.00
    		Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins0.34
    		Metabolic pathways0.38
    5Immune response_IL-1 signaling pathway
    		Immune response_IL-1 signaling pathway1.00
    		Immune response IL-1 signaling pathway0.98

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways

    5/9 EMD Millipore Pathways for PTGS2 (see all 9)
        Development HGF signaling pathway
    Prostaglandin 2 biosynthesis and metabolism FM
    Immune response MIF-mediated glucocorticoid regulation
    Immune response MIF in innate immunity response
    HETE and HPETE biosynthesis and metabolism

    5/13 Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of QIAGEN Pathway Central Maps for PTGS2 (see all 13)
        MIF Regulation of Innate Immune Cells
    Neuropathic Pain-Signaling in Dorsal Horn Neurons
    HGF Pathway
    Endothelin-1 Signaling Pathway
    Colorectal Cancer Metastasis

    3 Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Pathways for PTGS2
        Angiogenesis
    Neuroscience
    NF-kappaB Signaling

    5/10 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathways for PTGS2 (see all 10)
        HETE and HPETE biosynthesis and metabolism
    Immune response MIF-mediated glucocorticoid regulation
    Immune response MIF in innate immunity response
    Development VEGF signaling via VEGFR2 - generic cascades
    Transcription PPAR Pathway

    5/11 BioSystems Pathways for PTGS2 (see all 11) 
        Eicosanoid Synthesis
    Integrated Pancreatic Cancer Pathway
    Prostaglandin Synthesis and Regulation
    Integrated Pancreatic Cancer Pathway
    Selenium Pathway

    5        Reactome Pathways for PTGS2
        Metabolism
    Arachidonic acid metabolism
    Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives
    Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX)
    Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins

    4 PharmGKB Pathways for PTGS2
        Acetaminophen Pathway, Pharmacokinetics
    Celecoxib Pathway, Pharmacodynamics
    Etoposide Pathway, Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics
    Pathway_PA165986194 -need delete

    5/6         Kegg Pathways  (Kegg details for PTGS2) (see all 6):
        Arachidonic acid metabolism
    Metabolic pathways
    VEGF signaling pathway
    Leishmaniasis
    Pathways in cancer

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PGH2_HUMAN, P35354
    Pathway: Lipid metabolism; prostaglandin biosynthesis


    PTGS2 for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for PTGS2

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

    5/79 Interacting proteins for PTGS2 (P353543 ENSP000003564384) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 79)

    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    TP53P046373, ENSP000002693054I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000269305
    CAV1Q031353, ENSP000003391914I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000339191
    COPS3Q9UNS23, ENSP000002687174I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000268717
    COPS5Q929053, ENSP000003505124I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000350512
    CUL1Q136163, ENSP000003268044I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000326804
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/63 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 63):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0001516prostaglandin biosynthetic process NAS--
    GO:0001525angiogenesis IEA--
    GO:0006692prostanoid metabolic process ----
    GO:0006693prostaglandin metabolic process TAS9630216
    GO:0006805xenobiotic metabolic process TAS--


    PTGS2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    Drugs & Compounds
    for PTGS2 gene

    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section

    PTGS2 for compounds           About GeneDecksing

    EMD Millipore small molecules for PTGS2:
    Small Molecule - inhibitor
    Enzo Life Sciences drugs & compounds for PTGS2

    Compounds for PTGS2 available from Tocris Bioscience    About this table
    CompoundAction CAS #
    DuP 697Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor[88149-94-4]
    NimesulideCyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor[51803-78-2]
    CelecoxibSelective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor[169590-42-5]
    NS 398Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor[123653-11-2]
    ValdecoxibSelective and potent COX-2 inhibitor[181695-72-7]

    10/16 HMDB Compounds for PTGS2 (see all 16)    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #PubMed Ids
    11R-HEPE11(R)-hydroxyeicosa-5Z,8Z,12E,14Z,17Z-pentaenoate (see all 2)----
    Acetaminophen4'-Hydroxyacetanilide (see all 629)103-90-2--
    Arachidonic acid5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid (see all 16)506-32-1--
    Aspirin2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid (see all 59)50-78-2--
    CelecoxibCelebrex (see all 3)169590-42-5--
    Heme(protoporphyrinato)iron (see all 19)14875-96-8--
    Ibuprofenalpha-(4-Isobutylphenyl)propionate (see all 9)15687-27-1--
    IronArmco iron (see all 19)7439-89-6--
    Naproxen(+)-(S)-Naproxen (see all 49)22204-53-1--
    OxygenOxygen (see all 5)7782-44-7--

    10/67 DrugBank Compounds for PTGS2 (see all 67)    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #TypeActionsPubMed Ids
    RofecoxibMK 966 (see all 2)162011-90-7targetinhibitor10566562 20724158 10555907 10693877 11752352 18922570 20166930 11398914 10643177 10580458
    FlurbiprofenFLP (see all 5)5104-49-4targetinhibitor19066416 17562170 10091674 10773011 10977131 11006278 11405284
    Valdecoxib-- 181695-72-7targetinhibitor11060833 12564662 12167567 10715145 11752352 12644588 15494548
    Acetylsalicylic acid2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic acid (see all 24)50-78-2targetinhibitor17033106 17301265 17258197 11752352 17037745 17181859
    Antrafenine-- 55300-30-6targetinhibitor17604186 17612049 17607546 11752352 17532719 17521299
    Bismuth SubsalicylateBismuth (see all 6)14882-18-9targetinhibitor5284360 15070163 15106733 15348270 15035793 15199473
    Carprofen2-(6-Chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl)propanoic acid (see all 6)53716-49-7targetinhibitor15198222 11703020 10895904 17181139 15939622 11752352
    Celecoxib-- 169590-42-5targetinhibitor12055598 12093311 12104042 11752352 12086402 12086292
    Diflunisal-- 22494-42-4targetinhibitor8737748 11673972 10825891 11752352 11315375 12852483
    Etodolac-- 41340-25-4targetinhibitor15198222 11009046 11752352 12824918 10594327 11275997

    10/117 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for PTGS2 gene (see all 117)    About this table
    Compound   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    celecoxib 97 1888 18230053 (7), 18766003 (7), 15014359 (6), 16230415 (6) (see all 99)
    rofecoxib 96 933 20110006 (10), 10411562 (6), 17620346 (5), 17636557 (4) (see all 99)
    pge2 94.8 3923 18727513 (9), 19452719 (9), 12493746 (8), 16585602 (7) (see all 99)
    prostaglandin 92.7 1317 10735591 (5), 10692251 (4), 9016346 (4), 8063757 (3) (see all 99)
    ns 398 92.2 312 14630280 (5), 15703831 (4), 15382039 (4), 19956533 (4) (see all 99)
    valdecoxib 91.6 196 15494548 (6), 17605893 (3), 18171312 (3), 17429597 (3) (see all 99)
    etoricoxib 89.3 163 11160644 (5), 12817520 (4), 15827069 (3), 19392653 (3) (see all 99)
    arachidonic acid 88.4 747 9373167 (6), 9461572 (5), 9973312 (4), 9031736 (4) (see all 99)
    nimesulide 88.3 372 18333314 (5), 18288985 (5), 19152549 (4), 14977856 (4) (see all 99)
    meloxicam 87.8 275 16245223 (4), 12911075 (3), 19078323 (3), 10812057 (3) (see all 99)

    3 PharmGKB related drug/compound annotations for PTGS2 gene
    Drug/compound PharmGKB Annotation
    aspirinCA  
    ibuprofenCA  
    rofecoxibCA  
    About this table

    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about PTGS2 / PGH2 

    Transcripts
    for PTGS2 gene

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
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    About This Section
    REFSEQ mRNAs for PTGS2 gene: 
    NM_000963.2  

    Unigene Cluster for PTGS2:

    Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
    Hs.196384  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_000963
    5 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000367468(uc001gsb.3 uc009wyo.3) ENST00000490885 ENST00000559627
    ENST00000466691 ENST00000559800

    miRNA
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    8/23 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PTGS2 (see all 23):
    hsa-miR-4291 hsa-miR-576-3p hsa-miR-624* hsa-miR-1297 hsa-miR-144 hsa-miR-629* hsa-miR-558 hsa-miR-1827
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    Inhib. RNA
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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AJ634912.1 AK292167.1 AY151286.1 AY462100.1 BC013734.1 HM473188.1 L15326.1 M90100.1 

    3 DOTS entries:

    DT.413375  DT.91935010  DT.121406567 

    24/101 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 101):

    AL710813 AJ634912 CK823042 BP335244 BG152882 BQ722004 AY462100 BM978796 
    CB143773 CK823043 D58162 BG236304 BQ100700 AA296431 BC013734 CB960307 
    BQ100978 CD365731 AA644211 BP337788 BX363285 BI335813 CA436148 CA445948 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure

    5 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for PTGS2    About this scheme

    ExUns: 1a · 1b · 1c · 1d ^ 2 ^ 3 ^ 4a · 4b ^ 5a · 5b ^ 6 ^ 7 ^ 8 ^ 9a · 9b ^ 10a · 10b
    SP1:                                                                                -                     
    SP2:                                                  -                             -                     
    SP3:                                                                                -                     
    SP4:                                                                                                      
    SP5:                                                                                                      


    ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for PTGS2

    Expression
    for PTGS2 gene

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    PTGS2 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: CTGTTCCTTT

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)
    About this image

    PTGS2 expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells
    Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine    About this table
    3 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartments/Cells 
    Tissue Anatomical Compartment CellCategory (developmental path)
    OvaryAntral FollicleCumulus CellsOvary
    OvaryAntral FollicleMural Granulosa CellsOvary
    HeartMyocardiumCardiac FibroblastsEpicardium
    Expression: Positive    Negative     Selective marker
    Experimental details: Curated     Microarrays     In-situ hybridization
    Stem Cell Differentiation: 3 LifeMap Cells 
    NameCategory
    PureStem™ progenitor E44 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)
    PureStem™ progenitor F15 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)
    Fetal cardiomyocytes (20 weeks) (Primary Cell)Heart, Myocardium

    See PTGS2 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for PTGS2

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.196384
        SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including PTGS2 (see all 25): 
              Lung Cancer in human mouse rat
              Wound Healing in human mouse rat
              Inflammasomes in human mouse rat
              Prostate Cancer in human mouse rat
              Drug Metabolism: Phase I Enzymes in human mouse rat

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    Orthologs
    for PTGS2 gene

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section
    This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

    Orthologs for PTGS2 gene from 4/16 species (see all 16)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification    		 Gene Description Human
    Similarity    		 Orthology
    Type    		 Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)    		 Aves PTGS21 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin more 77.61(n)
    81.76(a)    		   396451  NM_001167719.1  NP_001161191.1 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)    		 Reptilia PTGS26
    		 --
    		 78(a)
    		 1 ↔ 1
    		 GL343203.1(2256804-2267500)
    African clawed frog
    (Xenopus laevis)    		 Amphibia Xl.333292 Xenopus laevis transcribed sequence with moderate similarity more 75.65(n)    CA988090.1 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)    		 Actinopterygii ptgs22 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 75.55(n)   246227  AY028585.1 


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PTGS2 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for PTGS2 (if available) 

    Paralogs
    for PTGS2 gene

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for PTGS2 gene
    PTGS12  
    2 SIMAP similar genes for PTGS2 using alignment to 3 protein entries:     PGH2_HUMAN (see all proteins):
    COX-2    PTGS1

    PTGS2 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    Genomic Variants
    for PTGS2 gene

    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/474 NCBI SNPs in PTGS2 are shown (see all 474)     About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance    		Chr 1 posSequence#AA
    Chg    		TypeMore#Allele
    freq    		PopTotal
    sample    		More
    ----------
    rs46483101,2
    		C,F,H,--157875293(-) cctctA/Gtcctt 1 -- ds500122Minor allele frequency- G:0.02NS EA NA 2134
    rs46483091,2
    		C,F,--157875382(-) GGGGGC/GACAAA 1 -- ds50011Minor allele frequency- G:0.01NS 180
    rs46483071,2
    		C,F,A,H--157875471(-) GATGGA/AA    
           /C/GC    AAACA     		1 -- ds500121NS EA NA WA 2180
    rs46483051,2
    		C,F,--157875590(-) ATGAAA/-TGGTT 1 -- ds50011Minor allele frequency- -:0.01NS 180
    rs46483041,2
    		C,F,H,--157875621(-) CCTACC/TTATTC 1 -- ds500114Minor allele frequency- T:0.07NS EA NA WA 1514
    rs1917887111,2
    		C,--157875925(+) TACAAG/TCATAT 1 -- ut310--------
    rs46483031,2
    		C,F,H,--157875966(-) TTTTAC/TGTTTA 1 -- ut31 ese310Minor allele frequency- T:0.02NS EA NA 1344
    rs6894671,2
    		C,F,--157876041(-) AAAATT/GTTCTT 1 -- ut315Minor allele frequency- G:0.05NS NA 388
    rs1832016501,2
    		C,--157876086(+) TCAGCA/GTTTGA 1 -- ut310--------
    rs46483011,2
    		C,F,H,--157876126(-) ATATTC/TTGTGT 1 -- ut3114Minor allele frequency- T:0.02NS EA NA WA 1822

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PTGS2 (186640923 - 186649559 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
          Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for PTGS2: --
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PTGS2

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
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    Disorders / Diseases
    for PTGS2 gene

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section
    PTGS2 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 600262    OMIM disorders: --

    20/359 diseases for PTGS2 (see all 359):    About MalaCards
    estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer    familial adenomatous polyposis    attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis    b-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma
    toxic epidermal necrolysis    stevens-johnson syndrome    peutz-jeghers syndrome    bowenoid papulosis
    end stage renal failure    uterine carcinosarcoma    non-hodgkin lymphoma    cystoid macular edema
    squamous cell carcinoma    bile duct cysts    recurrent respiratory papillomatosis    hemophilic arthropathy
    dna topoisomerase ii    patent ductus arteriosus    central nervous system lymphoma    fibrous histiocytoma

    20/22 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for PTGS2 (see all 22):
    Colorectal cancer     Arthritis     Carcinoma     Vascular disease
    Familial adenomatous polyposis     Gastrointestinal system disease     Adenoma     Lung cancer
    Pain agnosia     Breast cancer     Brain disease     Esophageal cancer
    Myocardial infarction     Prostate cancer     Skin cancer     Alzheimer's disease
    Urinary bladder cancer     Endometriosis     Kidney disease     Pancreatic cancer

    10/98 Novoseek disease relationships for PTGS2 gene (see all 98)    About this table

    Disease   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    inflammation 82.3 1159 16580899 (5), 11437671 (4), 10414396 (4), 12669881 (4) (see all 99)
    colon cancer 78.8 585 19437564 (7), 12432918 (6), 20046424 (5), 18320325 (5) (see all 99)
    osteoarthritis 78.6 261 15974939 (4), 10560596 (3), 19602530 (3), 19807303 (3) (see all 99)
    tumors 76.5 3567 15200266 (8), 20192574 (8), 19329856 (7), 16139560 (7) (see all 99)
    colorectal cancer 76.2 748 19671325 (9), 16324362 (7), 16551850 (7), 19132985 (6) (see all 99)
    gastrointestinal complications 75.5 50 15475342 (3), 19947799 (2), 15190384 (2), 17552414 (2) (see all 33)
    cancer 75 1766 16124396 (6), 12692419 (6), 17428102 (5), 16007171 (5) (see all 99)
    familial adenomatous polyposis 72.3 128 14581346 (3), 10874062 (3), 16622748 (2), 11495083 (2) (see all 86)
    gastrointestinal ulcers 71.7 19 17611980 (1), 12208114 (1), 18356636 (1), 11961974 (1) (see all 14)
    rheumatoid arthritis 69.3 196 15974939 (3), 18261308 (3), 11087881 (2), 15775145 (2) (see all 99)

    Genetic Association Database (GAD): PTGS2
    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PTGS2 (284 documents)

    Export disorders for PTGS2 gene to outside databases

    Publications
    for PTGS2 gene

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for PTGS2 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 6603):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PTGS2)    		    Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Human cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA. (PubMed id 1380156)1, 2, 3 Hla T. and Neilson K. (1992)
    2. Characterization of the human gene (PTGS2) encoding prostaglandin- endoperoxide synthase 2. (PubMed id 8181472)1, 2, 9 Kosaka T.... Tanabe T. (1994)
    3. Polymorphisms in prostaglandin synthase 2/cyclooxygenase 2 (PTGS2/COX2) and risk of colorectal cancer. (PubMed id 15173859)1, 4, 9 Cox D.G....Moreno V. (2004)
    4. A common polymorphism in the 3'UTR of cyclooxygenase 2/prostaglandin synthase 2 gene and risk of lung cancer in a Chinese population. (PubMed id 15777967)1, 4, 9 Hu Z....Shen H. (2005)
    5. COX-2 gene promoter haplotypes and prostate cancer risk. (PubMed id 14754878)1, 4, 9 Panguluri R.C....Kittles R.A. (2004)
    6. Resistance exercise and cyclooxygenase (COX) expression in human skeletal muscle: implications for COX-inhibiting drugs and protein synthesis. (PubMed id 17322116)1, 7, 9 Weinheimer E.M....Trappe T.A. (2007)
    7. The cyclooxygenase 2 -765 C promoter allele is a protective factor for Alzheimer's disease. (PubMed id 16309832)1, 4, 9 Abdullah L....Mullan M. (2006)
    8. Genetic polymorphisms in the cyclooxygenase-2 gene, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and breast cancer risk. (PubMed id 17181859)1, 7, 9 Shen J....Santella R.M. (2006)
    9. Polymorphism in the nuclear factor kappa-B binding promoter region of cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. (PubMed id 15596291)1, 4, 9 Kang S....Lee H.P. (2005)
    10. Colorectal adenoma risk is modified by the interplay between polymorphisms in arachidonic acid pathway genes and fish consumption. (PubMed id 15550453)1, 4, 9 Siezen C.L....Kampman E. (2005)

    External Searches for PTGS2 gene

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
    About This Section
     ANDOR
    Aliases
    Disorders
    Free Text  
      Query String
    		PubMed
    OMIM
    NCBI Bookshelf
      (Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

    Genome Databases showing PTGS2 gene

    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 5743 HGNC: 9605 AceView: PTGS2 Ensembl:ENSG00000073756 euGenes: HUgn5743
    ECgene: PTGS2 Kegg: 5743 H-InvDB: PTGS2

    Other Databases showing PTGS2 gene

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
    		   --

    Specialized Databases showing PTGS2 gene

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for PTGS2 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
    ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for PTGS2 Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
    NIEHS-SNPshttp://egp.gs.washington.edu/data/ptgs2/
    SeattleSNPshttp://pga.gs.washington.edu/data/ptgs2/

    Intellectual Property
    for PTGS2 gene

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    		Patent Information for PTGS2 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving PTGS2

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



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    About This Section

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