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Category Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21

GIFtS
-

PRL Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 68
GCID: GC06M022230

prolactin

Explore 338 diseases affiliated with
PRL via

MalaCards

our new
Human Malady Compendium

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Prolactin¹
Decidual Prolactin²

External Ids:	HGNC: 9445¹	Entrez Gene: 5617²	Ensembl: ENSG00000172179⁷	OMIM: 176760⁵	UniProtKB: P01236³

Export aliases for PRL gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC06M022345 GC06M022395

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for PRL:

This gene encodes the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin. This secreted hormone is a growth regulator for many

tissues, including cells of the immune system. It may also play a role in cell survival by suppressing apoptosis, and

it is essential for lactation. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode the same

protein. (provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRL_HUMAN, P01236

Function: Prolactin acts primarily on the mammary gland by promoting lactation

Gene Wiki entry for PRL (Prolactin)

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000006.11 NC_018917.1 NT_007592.15

Regulatory elements:

SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PRL gene promoter:
AP-1 ATF-2 FOXO1a STAT3 IRF-1 c-Jun NF-kappaB1 FOXO1
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: PRL promoter sequence

Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PRL

Epigenetics:

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PRL

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 6p22.2-p21.3 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 6p22.3 HGNC cytogenetic band: 6p22.2-p21.3

PRL Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PRL gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 6 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC06M022230: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	22,287,475 bp from pter	End:	22,303,082 bp from pter
Size:	15,608 bases	Orientation:	minus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to ²PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRL_HUMAN, P01236 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Prolactin precursor

Size: 227 amino acids; 25876 Da

Subcellular location: Secreted

Sequence caution: Sequence=CAA38264.1; Type=Frameshift; Positions=8;

6/12 PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for PRL (see all 12):

1RW5 (3D)

2Q98 (3D)

3D48 (3D)

3EW3 (3D)

3MZG (3D)

3N06 (3D)

Secondary accessions: Q15199 Q92996

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PRL: NX_P01236

Post-translational modifications:

View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus²

View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P01236

PRL Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image

REFSEQ proteins (2 alternative transcripts):

NP_000939.1 NP_001157030.1

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000302150

Reactome Protein details: P01236
Human Recombinant Protein Products:

	Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
	R&D Systems Recombinant & Natural Proteins for PRL (Prolactin)
	Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
	OriGene Purified Proteins (see all 2): PRL OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate (see all 2): PRL OriGene Custom Protein Services for PRL
	GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for PRL
	Novus Biologicals PRL Proteins Novus Biologicals PRL Lysates
	Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
	ProSpec Recombinant Protein for PRL
	Uscn Proteins for PRL

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005576	extracellular region	TAS	--
GO:0030141	secretory granule	--	--

PRL for ontologies About GeneDecksing

PRL Antibody Products:

	EMD Millipore Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies for the study of PRL
	R&D Systems Antibodies for PRL (Prolactin)
	OriGene Antibodies (see all 10): PRL OriGene Custom Antibody Services for PRL
	GenScript Custom Superior Antibodies Services for PRL
	Novus Biologicals PRL Antibodies
	Abcam antibodies for PRL
	Uscn Antibodies for PRL
	ThermoFisher Antibody for PRL

Assay Products for PRL:

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
	OriGene Custom Immunoassay Development Browse OriGene Fluorogenic Cell Assay Kits
	R&D Systems ELISAs for PRL (Prolactin) (see all)
	GenScript Custom Assay Services for PRL
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for PRL

(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

PRL for domains About GeneDecksing

4 InterPro domains/families:

IPR018116 Somatotropin_CS

IPR012351 4_helix_cytokine_core

IPR009079 4_helix_cytokine-like_core

IPR001400 Somatotropin

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P01236

ProtoNet protein and cluster: P01236

1 Blocks protein family: IPB001400 Somatotropin hormone

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRL_HUMAN, P01236

Similarity: Belongs to the somatotropin/prolactin family

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PRL_HUMAN, P01236

Function: Prolactin acts primarily on the mammary gland by promoting lactation

Genatlas biochemistry entry for PRL:

prolactin

miRNA Products:		Browse 3'-UTR reporter clones for miRNA target validation Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PRL
		Search QIAGEN for miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PRL
		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PRL 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PRL (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: PRL OriGene siRNA: PRL
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PRL

Gene Editing
Products:

DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PRL

Clone Products:		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PRL (see all 5) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PRL (see all 2) OriGene custom cloning services � gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PRL (NM_004248)
		Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for PRL
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PRL
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PRL

Cell Line Products:		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for PRL
		Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for PRL

In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PRL

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005148	prolactin receptor binding	TAS	10854700
GO:0005179	hormone activity	IEA	--

PRL for ontologies           About GeneDecksing

Animal Models:
     Mouse knock-out Prl^tm1Hmn for PRL
     10 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 1 allele) (MGI details for Prl):

behavior/neurological	embryogenesis	endocrine/exocrine gland	homeostasis/metabolism	immune system
integument	liver/biliary system	nervous system	reproductive system	tumorigenesis

PRL for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

(Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
About This Section

Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/18 super-pathways (see all 18) About this table

See pathways by source

Super-pathway

contained gene-specific pathways

JAK2 phosphorylation

	JAK2 phosphorylation	1.00			PRLR is phosphorylated at Ser-349	0.86
	Tyrosine phosphorylation of PRLR	0.86			PRLR activation	0.86

FBXW7 WD mutants do not bind NICD1

	Prolactin receptor is internalized	0.25			Nuclear signaling by ERBB4	0.07
	Prolactin receptor signaling	0.18			Growth hormone receptor signaling	0.00

Development_Prolactin receptor signaling

	Development_Prolactin receptor signaling	1.00			Prolactin Signaling Pathway	0.39
	Development Prolactin receptor signaling	1.00

Amyloid precursor proteins form ordered fibrils

Amyloid precursor proteins form ordered fibrils

1.00

Amyloids

0.43

Cytokine Signaling in Immune system

Cytokine Signaling in Immune system

1.00

Pathway sources
See GeneCards unified pathways
Show all pathways

1 EMD Millipore Pathway for PRL

Development Prolactin receptor signaling

2 Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of QIAGEN Pathway Central Maps for PRL

	JAK-STAT Pathway
	Prolactin Signaling

1 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathway for PRL

Development Prolactin receptor signaling

5 BioSystems Pathways for PRL

	Prolactin Signaling Pathway
	Prostaglandin Synthesis and Regulation
	Signaling events mediated by PTP1B
	ErbB4 signaling events
	Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network

5/15 Reactome Pathways for PRL (see all 15)

	PRLR activation
	Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
	JAK2 phosphorylation
	PRLR is phosphorylated at Ser-349
	Prolactin receptor signaling

3 Kegg Pathways (Kegg details for PRL):

	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
	Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction
	Jak-STAT signaling pathway

PRL for pathways About GeneDecksing

Interactions:

SABiosciences Gene Network Central^TM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for PRL

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

5/41 Interacting proteins for PRL (P01236³ ENSP00000302150⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 41)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
PPIB	P23284³, ENSP00000300026⁴	I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000300026
PRLR	P16471³, ENSP00000371432⁴	I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000371432
UBQLN4	Q9NRR5³, ENSP00000357292⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000357292
PAK2	Q13177³	I2D: score=1
APCS	ENSP00000255040⁴	STRING: ENSP00000255040

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/20 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 20): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0007166	cell surface receptor signaling pathway	TAS	10854700
GO:0007262	STAT protein import into nucleus	--	--
GO:0007565	female pregnancy	NAS	7221563
GO:0007567	parturition	--	--
GO:0007584	response to nutrient	--	--

PRL for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section

PRL for compounds About GeneDecksing

Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse Tocris compounds for PRL
10/121 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for PRL gene (see all 121) About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
bromocriptine	93.1	682	17917811 (5), 11579944 (5), 1490255 (4), 1543025 (4) (see all 99)
acth	89.4	1254	9876339 (6), 14533141 (6), 14604600 (6), 12475731 (5) (see all 99)
cabergoline	88.6	223	10931080 (6), 10404830 (5), 11579944 (4), 12699451 (4) (see all 99)
testosterone	88.4	1978	9334596 (7), 15670199 (6), 10639190 (5), 11966629 (5) (see all 99)
quinagolide	87.3	71	7889620 (5), 8921822 (4), 10931080 (4), 18211974 (3) (see all 27)
estradiol	87.1	1052	16775175 (6), 16557037 (6), 2209924 (5), 2162014 (5) (see all 99)
fenfluramine	85.8	552	11959359 (7), 12680745 (7), 10760377 (6), 10674278 (6) (see all 99)
progesterone	83.1	1127	9158065 (9), 14559722 (7), 2209924 (7), 19215357 (6) (see all 99)
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate	82.3	356	9159534 (7), 1832389 (5), 7586621 (4), 11499189 (4) (see all 99)
dopamine	81.4	1015	7977731 (8), 8284103 (8), 8119166 (8), 1618163 (6) (see all 99)

Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about PRL

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for PRL gene (2 alternative transcripts):

NM_000948.5 NM_001163558.2

Unigene Clusters for PRL:

Prolactin

Hs.1905 [show with all ESTs], Hs.735971

Unigene Representative Sequences: CD242874, M58594

1 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000306482(uc003ndo.3 uc003ndp.3 uc003ndq.3 uc003ndr.1)

miRNA Products:		Browse 3'-UTR reporter clones for miRNA target validation Browse OriGene MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PRL
		Search QIAGEN for miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PRL
		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PRL 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PRL (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: PRL OriGene siRNA: PRL
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PRL

Clone Products:		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PRL (see first 1) NM_000948 (human cat#: RC205627) NM_001163558 (human cat#: RC228768) NM_001163530 (mouse cat#: MR227039) NM_011164 (mouse cat#: MR227036) NM_012629 (rat cat#: RR215115) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PRL (see all 2) OriGene custom cloning services � gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PRL (NM_004248)
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PRL
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PRL

Primer Products:		OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for PRL Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
		SABiosciences RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PRL
		QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PRL
		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PRL

Additional cDNA sequence: M58594.1

24/38 DOTS entries (see all 38):

DT.100893336 DT.216750 DT.100893346 DT.92459805 DT.100893365 DT.100893341 DT.100893371 DT.100893374

DT.100893360 DT.95181547 DT.100893338 DT.95283527 DT.100893355 DT.100893368 DT.100893372 DT.95181598

DT.100842013 DT.100893325 DT.121387776 DT.91843361 DT.95181552 DT.95181593 DT.100893324 DT.100893332

24/1041 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 1041):

AA371842 BX336440 AA371794 CD251316 CD239727 CD108102 CD251609 BX106632

CD108474 CD251157 CD238511 CD107233 CD108227 CD106978 CD106290 CD239693

CD108638 CD105695 CD242668 CD108032 AV752034 CD556859 CD108270 CD236964

GeneLoc Exon Structure

5/7 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for PRL (see all 7) About this scheme

ExUns:	1a	·	1b	·	1c	·	1d	^	2a	·	2b	^	3	^	4	^	5	^	6a	·	6b	·	6c	^	7a	·	7b	·	7c
SP1:									-						-								-
SP2:									-						-								-
SP3:									-						-								-
SP4:									-						-				-		-		-
SP5:									-						-

ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for PRL

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

PRL expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: CTTGGGTGTA

About this image

PRL expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells

Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine About this table

Stem Cell Differentiation: 1 LifeMap Cell

Name

Category

Beating cell clusters (Spontaneous differen...)

Expression:

Positive

Negative

Selective marker

Experimental details:

Curated

Microarrays

In-situ hybridization

See PRL Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
Genevestigator expression for PRL

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene clusters: Hs.1905 Hs.735971

SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including PRL:

cAMP / Ca2+ Signaling PathwayFinder in human mouse rat

Insulin Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Angiogenic Growth Factors in human mouse rat

JAK / STAT Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Inflammatory Response & Autoimmunity 384HT in human mouse rat

Primer Products:		OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for PRL Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
		SABiosciences RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PRL
		QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PRL
		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PRL

In Situ
Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PRL

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
About This Section

This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

Orthologs for PRL gene from 5/11 species (see all 11) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Prl^{1 , 5}	prolactin^{1, 5}	72(n)¹ 61.33(a)¹		13 (12.25 cM)⁵ 19109¹ NM_011164.2¹ NP_035294.2¹ 27057577⁵
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	PRL¹	prolactin	71.51(n) 68.28(a)		396453 NM_205466.2 NP_990797.2
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	PRL⁶	--	65(a)	1 ↔ 1	4(54981767-54989741)
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	Amphibia	CD302094.1²	--	73.67(n)		CD302094.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	prl⁶	prolactin	30(a)	1 ↔ 1	3(32478893-32482876)

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PRL (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for PRL (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
About This Section

Paralogs for PRL gene

GH2² CSH2² CSH1² GH1² CSHL1²

PRL for paralogs About GeneDecksing

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
About This Section

SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 6 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Pop	Total sample
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs9358530^1,2	H	--	22230740(+)	`TACAAC/TTAAAA`	2	--	ut3¹		4	NS EA	418
rs113287247^1,2	F	--	22231044(+)	`TTAGTG/ATTTGT`	2	--	int¹		2	CSA	4
rs1474626^1,2	F,	--	22231880(-)	`caccaC/Taatct`	2	--	int¹		1	WA	118
rs76400958^1,2	C,	--	22232309(+)	`GTGTGC/TGCGCG`	2	--	int¹		3	NA WA	240
rs57440488^1,2	C,	--	22232647(+)	`TTTCTC/GGCATG`	2	--	int¹		2	WA	120
rs73389164^1,2	C,	--	22233205(+)	`TCTGGC/TGAGGG`	2	--	int¹		2	WA	120
rs6238^1,2	C,H	--	22233723(-)	`TATTGC/TGATCC`	4	R *	stg¹ ese³		10	MN NS EA	998
rs77424020^1,2	C,	--	22234241(+)	`TCATCG/AAACTA`	2	--	int¹		2	WA	120
rs76344797^1,2	F,	--	22234485(+)	`GATCGT/AGTAGG`	2	--	int¹		1	WA	118
rs73389166^1,2	C,	--	22234596(+)	`ATGGAC/GATTGC`	2	--	int¹		2	WA	120

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PRL (22287475 - 22303082 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 1 variation for PRL
1 CNV: 93538
Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PRL

SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays

QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing PRL

DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for PRL

(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
About This Section

PRL for disorders           About GeneDecksing

OMIM gene information: 176760    OMIM disorders: --

20/338 diseases for PRL (see all 338):    About MalaCards

prolactin producing pituitary tumor spinal cord injury pituitary-dependent cushing's disease growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma

21-hydroxylase deficiency ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, clefting syndrome alveolar soft part sarcoma stereotypic movement disorder

adrenal gland hyperfunction diamond-blackfan anemia premenstrual tension spinal muscular atrophy

obsessive-compulsive disorder growth hormone deficiency pituitary apoplexy empty sella syndrome

langerhans-cell histiocytosis end stage renal failure neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus migraine without aura

20/51 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for PRL (see all 51):

Hyperprolactinemia Pituitary adenoma Amenorrhea Adenoma

Neuroendocrine tumor Acromegaly Sexual dysfunction Infertility

Hypogonadism Hypopituitarism Hypothyroidism Gynecomastia

Schizophrenia Penile disease Polycystic ovary syndrome Anovulation

Breast cancer Cushing's syndrome Empty sella syndrome Pituitary apoplexy

10/90 Novoseek disease relationships for PRL gene (see all 90) About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
hyperprolactinemia	97.2	764	8456892 (5), 7899431 (5), 9156042 (5), 16817144 (5) (see all 99)
prolactinoma	95.4	432	12012125 (6), 18426817 (5), 1903012 (5), 12574225 (4) (see all 99)
macroprolactinoma	92.5	95	8737186 (6), 10931080 (5), 8729527 (3), 10216513 (3) (see all 60)
pituitary adenoma	91.3	250	8392915 (5), 1910948 (3), 14615416 (3), 12713252 (3) (see all 99)
microprolactinoma	91.3	77	10931080 (5), 14616880 (4), 10216513 (3), 1774132 (2) (see all 48)
pituitary tumors	87.7	119	15251707 (3), 2325501 (2), 10933752 (2), 7664652 (2) (see all 90)
acromegaly	83.2	73	1574954 (2), 8531896 (2), 8127416 (2), 15473133 (2) (see all 52)
adenoma	82.3	774	8949563 (7), 1625993 (6), 8162255 (5), 8890999 (5) (see all 99)
hypogonadism	80	51	8733264 (3), 2099670 (1), 10699620 (1), 11207632 (1) (see all 36)
panhypopituitarism	78.9	26	10698595 (2), 2045062 (1), 8805025 (1), 9285205 (1) (see all 20)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): PRL
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PRL (67 documents)
Tumor Gene Database (TGDB): PRL

Export disorders for PRL gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for PRL gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 4438):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PRL)

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Prolactin and prolactin receptor gene polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. (PubMed id 12559630)^{1, 4, 9} Mellai M....Momigliano-Richiardi P. (2003)
Polymorphisms and haplotypes in the cytochrome P450 17A1, prolactin, and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk. (PubMed id 16214922)^{1, 4, 9} Skibola C.F....Holly E.A. (2005)
Structural and thermodynamic bases for the design of pure prolactin receptor antagonists: X-ray structure of Del1-9-G129R-hPRL. (PubMed id 17785459)^{1, 2} Jomain J.-B.... Goffin V. (2007)
Solution structure of human prolactin. (PubMed id 16045928)^{1, 2} Teilum K....Kragelund B.B. (2005)
The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)^{1, 2} Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
Genetic variations in humans associated with differences in the course of hepatitis C. (PubMed id 15063762)^{1, 4} Saito T....Kawata S. (2004)
The tertiary structure and backbone dynamics of human prolactin. (PubMed id 12729745)^{1, 2} Keeler C.... Hodsdon M.E. (2003)
Neuroendocrine gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to juvenile idiopathic arthritis. (PubMed id 12154211)^{1, 4} Donn R.P....Thomson W. (2002)
Characterization of a prolactin gene polymorphism and its associations with systemic lupus erythematosus. (PubMed id 11665977)^{1, 4} Stevens A....Davis J.R. (2001)
Polymorphisms of the human prolactin gene--implications for production of lymphocyte prolactin and systemic lupus erythematosus. (PubMed id 11721693)^{1, 4} Stevens A....Davis J.R. (2001)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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		AND	OR
Aliases
Disorders
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
	(Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 5617	HGNC: 9445	AceView: PRL	Ensembl:ENSG00000172179	euGenes: HUgn5617
ECgene: PRL	Kegg: 5617	H-InvDB: PRL

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for PRL	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for PRL	Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
Wikipedia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolactin

Intellectual Property for PRL gene
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Patent Information for PRL gene:
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Primary Amenorrhea
Varicocele
Infertility
Pituitary Dysfunction
MENSTRUAL DISORDER
EMPTY SELLA
Azoospermia
Pituitary Tumors
Schizoaffective Disorder
Sheehan Syndrome
Puberty Delayed
Breast Cancer
Macroprolactinoma
Hyperthyroidism
Stress Psychological
HYPOTHYROIDISM PRIMARY
Schizophrenia
Hypoglycemia
FIBROCYSTIC BREAST DISEASE
IMBALANCE HORMONAL
Hypopituitarism
SECONDARY AMENORRHEA
Central Diabetes Insipidus
HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM
growth hormone secreting adenoma
mammary tumor
Pituitary Apoplexy
major depressive episode
SHORT STATURE
ANOVULATORY CYCLE
Gynecomastia
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Pituitary-dependent Cushings disease
PRIMARY OBESITY
hormone deficiency
Impotence
Tumors
pituitary adenoma nonfunctioning
visual defect
ENDOCRINE DISORDER
CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
Hyperandrogenism
Anovulation
PROLACTIN DEFICIENCY, ISOLATED
Cushing Syndrome
major depression
Prostatic Hyperplasia
adenoma ACTH secreting
Pituitary Diseases
insulin tolerance
Anorexia Nervosa
nonfunctioning pituitary tumor
Hyperprolactinemia
PITUITARY ADENOMA
prolactin-producing pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma
ACTH DEFICIENCY
Hypothyroidism
Acromegaly
Gigantism
Erectile Dysfunction
Microprolactinoma
hypothalamic disorder
Ovarian Failure Premature
Endocrine Effects
MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITY
Prolactin deficiency
TSH secreting adenoma
Craniopharyngioma
Oligozoospermia
hypercortisolism
Panhypopituitarism
Ovarian dysfunction
growth hormone deficiency
Adenoma
Adenoma Chromophobe
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Puberty Precocious
GIGANTISM PITUITARY
TSH DEFICIENCY
Disruptive Behavior Disorder
Fibrous Dysplasia Polyostotic
Ovarian Diseases
Oligomenorrhea
Polycystic ovaries
hypogonadotropism
Psychotic
Nelson Syndrome
Lupus Erythematosus Systemic
Hypogonadism

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PRL Gene

prolactin

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