PSPN Gene
protein-coding GIFtS: 54
GCID: GC19M006326
|
|
persephin
| |
Aliases for PSPN gene
(According to
1HGNC,
2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot,
4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc,
7Ensembl,
8DME,
9miRBase,
and/or 10fRNAdb) About This Section
|
| Aliases |
|---|
| Persephin1 | | PSP1 2 3 |
Export aliases for PSPN gene to outside databasesPrevious GC identifers: GC19M006469 GC19M006315 GC19M006135 |
Summaries for PSPN gene(According to Entrez Gene,
Tocris Bioscience,
Wikipedia's
Gene Wiki,
PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot,
and/or
UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section
| Entrez Gene summary for PSPN: The protein encoded by this gene is a neurotrophic factor, belonging to the GDNF family. Neurotrophic factors areimportant for the proper development and maintenance of the nervous system. These factors promote neuronal survivaland can prevent the neuronal degeneration associated with injury, toxin exposure, or neurodegenerative disease. Theencoded protein has amino acid similarity to its other family members, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor andneurturin. This gene product promotes the survival of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons in culture and preventstheir degeneration after 6-hydroxydopamine treatment in vivo. (provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008) UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PSPN_HUMAN, O60542Function: Exhibits neurotrophic activity on mesencephalic dopaminergic and motor neurons
|
Genomic Views for PSPN gene
(According to
GeneLoc and/or
HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to
UCSC (hg19) and
Ensembl (release 69),
Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to
QIAGEN,
SABiosciences, and/or
SwitchGear Genomics) About This Section
| RefSeq DNA sequence:- NC_000019.9 NC_018930.1 NT_011255.14
Regulatory elements: SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PSPN gene promoter: AP-2alpha isoform 3 AML1a SREBP-1c NRSF form 1 MyoD NRSF form 2 SREBP-1b SREBP-1a NRF-2 AP-2alpha Other transcription factors
Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PSPN
Epigenetics:
|  | QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PSPN |
Genomic Location: Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 19p13.3 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 19p13.3 HGNC cytogenetic band: 19p13.3PSPN Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)

GeneLoc information about chromosome 19 GeneLoc Exon Structure GeneLoc location for GC19M006326: view genomic region
(about GC identifiers)
Start:
|
6,375,305 bp from pter |
End:
|
6,375,860 bp from pter |
Size:
|
556 bases |
Orientation:
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minus strand |
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Proteins for PSPN gene
(According to
1UniProtKB,
HORDE,
neXtProt,
Ensembl,
and/or Reactome,
Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus,
Specific Peptides from DME,
Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb,
RefSeq according to NCBI,
PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia,
Recombinant Proteins
from
EMD Millipore,
R&D Systems,
GenScript,
Enzo Life Sciences,
OriGene,
Novus Biologicals,
Sino Biological,
ProSpec, and/or
Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by
EMD Millipore,
R&D Systems,
OriGene,
GenScript,
Cell Signaling Technology,
Enzo Life Sciences, and/or
Uscn,
Ontologies according to Gene
Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and
Entrez Gene,
Antibodies by
EMD Millipore,
R&D Systems,
GenScript,
Cell Signaling Technology,
OriGene,
Novus Biologicals,
Thermo Fisher Scientific,
Abcam, and/or
Uscn)
About This Section
| UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PSPN_HUMAN, O60542 (See
protein sequence)Recommended Name: Persephin precursor Size: 156 amino acids; 16600 Da
Subunit: Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity)
Subcellular location: SecretedExplore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PSPN: NX_O60542
Post-translational modifications:
View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2View neXtProt modification sites for NX_O60542 PSPN Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image 
REFSEQ proteins: NP_004149.1 ENSEMBL proteins: ENSP00000245810 Reactome Protein details: O60542 Human Recombinant Protein Products:
Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term (GO ID links to tree view): About this table | GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|
| GO:0005615 | extracellular space |
IEA | -- |
PSPN for ontologies About GeneDecksing
PSPN Antibody Products: Assay Products for PSPN: |
Protein
Domains / Families for PSPN gene(According to InterPro, ProtoNet,
UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS,
Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section
|
PSPN for domains About GeneDecksing
1 InterPro domain/family:Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry O60542ProtoNet protein and cluster: O60542 2 Blocks protein families: IPB001839 Transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) IPB002400 Growth factor cystine knot superfamily signature
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PSPN_HUMAN, O60542Similarity: Belongs to the TGF-beta family. GDNF subfamily |
Function for PSPN gene
(According to 1UniProtKB,
Genatlas,
LifeMap Discovery™,
IUBMB, and/or
2DME,
Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi,
Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences,
miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase
shRNA from
OriGene,
RNAi from
EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from
OriGene,
QIAGEN,
microRNA from QIAGEN,
Gene Editing from DNA2.0,
Clones from EMD Millipore,
OriGene,
SwitchGear Genomics,
GenScript,
Sino Biological,
DNA2.0,
and Vector BioLabs,
Cell Lines from GenScript,
LifeMap BioReagents,
In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics,
Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via
Entrez Gene.)
About This Section
| Function Summary: UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PSPN_HUMAN, O60542Function: Exhibits neurotrophic activity on mesencephalic dopaminergic and motor neurons Genatlas biochemistry entry for PSPN:persephin,neurotrophic factor,related to GDNF and neurturin,involved in the survival of several neuronal cell typesfrom the central nervous system
Clone Products: |  | Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore | |  | OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PSPN (see all 3) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PSPN OriGene custom cloning services – gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis,
variant library, vector shuttling 
| |  | GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PSPN (NM_004158) | |  | Browse Sino Biological Human cDNA Clones | |  | DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene
Synthesis Service for PSPN | |  | Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PSPN  |
Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table
PSPN for ontologies About GeneDecksing
Animal Models: Mouse knock-out Pspntm1Bjh for PSPN 2 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 1 allele ) (MGI details for Pspn):
PSPN for phenotypes About GeneDecksing
|
Pathways & Interactions for PSPN gene
(Pathways according to
EMD Millipore,
R&D Systems,
Cell Signaling Technology,
KEGG,
PharmGKB,
BioSystems,
Reactome,
Tocris Bioscience,
GeneGo (Thomson Reuters),
QIAGEN,
and/or UniProtKB,
Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks,
Interaction Networks according to
SABiosciences,
and/or STRING,
Interactions according to 1UniProtKB,
2MINT,
3I2D, and/or
4STRING,
with links to IntAct and
Ensembl,
Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via
Entrez Gene).
About This Section
| Unified GeneCards pathways  About this table  See pathways by source
| Super-pathway | contained gene-specific pathways |
|---|
| 1 | Development EGFR signaling pathway | | | 2 | NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth | | | 3 | Axon guidance | |
Pathway sources See GeneCards unified pathways Show all pathways
1 EMD Millipore Pathway for PSPN 1 Downloadable PowerPoint Slide of QIAGEN Pathway Central Maps for PSPN 1 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathway for PSPN 4
Reactome Pathways for PSPN
PSPN for pathways About GeneDecksing
Interactions:
Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for PSPN
STRING Interaction
Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 6)
 5/6 Interacting proteins for PSPN (O605423 ENSP000002458104) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 6)About this table
Gene Ontology (GO): 4 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table
PSPN for ontologies About GeneDecksing
|
Drugs & Compounds for PSPN gene(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences,
EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience
HMDB,
BitterDB, and/or
Novoseek, and Drugs according to
DrugBank,
Enzo Life Sciences, and/or
PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news
search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section
|
PSPN for compounds About GeneDecksing
Browse Tocris compounds for PSPN 4 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for PSPN gene About this table
Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about PSPN 
|
Transcripts for PSPN gene(Secondary structures according to
fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene
(Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank, RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or
AceView,
transcript ids from Ensembl
with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc,
alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or
ECgene,
RNAi Products from
EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from
OriGene,
QIAGEN,
shRNA from
OriGene,
microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from
OriGene,
SwitchGear Genomics,
GenScript,
DNA2.0,
Vector BioLabs,
Primers from
OriGene,
SABiosciences, and/or
QIAGEN
) About This Section
| REFSEQ mRNAs for PSPN gene: NM_004158.2 Unigene Cluster for PSPN: Persephin Hs.248159 [show with all ESTs]Unigene Representative Sequence: BE7997211 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant: ENST00000245810(uc010xja.2)
Clone Products: |  | OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PSPN (see all 3) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PSPN OriGene custom cloning services – gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis,
variant library, vector shuttling 
| |  | GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PSPN (NM_004158) | |  | DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene
Synthesis Service for PSPN | |  | Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PSPN  |
Additional cDNA sequence: AF040962.1 BC143894.1 3 DOTS entries: DT.92035523 DT.97861638 DT.95213128 24/302 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 302): H41752 BM975394 BU617787 BG170718 AK055490 BQ004602 BU849836 BX488964 CA843785 BM722851 BU175972 BF792427 AA381284 BU609071 BQ894306 AI394578 BF081906 BQ350170 BQ071344 BQ961773 BM818653 CA438420 BQ925302 AW007716 GeneLoc Exon Structure
|
Expression for PSPN gene
(RNA expression data according to
H-InvDB,
NONCODE,
miRBase, and
RNAdb,
Expression images according to data from
BioGPS,
Illumina Human BodyMap, and
CGAP
SAGE,
Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks,
in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™,
plus additional links to
Genevestigator, and/or
SOURCE, and/or
BioGPS, and/or
UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from
SABiosciences,
Primers from
OriGene,
SABiosciences, and/or
QIAGEN,
In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section
| PSPN expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities) See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot About this imageBioGPS CGAP TAG: GCCTGGCGCT
About this image See PSPN Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB Genevestigator expression for PSPN
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.248159 SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including PSPN:
Primer Products: |  | OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for PSPN Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
| |  | SABiosciences RT2 qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PSPN | |  | QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PSPN | |  | QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PSPN |
Orthologs for PSPN gene
(Orthologs according to
1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version),
3euGenes,
4SGD
,
5MGI Mar 06 2013,
with possible further links to
Flybase
and/or
WormBase,
and/or
6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara ,
Gene Trees according to Ensembl and
TreeFam)
About This Section
|
This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.
Orthologs for PSPN gene from 2/8 species (see all 8) About this table
| Organism |
Taxonomic classification |
Gene |
Description |
Human Similarity |
Orthology Type |
Details |
lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia |
PSPN6 |
-- |
53(a) |
1 ↔ 1 |
2(76458837-76459112) |
zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii |
si:ch1073-141i10.16 |
si:ch1073-141i10.1 |
41(a) |
1 → many |
6(3266343-3266657) |
ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PSPN (if available) TreeFam Gene Tree for PSPN (if available)  |
Paralogs for PSPN gene(Paralogs according to
1HomoloGene, 2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68) About This Section
| Paralogs for PSPN gene
- GDNF2 ARTN2 NRTN2
2 SIMAP similar genes for PSPN using alignment to 2 protein entries: PSPN_HUMAN (see all proteins):NRTN ARTN
PSPN for paralogs About GeneDecksing
|
Genomic Variants for PSPN gene(SNPs/Variants according to the
1NCBI SNP Database,
2Ensembl,
3PupaSUITE,
UniProtKB, and
DNA2.0,
Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap,
Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene
Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation
Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT,
Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN,
Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
About This Section
|
| Genomic Data | Transcription Related Data | Allele Frequencies | | SNP ID | Valid | Clinical significance | Chr 19 pos | Sequence | # | AA Chg | Type | More | # | Allele freq | Pop | Total sample | More |
|---|
HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PSPN (6375305 - 6375860 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions) Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for PSPN: -- Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PSPN
 | SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays |
|  | QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing PSPN |
|
Disorders
/ Diseases for PSPN gene
(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards,
OMIM, UniProtKB,
the University of Copenhagen DISEASES
database, Novoseek,
Genatlas, GeneTests,
GAD,
HuGE Navigator,
and/or TGDB.)
About This Section
|
PSPN for disorders About GeneDecksing
OMIM gene information: 602921
OMIM disorders: --
10 diseases for PSPN: About MalaCardsneurodegenerative disease multiple endocrine neoplasia neuronitis hirschsprung's disease parkinson's disease thyroid carcinoma pancreatic cancer thyroiditis pancreatitis carcinoma 1 disease from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for PSPN:Hirschsprung's disease 4 Novoseek disease relationships for PSPN gene About this table
| Disease |
-log (P-Val) |
Hits |
PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences) |
| hirschsprung disease |
63.8 |
1 |
18970938 (1) |
| neurodegenerative diseases |
34.8 |
1 |
10652334 (1) |
| parkinson disease |
11.2 |
2 |
20350599 (2) |
| tumors |
5.27 |
1 |
12679485 (1) |
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PSPN (1 document) Export disorders for PSPN gene to outside databases
|
Publications for PSPN gene (in
PubMed.
Associations of this gene to articles via
1Entrez Gene,
2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot,
3HGNC,
4GAD,
5PharmGKB,
6HMDB,
7DrugBank,
8UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
9 Novoseek, and/or
10fRNAdb)
About This Section
|
PubMed articles for PSPN gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 48): (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PSPN) | |  | Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic world of online information |
- Persephin, a novel neurotrophic factor related to GDNF and neurturin. (PubMed id 9491986)1, 2, 9 Milbrandt J.... Johnson E.M. (1998)
- Assignment of persephin (PSPN), a human neurotrophic factor, to chromosome 19p13.3 by radiation hybrid mapping and somatic cell hybrid PCR. (PubMed id 10072588)1, 3, 9 Chadwick B.P....Slaugenhaupt S.A. (1998)
- GFR alpha-4 and the tyrosine kinase Ret form a functional receptor complex for persephin. (PubMed id 9740802)1, 9 Enokido Y....Davies A.M. (1998)
- Human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha4 is the receptor for persephin and is predomonantly expressed in normal and malignant thyroid medullary cells. (PubMed id 11116144)1, 9 Lindahl M.... Saarma M. (2001)
- Neurturin, persephin, and artemin in the human pre- and full-term newborn and adult hippocampus and fascia dentata. (PubMed id 15829225)1, 9 Quartu M....Del Fiacco M. (2005)
- Persephin signaling through GFRalpha1: the potential for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. (PubMed id 20350599)1, 9 Sidorova Y.A....Bespalov M.M. (2010)
- Polymorphisms in the genes encoding the 4 RET ligands, GDNF, NTN, ARTN, PSPN, and susceptibility to Hirschsprung disease. (PubMed id 18970938)1, 9 Fernandez R.M....Borrego S. (2008)
- GDNF, RET and GFRalpha-1-3 mRNA expression in the developing human spinal cord and ganglia. (PubMed id 10380959)1, 9 Widenfalk J....Spenger C. (1999)
- PSPN/GFRalpha4 has a significantly weaker capacity than GDNF/GFRalpha1 to recruit RET to rafts, but promotes neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. (PubMed id 15225646)1, 9 Yang J....Saarma M. (2004)
- Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PubMed id 14702039)1 Ota T.... Sugano S. (2004)
|
External Searches for PSPN gene
(in PubMed,
OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf) About This Section
|
|
Genome Databases showing PSPN gene
(According to
Entrez Gene,
HGNC,
AceView,
euGenes,
Ensembl,
miRBase,
ECgene,
Kegg,
and/or
H-InvDB)
About This Section
|
|
Other Databases showing PSPN gene
(According to HUGE)
About This Section
| -- |
Specialized Databases showing PSPN gene(According to PharmGKB,
ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL, Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot) About This Section
|
| Name | Description |
| PharmGKB entry for PSPN | Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways |
|
| | |
About This Section
| Patent Information for PSPN gene: Search GeneIP for patents involving PSPN
GeneCards and IP: Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards Improving the IP Search
|
Products for PSPN gene(Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, SABiosciences, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Uscn, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Cell lines from GenScript and LifeMap BioReagents, PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, and/or
Enzo Life Sciences), In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics About This Section
|
 | |
 | |
 |
| | | | Browse OriGene Antibodies | | OriGene shRNA RFP for PSPN | | OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PSPN | | OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for PSPN | | OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate for PSPN | | Browse OriGene Fluorogenic Cell Assay Kits | | OriGene siRNA for PSPN | | Browse 3'-UTR reporter clones for miRNA target validation | | OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PSPN | | OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PSPN | | Browse OriGene GFP tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector | | Browse OriGene MicroRNA Expression Plasmids | | Browse OriGene basic RS shRNAs | | Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs | | Browse OriGene full length recombinant human proteins expressed in human HEK293 cells | | OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis,
variant library, vector shuttling | | OriGene Custom Antibody Services for PSPN | | OriGene Custom Protein Services for PSPN | | OriGene Custom Immunoassay Development | | |
| |  |
 |
| | QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of in human, mouse, rat PSPN | | QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing PSPN | | QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PSPN | | QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PSPN | | QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PSPN | | QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PSPN |
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 |  |  |  | |
| | | Search Tocris compounds for PSPN |
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 | | PSPN Proteins, Antibodies, CLIAs, and ELISAs |
| | | |  |  |  | | | Search ThermoFisher Antibodies for PSPN |
| | Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PSPN |
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