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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

PRRX2 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 48
GCID: GC09P132427

paired related homeobox 2

 Explore 4 diseases affiliated with
PRRX2 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for PRRX2
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Paired Related Homeobox 21 2     PRX-22 3
PRX21 2 3 5     Paired Mesoderm Homeobox Protein 22
PMX21 2 3     Paired-Like Homeodomain Protein PRX22
Paired-Related Homeobox Protein 22 3     

External Ids:    HGNC: 213381   Entrez Gene: 514502   Ensembl: ENSG000001671577   OMIM: 6046755   UniProtKB: Q998113   

Export aliases for PRRX2 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC09P127803 GC09P129507 GC09P131467 GC09P102027


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for PRRX2:
The DNA-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the paired family of homeobox proteins. Expression is
localized to proliferating fetal fibroblasts and the developing dermal layer, with downregulated expression in adult
skin. Increases in expression of this gene during fetal but not adult wound healing suggest a possible role in
mechanisms that control mammalian dermal regeneration and prevent formation of scar response to wounding. The
expression patterns provide evidence consistent with a role in fetal skin development and a possible role in cellular
proliferation. (provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRRX2_HUMAN, Q99811
Function: May play a role in the scarless healing of cutaneous wounds during the first two trimesters of development

Gene Wiki entry for PRRX2


(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000009.11  NC_018920.1  NT_008470.19  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PRRX2 gene promoter:
         HOXA9B   SRF   AML1a   SRF (504 AA)   FOXD3   Meis-1   Meis-1b   
         Other transcription factors

Browse SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PRRX2

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PRRX2


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 9q34.1   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  9q34.11   HGNC cytogenetic band: 9q34.11

PRRX2 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PRRX2 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 9         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC09P132427:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
132,427,920 bp from pter      End:
132,484,953 bp from pter
Size:
57,034 bases      Orientation:
plus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRRX2_HUMAN, Q99811 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2  
Size: 253 amino acids; 27079 Da
Subcellular location: Nucleus (By similarity)
Developmental stage: Higher expression in fetus than in adult
Secondary accessions: Q5SZB5 Q9UIB3

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PRRX2: NX_Q99811

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q99811

  • PRRX2 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins: NP_057391.1  
    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000361547   ENSP00000450512  

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    Uscn Proteins for PRRX2

    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0000228nuclear chromosome NAS--


    PRRX2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    PRRX2 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    4 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR003654 OAR_dom
     IPR017970 Homeobox_CS
     IPR001356 Homeodomain
     IPR009057 Homeodomain-like

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q99811

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q99811

    2 Blocks protein families:
    IPB000047 Lambda and other repressor helix-turn-helix signature
    IPB003654 Paired-like homeodomain protein


    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRRX2_HUMAN, Q99811
    Similarity: Belongs to the paired homeobox family
    Similarity: Contains 1 homeobox DNA-binding domain


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRRX2_HUMAN, Q99811
    Function: May play a role in the scarless healing of cutaneous wounds during the first two trimesters of development

    miRNA
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    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0003700sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity NAS11063257
    GO:0043565sequence-specific DNA binding IEA--


    PRRX2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    Animal Models:
         Mouse knock-out Prrx2tm1Mjk for PRRX2
         15 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 2 alleles(MGI details for Prrx2):
     behavior/neurological  cardiovascular system  craniofacial  digestive/alimentary  embryogenesis 
     growth/size  hearing/vestibular/ear  homeostasis/metabolism  limbs/digits/tail  mortality/aging 
     nervous system  normal  respiratory system  skeleton  vision/eye 

    PRRX2 for phenotypes           About GeneDecksing


    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section



    Interactions:

        Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for PRRX2

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 1 interactants - click image to see more details)

    1 Interacting protein for PRRX2 (Q998113 ENSP000003615474) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    SOX10P566933, ENSP000003541304I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000354130
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/10 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 10):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0002053positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation IEA--
    GO:0006355regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent NAS9665387
    GO:0030326embryonic limb morphogenesis IEA--
    GO:0042472inner ear morphogenesis IEA--
    GO:0042474middle ear morphogenesis IEA--


    PRRX2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for PRRX2
    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about PRRX2 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for PRRX2 gene: 
    NM_016307.3  

    Unigene Cluster for PRRX2:

    Paired related homeobox 2
    Hs.660115  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: BM909706
    2 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000372469(uc004byh.3) ENST00000557730

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    hsa-miR-374c hsa-miR-655 hsa-miR-548u
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidPRRX2 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
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      QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PRRX2
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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AF061970.1 BC014645.1 U81600.1 

    2 DOTS entries:

    DT.203595  DT.121156198 

    24/43 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 43):

    NM_016307 BC014645 BE645185 AA548667 BX097188 AI674514 BM716252 AI420043 
    AI917607 AI923085 BU731241 BM694729 AI821507 BF939198 AF061970 AI470349 
    AI669686 CB050583 AI751739 BU624928 AI203915 BG055248 U81600 AW167940 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    PRRX2 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: GCCAACAGCA

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)

    About this image

    PRRX2 expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells
    Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine    About this table
    3 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartments/Cells 
    Tissue Anatomical Compartment CellCategory (developmental path)
    HeartEndocardiumCushion Mesenchymal CellsEndocardium
    Skeletal MuscleHyoid Arch MusclesMuscle Progenitor CellsSkeletal Muscle
    Skeletal MuscleMandibular Arch MusclesMuscle Progenitor CellsSkeletal Muscle
    Expression: Positive    Negative     Selective marker
    Experimental details: Curated     Microarrays     In-situ hybridization
    Stem Cell Differentiation: 8 LifeMap Cells 
    NameCategory
    PureStem™ mesenchymal progenitor MEL2 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)Adipose, Bone, Cartilage
    PureStem™ mesenchymal progenitor 7SMOO32 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)Adipose, Bone, Cartilage
    PureStem™ mesenchymal progenitor 4D20.8 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)Lateral Plate Mesoderm, Neural Crest
    PureStem™ progenitor EN27 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)
    PureStem™ progenitor W10 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)
    PureStem™ progenitor W8 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)
    Primitive gut tube-like cells (A scalable, suspensi...)
    Beating cell clusters (Spontaneous differen...)

    See PRRX2 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for PRRX2

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.660115

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRRX2_HUMAN, Q99811
    Tissue specificity: In fetal skin, highest expression found in cells of mesodermal origin within the dermal papilla of
    the developing hair shaft. Not detected in epidermis or dermis. In adult skin, weakly expressed within the basal
    layers of the epidermis. Not expressed in dermis

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    In Situ
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    Search Advanced Cell Diagnostics for RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PRRX2

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

    Orthologs for PRRX2 gene from 4/14 species (see all 14)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves PRRX21 paired related homeobox 2 77.5(n)
    84.17(a)
      396314  XM_415476.3  XP_415476.3 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii BX908797.16
    --
    14(a)
    possible ortholog
    3(43523240-43528947)
    fruit fly
    (Drosophila melanogaster)
    Insecta CG98766
    OdsH6
    Ods-site homeobox
    26(a)
    10(a)
    1 ↔ many
    possible ortholog
    2R(18977626-18981785)
    X(17685083-17708021)
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    Secernentea unc-46
    Homeobox protein unc-4
    15(a)
    possible ortholog
    II(9897701-9900198)


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PRRX2 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for PRRX2 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for PRRX2 gene
    ALX12  PITX12  PHOX2B2  RAX2  ARX2  VSX12  DRGX2  PRRX12  
    PITX22  PHOX2A2  VSX22  ALX42  ISX2  PITX32  RAX22  ALX32  
    18/19 SIMAP similar genes for PRRX2 using alignment to 2 protein entries:     PRRX2_HUMAN (see all proteins) (see all similar genes):
    PITX2    PRRX1    NKX2-5    HOXB1    SHOX2    PHOX2A
    DUX2    MNX1    POU6F1    OTX2    PHOX2B    RAX
    PAX6    HOXA4    RAX2    ARX    OTP    CDX2

    PRRX2 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/1075 NCBI SNPs in PRRX2 are shown (see all 1075    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 9 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs1399179221,2
    --132425940(+) GTAGTA/GGCCCT 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs78647171,2
    C,F,--132426059(+) ACTGGC/TGCCTC 1 -- us2k11Minor allele frequency- T:0.16WA 118
    rs1494099041,2
    --132426160(+) CACCTA/GCACGG 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs107397561,2
    C,A,H,--132426231(+) TATTTT/AATTTA 1 -- us2k19Minor allele frequency- A:0.27NA WA CSA EA 371
    rs1817809151,2
    --132426242(+) ATTTAC/TATATA 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs1861638191,2
    --132426256(+) TTTGAA/GATGGA 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs1909306491,2
    --132426327(+) CGCCTC/TCCAGG 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs1474973391,2
    --132426382(+) CAGGCA/GCCTGC 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs1478543051,2
    --132426411(+) TTTTTA/TATTAT 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs132912281,2
    C,F,--132426773(+) GGCCAA/GCATGG 1 -- us2k17Minor allele frequency- G:0.16NA WA CSA EA 131

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PRRX2 (132427920 - 132484953 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 1 variation for PRRX2
         1 CNV: 39564

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
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    DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for PRRX2

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    PRRX2 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 604675    OMIM disorders: --

    4 diseases for PRRX2:    About MalaCards
    acute myeloid leukemia    myeloid leukemia    leukemia    neuronitis

    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PRRX2 (1 document)

    Export disorders for PRRX2 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for PRRX2 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 16):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PRRX2)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Human PRRX1 and PRRX2 genes: cloning, expression, genomic localization, and exclusion as disease genes for Nager syndrome. (PubMed id 11063257)1, 2, 3, 9 Norris R.A.... Kern M.J. (2000)
    2. Modulation of the human homeobox genes PRX-2 and HOXB13 in scarless fetal wounds. (PubMed id 9665387)1, 2, 9 Stelnicki E.J....Largman C. (1998)
    3. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    4. GeneChip microarrays facilitate identification of Protease Nexin-1 as a target gene of the Prx2 (S8) homeoprotein. (PubMed id 12713735)1, 9 Scott K.K....Kern M.J. (2003)
    5. Model for the exceptional reactivity of peroxiredoxin s 2 and 3 with hydrogen peroxide: a kinetic and computational study. (PubMed id 21385867)1 Nagy P....Winterbourn C.C. (2011)
    6. Maternal genes and facial clefts in offspring: a comp rehensive search for genetic associations in two population-based cleft studies from Scandinavia. (PubMed id 20634891)1 Jugessur A....Murray J.C. (2010)
    7. Web-based, participant-driven studies yield novel gen etic associations for common traits. (PubMed id 20585627)1 Eriksson N....Mountain J. (2010)
    8. Oxidation of Prx2 and phosphorylation of GRP58 by angiotensin II in human coronary smooth muscle cells identified by 2D-DIGE analysis. (PubMed id 17964282)1 Tokutomi Y....Kim-Mitsuyama S. (2007)
    9. The high-mobility-group domain of Sox proteins interacts with DNA-binding domains of many transcription factors. (PubMed id 16582099)1 Wissmuller S....Wegner M. (2006)
    10. A new translocation t(9;11)(q34;p15) fuses NUP98 to a novel homeobox partner gene, PRRX2, in a therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia. (PubMed id 15496970)1 Gervais C.... Lessard M. (2005)

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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 51450 HGNC: 21338 AceView: PRRX2 Ensembl:ENSG00000167157 euGenes: HUgn51450
    ECgene: PRRX2 H-InvDB: PRRX2

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for PRRX2 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
    ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for PRRX2 Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
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    Patent Information for PRRX2 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving PRRX2

    GeneCards and IP:
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