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PRL Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 66
GCID: GC06M022230

Prolactin

Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Congress

See related diseases
at

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(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, ¹⁰fRNAdb, ¹²H-InvDB, ¹³NCBI, ¹⁴NONCODE, and/or ¹⁵RNAdb)
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Aliases
prolactin¹ ²
Decidual Prolactin²

External Ids:	HGNC: 9445¹	Entrez Gene: 5617²	Ensembl: ENSG00000172179⁷	OMIM: 176760⁵	UniProtKB: P01236³

Export aliases for PRL gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC06M022345 GC06M022395

(According to Entrez Gene, GeneCards, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
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Entrez Gene summary for PRL Gene:

This gene encodes the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin. This secreted hormone is a growth regulator for many

tissues, including cells of the immune system. It may also play a role in cell survival by suppressing apoptosis,

and it is essential for lactation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the

same protein. (provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011)

GeneCards Summary for PRL Gene:

PRL (prolactin) is a protein-coding gene. Diseases associated with PRL include premenstrual tension, and sheehan syndrome. GO annotations related to this gene include prolactin receptor binding and hormone activity.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRL_HUMAN, P01236

Function: Prolactin acts primarily on the mammary gland by promoting lactation

Gene Wiki entry for PRL (Prolactin) Gene

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 75), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
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RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000006.12 NC_018917.2 NT_007592.16

Regulatory elements:

Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PRL gene promoter:
AP-1 ATF-2 FOXO1a STAT3 IRF-1 c-Jun NF-kappaB1 FOXO1
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: PRL promoter sequence

Search Chromatin IP Primers for PRL

Epigenetics:

DNA Methylation CpG Assay Predesigned for Pyrosequencing in human, mouse, rat PRL

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 6p22.3 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 6p22.3 HGNC cytogenetic band: 6p22.3

PRL Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PRL gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 6 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC06M022230: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	22,287,475 bp from pter	End:	22,303,082 bp from pter
Size:	15,608 bases	Orientation:	minus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, ²neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Cloud-Clone Corp.,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Cloud-Clone Corp., Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, LSBio, Abcam, and/or Cloud-Clone Corp.)
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UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRL_HUMAN, P01236 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Prolactin precursor

Size: 227 amino acids; 25876 Da

Sequence caution: Sequence=CAA38264.1; Type=Frameshift; Positions=8;

Selected PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for PRL (see all 12):

1RW5 (3D)

2Q98 (3D)

3D48 (3D)

3EW3 (3D)

3MZG (3D)

3N06 (3D)

Secondary accessions: Q15199 Q92996

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PRL: NX_P01236

Explore proteomics data for PRL at MOPED

Post-translational modifications:

Glycosylation² at Asn59

Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus

See PRL Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED, PaxDB, and MaxQB

REFSEQ proteins (2 alternative transcripts):

NP_000939.1 NP_001157030.1

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000302150

Reactome Protein details: P01236

PRL Human Recombinant Protein Products:

	Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
	R&D Systems Recombinant & Natural Proteins for PRL (Prolactin)
	Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
	OriGene Purified Proteins for PRL OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate for PRL OriGene MassSpec for PRL OriGene Custom Protein Services for PRL
	GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for PRL
	Novus Biologicals PRL Proteins Novus Biologicals PRL Lysates
	Sino Biological Recombinant Protein for PRL Sino Biological Cell Lysate for PRL
	ProSpec Recombinant Protein for PRL
	Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for PRL

PRL Antibody Products:

	EMD Millipore Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies for the study of PRL
	R&D Systems Antibodies for PRL (Prolactin)
	OriGene Antibodies for PRL OriGene Custom Antibody Services for PRL
	Novus Biologicals PRL Antibodies
	Abcam antibodies for PRL
	Cloud-Clone Corp. Antibodies for PRL
	ThermoFisher Antibody for PRL
	LSBio Antibodies in human, mouse, rat for PRL

PRL Assay Products:

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
	OriGene Custom Assay Services for PRL
	R&D Systems ELISAs for PRL (Prolactin) (see all)
	GenScript Custom Assay Services for PRL
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Cloud-Clone Corp. ELISAs for PRL Cloud-Clone Corp. CLIAs for PRL

(According to HGNC, IUPHAR, InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
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4 InterPro protein domains:

IPR018116 Somatotropin_CS

IPR012351 4_helix_cytokine_core

IPR009079 4_helix_cytokine-like_core

IPR001400 Somatotropin

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P01236

ProtoNet protein and cluster: P01236

1 Blocks protein domain: IPB001400 Somatotropin hormone

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRL_HUMAN, P01236

Similarity: Belongs to the somatotropin/prolactin family

PRL for domains About GeneDecksing

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, inGenious Targeting Laboratory, genOway,
transcription factor targeting from QIAGEN and/or HOMER, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, ESI BIO, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Molecular Function:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: PRL_HUMAN, P01236

Function: Prolactin acts primarily on the mammary gland by promoting lactation

Genatlas biochemistry entry for PRL:

prolactin

Gene Ontology (GO): 3 molecular function terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005148	prolactin receptor binding	TAS	10854700
GO:0005179	hormone activity	IEA	--
GO:0005515	protein binding	IPI	--

PRL for ontologies About GeneDecksing

Phenotypes:
9 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 1 allele) (MGI details for Prl):

behavior/neurological	endocrine/exocrine gland	homeostasis/metabolism	immune system	integument
liver/biliary system	nervous system	reproductive system	tumorigenesis

PRL for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

Animal Models:
MGI mouse knock-out Prl^tm1Hmn for PRL

inGenious Targeting Laboratory: Let us create your new Knockout/Knockin mouse model for PRL

inGenious Targeting Laboratory: Contact us about creating complex and humanized mouse models for PRL

genOway customized KO model: permanent, tissue-specific or time-controlled inactivation for PRL

genOway customized Knockin model: humanization, point mutation, expression monitoring, etc. for PRL

miRNA Products:		Block miRNA regulation of human, mouse, rat PRL using miScript Target Protectors
		Search for qRT-PCR Assays for microRNAs that regulate PRL
		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PRL 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		OriGene RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for PRL
		Predesigned siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PRL

Gene Editing
Products:

DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PRL

Clone Products:		OriGene clones in human, mouse for PRL (see all 11) OriGene ORF clones in mouse, rat for PRL OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PRL (NM_004248)
		Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for PRL
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PRL
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PRL

Cell Line Products:		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for PRL
		Browse ESI BIO Cell Lines and PureStem Progenitors for PRL

In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PRL

(According to UniProtKB, COMPARTMENTS Subcellular localization database, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

PRL_HUMAN, P01236: Secreted

Subcellular locations from COMPARTMENTS:

Compartment	Confidence
extracellular	5
nucleus	3
cytoskeleton	2
cytosol	2
endoplasmic reticulum	2
golgi apparatus	2
plasma membrane	2
lysosome	1
mitochondrion	1
vacuole	1

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Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	--
GO:0030141	secretory granule	--	--

PRL for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(SuperPaths according to PathCards, Pathways according to R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Sino Biological, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to QIAGEN, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene).
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SuperPaths for PRL About (see all 18)

See pathways by source

SuperPath

Contained pathways About

Prolactin Signaling Pathway

	Development Prolactin receptor signaling	0.39			Prolactin signaling pathway	0.33
	Prolactin Signaling Pathway	0.39

Nuclear signaling by ERBB4

Nuclear signaling by ERBB4

Prolactin receptor signaling

0.00

RNA Polymerase I Promoter Opening

Amyloids

0.68

PI-3K cascade

Signaling by ERBB4

0.66

Interferon Signaling

Cytokine Signaling in Immune system

0.59

Pathways by source See SuperPaths
Show all pathways

2 Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of GeneGlobe Pathway Central Maps for PRL

	JAK-STAT Pathway
	Prolactin Signaling

1 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathway for PRL

Development Prolactin receptor signaling

5 BioSystems Pathways for PRL

	Prostaglandin Synthesis and Regulation
	Prolactin Signaling Pathway
	ErbB4 signaling events
	Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network
	Signaling events mediated by PTP1B

3 Reactome Pathways for PRL

	Amyloids
	Growth hormone receptor signaling
	Prolactin receptor signaling

5 Kegg Pathways (Kegg details for PRL):

	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
	Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction
	PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
	Jak-STAT signaling pathway
	Prolactin signaling pathway

PRL for pathways About GeneDecksing

Pathway & Disease-focused RT² Profiler PCR Arrays including PRL:

cAMP / Ca2+ Signaling PathwayFinder in human mouse rat

Insulin Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Angiogenic Growth Factors in human mouse rat

JAK / STAT Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Inflammatory Response & Autoimmunity 384HT in human mouse rat

Interactions:

GeneGlobe Interaction Network for PRL

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

Selected Interacting proteins for PRL (P01236^{1, 3} ENSP00000302150⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 41)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
PPIB	P23284³, ENSP00000300026⁴	I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000300026
UBQLN4	Q9NRR5³, ENSP00000357292⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000357292
PAK2	Q13177³	I2D: score=1
PRLR	P16471-7¹, ENSP00000371432⁴	EBI-6903064,EBI-6903057 I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000371432
APCS	ENSP00000255040⁴	STRING: ENSP00000255040

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): Selected biological process terms (see all 19): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0007166	cell surface receptor signaling pathway	TAS	10854700
GO:0007262	STAT protein import into nucleus	--	--
GO:0007565	female pregnancy	NAS	7221563
GO:0007567	parturition	--	--
GO:0007584	response to nutrient	--	--

PRL for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, ApexBio, HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, Ligands according to IUPHAR, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB)
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Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse compounds at ApexBio

Browse Tocris compounds for PRL

Selected Novoseek inferred chemical compound relationships for PRL gene (see all 121) About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
bromocriptine	93.1	682	17917811 (5), 11579944 (5), 1490255 (4), 1543025 (4) (see all 99)
acth	89.4	1254	9876339 (6), 14533141 (6), 14604600 (6), 12475731 (5) (see all 99)
cabergoline	88.6	223	10931080 (6), 10404830 (5), 11579944 (4), 12699451 (4) (see all 99)
testosterone	88.4	1978	9334596 (7), 15670199 (6), 10639190 (5), 11966629 (5) (see all 99)
quinagolide	87.3	71	7889620 (5), 8921822 (4), 10931080 (4), 18211974 (3) (see all 27)
estradiol	87.1	1052	16775175 (6), 16557037 (6), 2209924 (5), 2162014 (5) (see all 99)
fenfluramine	85.8	552	11959359 (7), 12680745 (7), 10760377 (6), 10674278 (6) (see all 99)
progesterone	83.1	1127	9158065 (9), 14559722 (7), 2209924 (7), 19215357 (6) (see all 99)
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate	82.3	356	9159534 (7), 1832389 (5), 7586621 (4), 11499189 (4) (see all 99)
dopamine	81.4	1015	7977731 (8), 8284103 (8), 8119166 (8), 1618163 (6) (see all 99)

PRL for compounds About GeneDecksing

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 236 Homo sapiens; Apr 25 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
Conferences by KenesGroup, exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN )
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REFSEQ mRNAs for PRL gene (2 alternative transcripts):

NM_000948.5 NM_001163558.2

Unigene Cluster for PRL:

Prolactin

Hs.1905 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: CD242874

1 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000306482(uc003ndo.3 uc003ndp.3 uc003ndq.3 uc003ndr.1)

Congresses - knowledge worth sharing:
European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) 10 - 13 May 2014

miRNA Products:		Block miRNA regulation of human, mouse, rat PRL using miScript Target Protectors
		Search for qRT-PCR Assays for microRNAs that regulate PRL
		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PRL 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		OriGene RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for PRL
		Predesigned siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PRL

Clone Products:		OriGene clones in human, mouse for PRL (see all 11) OriGene ORF clones in mouse, rat for PRL OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PRL (NM_004248)
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PRL
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PRL

Primer Products:		OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for PRL OriGene qSTAR qPCR primer pairs in human, mouse for PRL
		Pre-validated RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PRL
		QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PRL
		QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PRL

Additional mRNA sequence:

BC015850.1 BC088370.1 D00411.1 DQ839492.1 GQ305133.1 M29386.1 U75583.1 V00566.1

X54393.1 X54394.1

Selected DOTS entries (see all 37):

DT.100893336 DT.216750 DT.100893346 DT.92459805 DT.100893365 DT.100893341 DT.100893374 DT.100893371

DT.100893360 DT.95181547 DT.100893338 DT.95283527 DT.100893355 DT.100893368 DT.100893372 DT.95181598

DT.100842013 DT.100893325 DT.121387776 DT.95181552 DT.95181593 DT.100893324 DT.100893332 DT.100893334

Selected AceView cDNA sequences (see all 1041):

CD107994 CD239749 CD106785 CD106637 CD105814 CD106883 CD236716 CD108070

CD107493 CD106717 CD105418 CD243111 CD109161 CD518766 CD251647 CD108583

CD239714 CD106713 CD242668 CD519045 CD107878 CD106101 CD251270 AA371842

GeneLoc Exon Structure

Selected Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for PRL (see all 7) About this scheme

ExUns:	1a	·	1b	·	1c	·	1d	^	2a	·	2b	^	3	^	4	^	5	^	6a	·	6b	·	6c	^	7a	·	7b	·	7c
SP1:									-						-								-
SP2:									-						-								-
SP3:									-						-								-
SP4:									-						-				-		-		-
SP5:									-						-

ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for PRL

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE ¹MOPED, ²PaxDb, and ³MaxQB, plus additional links to SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
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PRL expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS <intensity>^2/3
CGAP TAG: CTTGGGTGTA

About this image

PRL expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells About this table

Data from LifeMap, the Embryonic Development and Stem Cells Database
selected tissues (see all 4) fully expand


Thymus (Hematopoietic System)
T-Cytotoxic Cells Thymus

Trophoblast (Extraembryonic Tissues)
Trophoblast Cells Trophoblast

Bone (Muscoskeletal System)
Bone Marrow

Blood (Cardiovascular System)
T-Cytotoxic Cells Thymus

PRL Protein expression data from MOPED¹, PaxDb² and MaxQB³:

About this image

PRL Protein Expression

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.1905

Pathway & Disease-focused RT² Profiler PCR Arrays including PRL:

cAMP / Ca2+ Signaling PathwayFinder in human mouse rat

Insulin Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Angiogenic Growth Factors in human mouse rat

JAK / STAT Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Inflammatory Response & Autoimmunity 384HT in human mouse rat

Primer Products:		OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for PRL OriGene qSTAR qPCR primer pairs in human, mouse for PRL
		Pre-validated RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PRL
		QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PRL
		QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PRL

In Situ
Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PRL

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
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This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

Orthologs for PRL gene from 12 species (see representative species ) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)	Mammalia	PRL¹	prolactin	99.27(n) 98.68(a)		462468 XM_518264.4 XP_518264.1
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Prl^{1 , 5}	prolactin^{1, 5}	71.85(n)¹ 61.33(a)¹		13 (12.25 cM)⁵ 19109¹ NM_011164.2¹ NP_035294.2¹ 27057577⁵
rat (Rattus norvegicus)	Mammalia	Prl¹	prolactin	72.41(n) 63.05(a)		24683 NM_012629.1 NP_036761.1
cow (Bos taurus)	Mammalia	PRL¹	prolactin	80.32(n) 73.13(a)		280901 NM_173953.2 NP_776378.2
dog (Canis familiaris)	Mammalia	PRL¹	prolactin	86.34(n) 80.49(a)		488241 NM_001008275.2 NP_001008276.2
oppossum (Monodelphis domestica)	Mammalia	PRL⁶	Monodelphis domestica prolactin (PRL), mRNA.	74(a)	1 ↔ 1	3(317151828-317161675)
platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)	Mammalia	PRL⁶	prolactin	69(a)	1 ↔ 1	Contig195(696747-703557)
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	PRL¹	prolactin	72.06(n) 70.1(a)		396453 NM_205466.2 NP_990797.2
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	PRL⁶	prolactin	65(a)	1 ↔ 1	4(54981767-54989741)
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	Amphibia	CD302094.1²	--	73.67(n)		CD302094.1
tropical clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis)	Amphibia	prl.1¹	prolactin, gene 1	66.17(n) 66.34(a)		100101709 NM_001100229.1 NP_001093699.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	prl⁶	prolactin	34(a)	1 ↔ 1	3(32478893-32482876) ENSDARG00000037946

Species with no ortholog for PRL

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PRL (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for PRL (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
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(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, ⁴UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD), the Human Cytochrome P450 Allele Nomenclature Database, and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays, and Copy Number PCR Arrays from QIAGEN)
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SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 6 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs184102665^1,2		--	22208998(+)	`TTGTAC/GAATGA`	2	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs141161395^1,2	C	--	22209017(+)	`ATTAAC/TAATCT`	2	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs143459578^1,2		--	22209030(+)	`CTCTTC/TGATTC`	2	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs146675354^1,2		--	22209133(+)	`TCTGAC/TAAGAA`	2	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs140105269^1,2		--	22209135(+)	`TGATAA/TGAACT`	2	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs9358530^1,2	H	--	22209300(+)	`TACAAC/TTAAAA`	2	--	ut3¹		4		NS EA	418
rs150289010^1,2		--	22209310(+)	`AGAAGC/TTTGCA`	2	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs188641943^1,2	C	--	22209322(+)	`TGGAAC/TGGATC`	2	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs202053399^1,2		--	22209342(+)	`CTTCTC/TAGAAA`	2	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs200831376^1,2		--	22209367(+)	`GTGGGC/TTTAGC`	2	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PRL (22287475 - 22303082 bp)

Structural Variations
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) 1 variation for PRL: About this table

Variant ID	Type	Subtype	PubMed ID
nsv830604	CNV	Loss	17160897

Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PRL

Site Specific Mutation Identification with PCR Assays

SeqTarget long-range PCR primers for resequencing PRL

DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for PRL

(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Conferences by KenesGroup, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
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OMIM gene information: 176760 OMIM disorders: --

Selected diseases for PRL (see all 318):
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premenstrual tension sheehan syndrome choristoma endocrine gland cancer

empty sella syndrome prolactin producing pituitary tumor prolactinoma sexual disorder

impotence pedophilia hyperprolactinemia pituitary apoplexy

schizophreniform disorder 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase deficiency peripartum cardiomyopathy amenorrhea

stereotypic movement disorder obstructive hydrocephalus generalized resistance to thyroid hormone trichotillomania

Selected diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for PRL (see all 29):

Hyperprolactinemia Pituitary adenoma Adenoma Amenorrhea

Neuroendocrine tumor Acromegaly Hypothyroidism Hypopituitarism

Hypogonadism Infertility Cushing's syndrome Polycystic ovary syndrome

Empty sella syndrome Anovulation Hypoglycemia Sexual dysfunction

Breast cancer Gynecomastia Diabetes insipidus Pituitary apoplexy

PRL for disorders About GeneDecksing

Congresses - knowledge worth sharing:
Alzheimer's & Parkinson's Diseases Congress (ADPD) 18 - 22 March 2015

Selected Novoseek inferred disease relationships for PRL gene (see all 90) About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
hyperprolactinemia	97.2	764	8456892 (5), 7899431 (5), 9156042 (5), 16817144 (5) (see all 99)
prolactinoma	95.4	432	12012125 (6), 18426817 (5), 1903012 (5), 12574225 (4) (see all 99)
macroprolactinoma	92.5	95	8737186 (6), 10931080 (5), 8729527 (3), 10216513 (3) (see all 60)
pituitary adenoma	91.3	250	8392915 (5), 1910948 (3), 14615416 (3), 12713252 (3) (see all 99)
microprolactinoma	91.3	77	10931080 (5), 14616880 (4), 10216513 (3), 1774132 (2) (see all 48)
pituitary tumors	87.7	119	15251707 (3), 2325501 (2), 10933752 (2), 7664652 (2) (see all 90)
acromegaly	83.2	73	1574954 (2), 8531896 (2), 8127416 (2), 15473133 (2) (see all 52)
adenoma	82.3	774	8949563 (7), 1625993 (6), 8162255 (5), 8890999 (5) (see all 99)
hypogonadism	80	51	8733264 (3), 2099670 (1), 10699620 (1), 11207632 (1) (see all 36)
panhypopituitarism	78.9	26	10698595 (2), 2045062 (1), 8805025 (1), 9285205 (1) (see all 20)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): PRL
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PRL (67 documents)
Tumor Gene Database (TGDB): PRL

Export disorders for PRL gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for PRL gene, integrated from 10 sources (see all 4459):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PRL)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

A comprehensive analysis of common genetic variation in prolactin (PRL) and PRL receptor (PRLR) genes in relation to plasma prolactin levels and breast cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort. (PubMed id 18053149)^{1, 4, 9} Lee S.A....Stram D.O. (BMC Med. Genet. 2007)
Association of prolactin and its receptor gene regions with familial breast cancer. (PubMed id 16434456)^{1, 4, 9} Vaclavicek A....FAPrsti A. (J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006)
Prolactin and prolactin receptor gene polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. (PubMed id 12559630)^{1, 4, 9} Mellai M....Momigliano-Richiardi P. (Hum. Immunol. 2003)
Polymorphisms and haplotypes in the cytochrome P450 17A1, prolactin, and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk. (PubMed id 16214922)^{1, 4, 9} Skibola C.F....Holly E.A. (amp 2005)
Characterization of two constitutively active prolactin receptor variants in a cohort of 95 women with multiple breast fibroadenomas. (PubMed id 19897676)^{1, 4, 9} Courtillot C....Touraine P. (J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010)
Extrapituitary prolactin promoter polymorphism in Czech patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. (PubMed id 17468404)^{1, 4, 9} FojtA-kovA! M....DostA!l C. (Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2007)
Genome-wide association identifies three new susceptibility loci for Paget's disease of bone. (PubMed id 21623375)^{1, 4} Albagha O.M....Ralston S.H. (Nat. Genet. 2011)
No association between oxytocin or prolactin gene variants and childhood-onset mood disorders. (PubMed id 20547007)^{1, 4} Strauss J.S....Kennedy J.L. (Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010)
Examination of genetic polymorphisms in newborns for signatures of sex-specific prenatal selection. (PubMed id 20587610)^{1, 4} Ucisik-Akkaya E....Dorak M.T. (Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2010)
Genetic variation within the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis in women with recurrent miscarriage. (PubMed id 20716560)^{1, 4} Hanna C.W....Robinson W.P. (Hum. Reprod. 2010)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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		AND	OR
Aliases
Disorders
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
	(Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 5617	HGNC: 9445	AceView: PRL	Ensembl:ENSG00000172179	euGenes: HUgn5617
ECgene: PRL	Kegg: 5617	H-InvDB: PRL

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, and/or others, e.g. Wikipedia and GeneReviews, via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for PRL	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for PRL	Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
Wikipedia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin

Intellectual Property for PRL gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for PRL gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving PRL

GeneCards and IP:
Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards Improving the IP Search

(Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Cloud-Clone Corp., Thermo Fisher Scientific, LSBio, Gene Editing from DNA2.0. Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Cell lines from GenScript, and ESI BIO, PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or ApexBio, In Situ Hybridization Assays from
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PRL Gene

Prolactin

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Primary Amenorrhea
Varicocele
Infertility
Pituitary Dysfunction
MENSTRUAL DISORDER
EMPTY SELLA
Azoospermia
Pituitary Tumors
Schizoaffective Disorder
Sheehan Syndrome
Puberty Delayed
Breast Cancer
Macroprolactinoma
Hyperthyroidism
Stress Psychological
HYPOTHYROIDISM PRIMARY
Schizophrenia
Hypoglycemia
FIBROCYSTIC BREAST DISEASE
IMBALANCE HORMONAL
Hypopituitarism
SECONDARY AMENORRHEA
Central Diabetes Insipidus
HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM
growth hormone secreting adenoma
mammary tumor
Pituitary Apoplexy
major depressive episode
SHORT STATURE
ANOVULATORY CYCLE
Gynecomastia
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Pituitary-dependent Cushings disease
PRIMARY OBESITY
hormone deficiency
Impotence
Tumors
pituitary adenoma nonfunctioning
visual defect
ENDOCRINE DISORDER
CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
Hyperandrogenism
Anovulation
PROLACTIN DEFICIENCY, ISOLATED
Cushing Syndrome
major depression
Prostatic Hyperplasia
adenoma ACTH secreting
Pituitary Diseases
insulin tolerance
Anorexia Nervosa
nonfunctioning pituitary tumor
Hyperprolactinemia
PITUITARY ADENOMA
prolactin-producing pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma
ACTH DEFICIENCY
Hypothyroidism
Acromegaly
Gigantism
Erectile Dysfunction
Microprolactinoma
hypothalamic disorder
Ovarian Failure Premature
Endocrine Effects
MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITY
Prolactin deficiency
TSH secreting adenoma
Craniopharyngioma
Oligozoospermia
hypercortisolism
Panhypopituitarism
Ovarian dysfunction
growth hormone deficiency
Adenoma
Adenoma Chromophobe
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Puberty Precocious
GIGANTISM PITUITARY
TSH DEFICIENCY
Disruptive Behavior Disorder
Fibrous Dysplasia Polyostotic
Ovarian Diseases
Oligomenorrhea
Polycystic ovaries
hypogonadotropism
Psychotic
Nelson Syndrome
Lupus Erythematosus Systemic
Hypogonadism

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PRL Gene

Prolactin

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