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Category Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21

GIFtS
-

PPARD Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 68
GCID: GC06P035310

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta

(Previous names: peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, delta )

Explore 65 diseases affiliated with
PPARD via

MalaCards

our new
Human Malady Compendium

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Delta¹ ²		Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Beta² ³
NUC1¹ ² ³ ⁵		NUCI² ³
NR1C2¹ ² ³		PPAR-Beta¹
FAAR¹ ²		PPAR-Delta¹
NUCII¹ ²		PPARB² ³
Nuclear Hormone Receptor 1² ³		Peroxisome Proliferative Activated Receptor, Delta¹
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group C Member 2² ³		Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Nuclear Receptor Beta/Delta Variant 2²

External Ids:	HGNC: 9235¹	Entrez Gene: 5467²	Ensembl: ENSG00000112033⁷	OMIM: 600409⁵	UniProtKB: Q03181³

Export aliases for PPARD gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC06U990097 GC06P035306 GC06P035357 GC06P035418 GC06P035031

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for PPARD:

This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family. PPARs are nuclear hormone

receptors that bind peroxisome proliferators and control the size and number of peroxisomes produced by cells. PPARs

mediate a variety of biological processes, and may be involved in the development of several chronic diseases,

including diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer. This protein is a potent inhibitor of ligand-induced

transcription activity of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma. It may function as an integrator of transcription repression and

nuclear receptor signaling. The expression of this gene is found to be elevated in colorectal cancer cells. The

elevated expression can be repressed by adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor protein related to

APC/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Knockout studies in mice suggested the role of this protein in myelination of the

corpus callosum, lipid metabolism, and epidermal cell proliferation. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript

variants. (provided by RefSeq, Jan 2010)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PPARD_HUMAN, Q03181

Function: Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic

drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-linoleic acid and

eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates

the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase

gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand

summary for PPARD:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta), also known as PPARbeta, is a member of the

nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors that heterodimerize with the retinoic X

receptor (RXR) to regulate gene expression. PPARdelta display a ubiquitous expression pattern and is thought

to regulate placental and gut development, fatty acid oxidation, adaptive thermogenesis, control of cell

proliferation and differentiation and tissue repair. The human gene encoding PPARdelta has been localized to

chromosome 6 (6p21.2).

Gene Wiki entry for PPARD (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta)

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000006.11 NC_018917.1 NT_007592.15

Regulatory elements:

SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PPARD gene promoter:
TBP AP-1 ATF-2 c-Rel PPAR-gamma1 TFIID c-Jun PPAR-gamma2
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: PPARD promoter sequence

Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PPARD

Epigenetics:

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PPARD

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 6p21.2 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 6p21.31 HGNC cytogenetic band: 6p21.2

PPARD Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PPARD gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 6 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC06P035310: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	35,310,335 bp from pter	End:	35,395,968 bp from pter
Size:	85,634 bases	Orientation:	plus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to ²PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PPARD_HUMAN, Q03181 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta

Size: 441 amino acids; 49903 Da

Subunit: Heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor

Subcellular location: Nucleus

6/23 PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for PPARD (see all 23):

1GWX (3D)

1Y0S (3D)

2AWH (3D)

2B50 (3D)

2BAW (3D)

2ENV (3D)

Secondary accessions: A8K6J6 B4E3V3 B6ZGS1 B7Z3W1 E9PE18 Q5D1P0 Q7Z5K0 Q9BUD4

Alternative splicing: 4 isoforms: Q03181-1 Q03181-2 Q03181-3 Q03181-4 (No experimental confirmation available)

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PPARD: NX_Q03181

Post-translational modifications:

View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus²

View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q03181

PPARD Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image

REFSEQ proteins (5 alternative transcripts):

NP_001165289.1 NP_001165290.1 NP_001165291.1 NP_006229.1 NP_803184.1

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000310928 ENSP00000337063 ENSP00000414372 ENSP00000353916 ENSP00000413314

ENSP00000410837 ENSP00000443759

Reactome Protein details: Q03181
Human Recombinant Protein Products:

	Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
	Browse R&D Systems for human recombinant proteins
	Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
	OriGene Purified Protein: PPARD OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate (see all 3): PPARD OriGene Custom Protein Services for PPARD
	GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for PPARD
	Novus Biologicals PPARD Proteins Novus Biologicals PPARD Lysate
	Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
	Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
	Browse Proteins at Uscn

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005634	nucleus	NAS	11551955
GO:0005654	nucleoplasm	TAS	--

PPARD for ontologies About GeneDecksing

PPARD Antibody Products:

	Browse EMD Millipore's Extensive Line of Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies
	R&D Systems Antibodies for PPARD (PPAR delta/NR1C2)
	OriGene Antibodies: PPARD OriGene Custom Antibody Services for PPARD
	GenScript Custom Superior Antibodies Services for PPARD
	Novus Biologicals PPARD Antibodies
	Abcam antibodies for PPARD
	Browse Antibodies at Uscn
	ThermoFisher Antibodies for PPARD

Assay Products for PPARD:

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
	OriGene Custom Immunoassay Development Browse OriGene Fluorogenic Cell Assay Kits
	Browse R&D Systems for biochemical assays
	GenScript Custom Assay Services for PPARD
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Browse ELISAs and CLIAs at Uscn

(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

PPARD for domains About GeneDecksing

5/7 InterPro domains/families (see all 7):

IPR008946 Nucl_hormone_rcpt_ligand-bd

IPR003075 1Cnucl_rcpt_B

IPR001723 Str_hrmn_rcpt

IPR003074 1Cnucl_rcpt

IPR013088 Znf_NHR/GATA

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q03181

ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q03181

3 Blocks protein families:

IPB001723 Steroid hormone receptor signature

IPB003074 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (1C nuclear receptor) signature

IPB003075 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta signature

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PPARD_HUMAN, Q03181

Similarity: Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR1 subfamily

Similarity: Contains 1 nuclear receptor DNA-binding domain

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PPARD_HUMAN, Q03181

Function: Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic

drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-linoleic acid and

eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates

the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase

gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand

Genatlas biochemistry entry for PPARD:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta,heterodimerizing with RXR*,steroid/thyroid hormone receptor

superfamily,expressed in preadipocyte and expressed at low level in colorectal mucosa,highly expressed in CR

carcinomal,down- regulated by APC through beta-catenin/TCF4 inactivation,target of nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone (see all 2): PPARD Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PPARD
		8/37 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PPARD (see all 37):
		hsa-miR-520f hsa-miR-106a hsa-miR-29a hsa-miR-877* hsa-miR-9 hsa-miR-93 hsa-miR-526b* hsa-miR-548am

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PPARD 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PPARD (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: PPARD OriGene siRNA: PPARD
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PPARD

Gene Editing
Products:

DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PPARD

Clone Products:		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PPARD (see all 7) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PPARD (see all 5) OriGene custom cloning services � gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector (see all 5): PPARD (NM_177435)
		Browse Sino Biological Human cDNA Clones
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PPARD
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PPARD

Cell Line Products:		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for PPARD
		Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for PPARD

In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PPARD

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/10 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 10): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0003677	DNA binding	ISS	--
GO:0003700	sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity	NAS	11551955
GO:0003707	steroid hormone receptor activity	IEA	--
GO:0004879	ligand-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity	IDA	12955147
GO:0005504	fatty acid binding	NAS	--

PPARD for ontologies           About GeneDecksing

Animal Models:
     Mouse knock-outs for PPARD: Ppard^tm1Wwah Ppard^tm1Jps Ppard^tm1Dsvg Ppard^tm1.1Rev Ppard^tm2Rev
     14 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 9 alleles) (MGI details for Ppard):

adipose tissue	behavior/neurological	cellular	digestive/alimentary	embryogenesis
growth/size	homeostasis/metabolism	immune system	integument	liver/biliary system
mortality/aging	nervous system	reproductive system	tumorigenesis

PPARD for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

(Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
About This Section

Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/14 super-pathways (see all 14) About this table

See pathways by source

Super-pathway

contained gene-specific pathways

Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway

Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway

1.00

Nuclear Receptors

0.68

Generic Transcription Pathway

Generic Transcription Pathway

1.00

Gene Expression

0.46

Development_Ligand-independent activation of ESR1 and ESR2

Transcription PPAR Pathway

0.35

Transcription_PPAR Pathway

0.35

Wnt Signaling Pathway

Wnt Signaling Pathway and Pluripotency

0.55

Wnt signaling pathway

0.30

Transcription factors in neurogenesis

Transcription factors in neurogenesis

1.00

Pathway sources
See GeneCards unified pathways
Show all pathways

2 EMD Millipore Pathways for PPARD

	Transcription PPAR Pathway
	Transcription factors in neurogenesis

2 Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of QIAGEN Pathway Central Maps for PPARD

	WNT Signaling
	PPAR Pathway

1 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathway for PPARD

Transcription PPAR Pathway

5/6 BioSystems Pathways for PPARD (see all 6)

	Adipogenesis
	Nuclear Receptors
	Wnt Signaling Pathway and Pluripotency
	Nuclear receptors in lipid metabolism and toxicity
	Energy Metabolism

3 Reactome Pathways for PPARD

	Generic Transcription Pathway
	Nuclear Receptor transcription pathway
	Gene Expression

4 Kegg Pathways (Kegg details for PPARD):

	PPAR signaling pathway
	Wnt signaling pathway
	Pathways in cancer
	Acute myeloid leukemia

PPARD for pathways About GeneDecksing

Interactions:

SABiosciences Gene Network Central^TM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for PPARD

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

5/73 Interacting proteins for PPARD (Q03181^{2, 3} ENSP00000310928⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 73)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
SMAD9	O15198²^,³	MINT-62125 I2D: score=3
HDAC3	O15379³, ENSP00000302967⁴	I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000302967
GADD45G	O95257³, ENSP00000252506⁴	I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000252506
HDAC7	Q8WUI4³, ENSP00000080059⁴	I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000080059
NRIP1	P48552³, ENSP00000327213⁴	I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000327213

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/36 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 36): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0000122	negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	ISS	--
GO:0001890	placenta development	--	--
GO:0006006	glucose metabolic process	NAS	15793256
GO:0006091	generation of precursor metabolites and energy	TAS	1333051
GO:0006355	regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent	--	--

PPARD for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section

PPARD for compounds About GeneDecksing

EMD Millipore small molecules for PPARD:
Small Molecule - inhibitor

Enzo Life Sciences drugs & compounds for PPARD

Compounds for PPARD available from Tocris Bioscience About this table

Compound	Action	CAS #
GSK 0660	Selective PPARdelta antagonist	[1014691-61-2]
L-165,041	Potent PPARdelta agonist	[79558-09-1]
Retinoic acid	Endogenous retinoic acid receptor agonist.	[302-79-4]
GW 0742	Highly selective, potent PPARdelta agonist	[317318-84-6]

10/32 HMDB Compounds for PPARD (see all 32) About this table

Compound	Synonyms	CAS #	PubMed Ids
(2E)-Decenoyl-CoA	(E)-S-2-decenoate Coenzyme A (see all 15)	10018-95-8	--
(2E)-Dodecenoyl-CoA	2-trans-Dodecenoyl-Coenzyme A (see all 4)	1066-12-2	--
(2E)-Hexadecenoyl-CoA	trans-2-Hexadecenoyl-CoA (see all 4)	4460-95-1	--
(2E)-Octenoyl-CoA	(E)-S-2-octenoate Coenzyme A (see all 16)	10018-94-7	--
(2E)-Tetradecenoyl-CoA	(2E)-Tetradecenoyl-Coenzyme A (see all 8)	38795-33-4	--
2-Methylbutyryl-CoA	2-methylbutanoyl-CoA (see all 11)	6712-02-3	--
2-Methylhexanoyl-CoA	2-Methylhexanoyl-CoEnzyme A (see all 5)	--	--
3Z-dodecenoyl-CoA	S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] (Z)-dodec-3-enethioate (see all 4)	2152-91-2	--
Acetyl-CoA	S-Acetyl coenzyme A (see all 13)	72-89-9	--
Acrylyl-CoA	Acryloyl coenzyme A (see all 14)	5776-58-9	--

10 DrugBank Compounds for PPARD About this table

Compound	Synonyms	CAS #	Type	Actions	PubMed Ids
Icosapent	Eicosapentaenoic acid (see all 4)	10417-94-4	target	agonist	11552681 10198642 17632107 16507691 9610365
Sulindac	--	38194-50-2	target	negative modulator	16091736 17409426 16418176 14506281 10555149
Heptyl-Beta-D-Glucopyranoside	--	--	target	--	17139284 17016423 10592235
(2S)-2-{3-[({[2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)methyl]-4-methoxybenzyl}butanoic acid	--	--	target	--	10592235
2-({[3-(3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-ylsulfonyl)phenyl]carbonyl}amino)benzoic acid	--	--	target	--	10592235
3-{5-methoxy-1-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}propanoic acid	--	--	target	--	10592235
Bezafibrate	Bezafibrat (see all 3)	41859-67-0	target	agonist	16168052
Treprostinil	--	81846-19-7	target	agonist	16239641
{4-[3-(4-acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenoxy)propoxy]phenoxy}acetic acid	--	--	target	--	10592235
(11E)-OCTADEC-11-ENOIC ACID	--	--	target	--	--

10/64 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for PPARD gene (see all 64) About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
gw501516	97.6	92	17500064 (5), 17461989 (4), 18684227 (3), 16896941 (3) (see all 38)
gw 0742	93.1	19	18048767 (3), 18627005 (3), 16239641 (1), 20066433 (1) (see all 9)
gw2433	83	2	16546385 (1), 10198642 (1)
carbacyclin	75.8	3	11087869 (1), 11093153 (1)
rosiglitazone	74.1	10	19067734 (1), 18162399 (1), 15764152 (1), 15821150 (1) (see all 10)
gw 7647	73.2	2	18003597 (1), 11354382 (1)
fatty acid	70.5	106	10991946 (4), 15589693 (3), 16713711 (3), 20185762 (3) (see all 52)
gw9662	70.1	4	12022867 (2), 16038868 (1), 18347139 (1)
wy14643	68.8	3	10479651 (1), 19667161 (1), 16193754 (1)
15-deoxy-delta-12,14-prostaglandin j2	67.2	3	15821150 (1), 12852255 (1), 11950812 (1)

2 PharmGKB related drug/compound annotations for PPARD gene

Drug/compound	PharmGKB Annotation
docetaxel	CA
thalidomide	CA

About this table

Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about PPARD

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for PPARD gene (5 alternative transcripts):

NM_001171818.1 NM_001171819.1 NM_001171820.1 NM_006238.4 NM_177435.2

Unigene Cluster for PPARD:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta

Hs.696032 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_001171818

7 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000311565(uc003okn.3) ENST00000337400 ENST00000448077(uc011dtb.2)

ENST00000360694(uc003okm.3) ENST00000418635(uc011dtc.2) ENST00000444397(uc003okl.3 uc010jvv.1)

ENST00000540939

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone (see all 2): PPARD Browse OriGene MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PPARD
		8/37 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PPARD (see all 37):
		hsa-miR-520f hsa-miR-106a hsa-miR-29a hsa-miR-877* hsa-miR-9 hsa-miR-93 hsa-miR-526b* hsa-miR-548am

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PPARD 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PPARD (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: PPARD OriGene siRNA: PPARD
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PPARD

Clone Products:		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PPARD (see all 7) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PPARD (see all 5) OriGene custom cloning services � gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector (see all 5): PPARD (NM_177435)
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PPARD
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PPARD

Primer Products:		OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for PPARD Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
		SABiosciences RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PPARD
		QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PPARD
		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PPARD

Additional cDNA sequence:

AB099507.1 AB307691.1 AK122614.1 AK291661.1 AK296425.1 AK304482.1 AK304878.1 AY919140.1

AY927506.1 AY927592.1 BC002715.2 BC007578.1 BC127809.1 HQ692865.1 XR_108638.2 XR_133424.1

XR_171568.1

19 DOTS entries:

DT.100843661 DT.95174839 DT.40313999 DT.95244219 DT.412234 DT.91831275 DT.100698132 DT.401767

DT.40284287 DT.91693783 DT.91822276 DT.121312188 DT.121312232 DT.91750054 DT.92028775 DT.92427495

DT.95174837 DT.121312174 DT.91747575

24/153 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 153):

BM047291 NM_177435 AK122614 NM_006238 BF507717 BG033921 AI189844 AL134655

CB155475 AI351364 CB152644 BM915390 BX505518 AU131142 BG425091 BI051277

BF436376 BG743857 BU146134 BG676969 CA432726 BF996332 AI968278 AW299607

GeneLoc Exon Structure

5/16 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for PPARD (see all 16) About this scheme

ExUns:	1a	·	1b	·	1c	·	1d	^	2	^	3a	·	3b	^	4a	·	4b	^	5	^	6	^	7	^	8a	·	8b	^	9	^	10	^	11a	·	11b	^	12	^	13a	·	13b	·	13c	^	14a	·	14b	^	15a	·	15b	·
SP1:							-				-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-						-
SP2:											-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-								-
SP3:							-				-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-								-
SP4:							-				-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-						-		-		-		-		-		-
SP5:							-				-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-

ExUns:	15c	·	15d	^	16a	·	16b	^	17a	·	17b
SP1:			-
SP2:			-
SP3:
SP4:			-
SP5:

ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for PPARD

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

PPARD expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: CCGCGTCCCT

About this image
See PPARD Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
Genevestigator expression for PPARD

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.696032

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PPARD_HUMAN, Q03181

Tissue specificity: Ubiquitous with maximal levels in placenta and skeletal muscle

SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including PPARD (see all 11):

WNT Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Nuclear Receptors & Coregulators in human mouse rat

Stem Cells in human mouse rat

Adipogenesis in human mouse rat

WNT Signaling Targets in human mouse rat

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In Situ
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(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
About This Section

This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

Orthologs for PPARD gene from 5/15 species (see all 15) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	PPARD¹	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	82.95(n) 87.5(a)		395479 NM_204728.1 NP_990059.1
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	PPARD⁶	--	86(a)	1 ↔ 1	4(120478307-120497193)
tropical clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis)	Amphibia	Str.16577²	Transcribed sequence with weak similarity to protein more	79.08(n)		BX719635.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	AF342937.1²	--	79.32(n)		30750 AF342937.1
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)	Secernentea	nhr-85⁶	Nuclear hormone receptor family member nhr-85	17(a)	1 → many	I(13056080-13062111)

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PPARD (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for PPARD (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
About This Section

Paralogs for PPARD gene

RORC² NR1D2² RORA² NR1D1² PPARA² RORB² PPARG²

13 SIMAP similar genes for PPARD using alignment to 3 protein entries: PPARD_HUMAN (see all proteins):

NR1C2 PPARA NR1C1 PPARG NR1C3 RARB

NR1B2 BCOR-RARA NR1B3 RARG RARA NR1B1

DKFZp761C0417

PPARD for paralogs About GeneDecksing

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
About This Section

SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 6 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs9658070^1,2	C,F,H	--	35035842(+)	`CATGCA/CCGTGA`	1	--	us2k¹ ese³		6		NS EA NA	574
rs9462074^1,2		--	35035965(+)	`TAAGAA/TCCTGA`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs9658071^1,2	C,F,H,	--	35036099(+)	`CTTACA/GTAGTT`	1	--	us2k¹		9		NS EA NA	1020
rs9469999^1,2	C,F,H,	--	35036114(+)	`CAGGAA/C/GCATGG`	1	--	us2k¹		12		NS EA NA CSA WA	1459
rs113530109^1,2		--	35036352(+)	`TATATG/ATATTT`	1	--	us2k¹		1		CSA	1
rs7745039^1,2	C,A,	--	35036575(+)	`ggctgC/Gtctgg`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs9368859^1,2	A,	--	35036606(+)	`ccgccC/Tgcctc`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs9368860^1,2		--	35036611(+)	`cgcctC/Tagcct`	1	--	us2k¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs9658073^1,2	C,H,	--	35036964(+)	`GGGAAC/AAAATA`	1	--	us2k¹		6		NS EA WA	678
rs9658074^1,2	C,F,H,	--	35037105(+)	`TTCCAT/CCTCTG`	1	--	us2k¹		11		NS EA NA CSA WA	1336

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PPARD (35310335 - 35395968 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for PPARD: --
Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PPARD

SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays

QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing PPARD

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(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
About This Section

PPARD for disorders           About GeneDecksing

OMIM gene information: 600409    OMIM disorders: --

20/65 diseases for PPARD (see all 65):    About MalaCards

polyposis colorectal cancer corpus callosum atherosclerosis

familial adenomatous polyposis obesity age related macular degeneration familial combined hyperlipidemia

inverted papilloma type 2 diabetes mellitus coronary heart disease macular degeneration

biliary tract cancer polycystic ovary syndrome insulin resistance metabolic disorders

diabetes mellitus inflammatory bowel disease hypertriglyceridemia gestational diabetes

1 disease from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for PPARD:

Diabetes mellitus

10/42 Novoseek disease relationships for PPARD gene (see all 42) About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
insulin sensitivity	67.1	20	16306381 (3), 17869249 (2), 16187688 (1), 16804087 (1) (see all 15)
dyslipidemia	63.6	16	16187688 (1), 16239641 (1), 19636418 (1), 16168052 (1) (see all 12)
metabolic disorder	60.3	19	17148604 (2), 20200337 (2), 17431579 (1), 18036566 (1) (see all 10)
insulin resistance	56.4	26	20185762 (3), 18684227 (2), 18220606 (2), 15733729 (1) (see all 15)
obesity	49.9	40	14988273 (3), 16053787 (3), 16187688 (2), 18657264 (2) (see all 20)
atherosclerosis	47.5	15	19061437 (2), 18337495 (2), 17512197 (1), 18048767 (1) (see all 12)
inflammation	43.8	30	19874267 (2), 19061437 (2), 16698033 (2), 12970571 (2) (see all 18)
colorectal cancer	39.1	20	18720000 (3), 11087869 (2), 18214615 (2), 16361076 (1) (see all 11)
familial adenomatous polyposis	38.9	4	20481327 (1), 12489852 (1), 11226285 (1)
colon cancer	33.8	18	12009300 (2), 19723884 (2), 20481327 (1), 10947870 (1) (see all 10)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): PPARD
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PPARD (67 documents)

Export disorders for PPARD gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

PubMed articles for PPARD gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 509):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PPARD)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

Molecular recognition of fatty acids by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. (PubMed id 10198642)^{1, 2, 7, 9} Xu H.E....Milburn M.V. (1999)
Identification of a new member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily that is activated by a peroxisome proliferator and fatty acids. (PubMed id 1333051)^{1, 2, 3} Schmidt A.... Rodan G.A. (1992)
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta genotype in relation to cardiovascular risk factors and risk of coronary heart disease in hypercholesterolaemic men. (PubMed id 14641801)^{1, 4, 9} Skogsberg J....Ehrenborg E. (2003)
No evidence that polymorphisms in CYP2C8, CYP2C9, UGT1A6, PPARdelta and PPARgamma act as modifiers of the protective effect of regular NSAID use on the risk of colorectal carcinoma. (PubMed id 16141797)^{1, 4, 9} McGreavey L.E....Barrett J.H. (2005)
[PPARdelta + 294T/C gene polymorphism related to plasma lipid, obesity and left ventricular hypertrophy in subjects with metabolic syndrome] (PubMed id 16053787)^{1, 4, 9} Yan Z.C....Zhu Z.M. (2005)
Both PPARgamma and PPARdelta influence sulindac sulfide-mediated p21WAF1/CIP1 upregulation in a human prostate epithelial cell line. (PubMed id 16091736)^{1, 7, 9} Jarvis M.C....Palmer C.N. (2005)
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta +294T/C polymorphism in relation to lipoprotein metabolism in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and in non-diabetic controls. (PubMed id 16285997)^{1, 4, 9} Gouni-Berthold I....Krone W. (2005)
Genetic polymorphisms in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta associated with obesity. (PubMed id 14988273)^{1, 4, 9} Shin H.D....Park K.S. (2004)
PPARdelta is an APC-regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. (PubMed id 10555149)^{1, 7, 9} He T.C....Kinzler K.W. (1999)
Reevaluation of the PPAR-beta/delta ligand binding domain model reveals why it exhibits the activated form. (PubMed id 16387648)^{1, 2} Fyffe S.A.... Hunter W.N. (2006)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
About This Section

		AND	OR
Aliases
Disorders
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
	(Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
About This Section

Entrez Gene: 5467	HGNC: 9235	AceView: PPARD	Ensembl:ENSG00000112033	euGenes: HUgn5467
ECgene: PPARD	Kegg: 5467	H-InvDB: PPARD

(According to HUGE)
About This Section

(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
About This Section

Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for PPARD	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for PPARD	Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
NIEHS-SNPs	http://egp.gs.washington.edu/data/ppard/
Wikipedia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor

Intellectual Property for PPARD gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for PPARD gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving PPARD

GeneCards and IP:
Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards Improving the IP Search

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peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta

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