PNP Gene

Aliases
for PNP gene

Previous GC identifers: GC14P020008 GC14P001059

Summaries
for PNP gene

Genomic Views
for PNP gene

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000014.8  NC_018925.1  NT_026437.12  

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: PNP promoter sequence

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PNP

PNP Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)


GeneLoc information about chromosome 14         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC14P021021:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Proteins
for PNP gene

6/34 PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for PNP (see all 34):

1M73 (3D)        1PF7 (3D)        1PWY (3D)        1RCT (3D)        1RFG (3D)        1RR6 (3D)    

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PNP: NX_P00491

Post-translational modifications:

	Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
	R&D Systems Recombinant & Natural Proteins for PNP (Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase/PNP)
	Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
	OriGene Purified Protein: PNP OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate: PNP OriGene Custom Protein Services for PNP
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	Novus Biologicals PNP Proteins Novus Biologicals PNP Lysate
	Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
	ProSpec Recombinant Protein for PNP
	Uscn Proteins for PNP

Gene Ontology (GO): 4 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

	Browse EMD Millipore's Extensive Line of Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies
	R&D Systems Antibodies for PNP (Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase/PNP)
	OriGene Antibodies: PNP OriGene Custom Antibody Services for PNP
	GenScript Superior Antibodies for PNP
	Novus Biologicals PNP Antibodies
	Abcam antibodies for PNP
	Uscn Antibodies for PNP
	Search ThermoFisher Antibodies for PNP

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
	OriGene Custom Immunoassay Development Browse OriGene Fluorogenic Cell Assay Kits
	Browse R&D Systems for biochemical assays
	GenScript Custom Assay Services for PNP
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for PNP

Protein Domains /
Families
for PNP gene

ProtoNet protein and cluster: P00491

Function
for PNP gene

     Enzyme Number (IUBMB): EC 2.4.2.1^{1 2}

     Gene Ontology (GO): 5/6 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 6):    About this table

(inferred from 6 alleles) (MGI details for Pnp)

inGenious Targeting Laboratory - Customizable classic, inducible, and humanized mouse model solutions for PNP

miRNA Products:		miRTarBase miRNAs that target PNP: hsa-mir-1 (MIRT003765)
		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone: PNP Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PNP
		8/12 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PNP (see all 12):
		hsa-miR-3194-5p hsa-miR-206 hsa-miR-185* hsa-miR-4251 hsa-miR-202 hsa-miR-1 hsa-miR-4267 hsa-miR-3926
		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PNP 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PNP (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: PNP OriGene siRNA: PNP
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		Sirion Biotech Custom design and validation of potent shRNA sequences against PNP

Gene Editing Products:			DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PNP
			Sirion Biotech Customized adenovirus for overexpression of PNP  Sirion Biotech Customized adenovirus for potent knockdown of PNP

Clone Products:		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PNP (see all 4) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PNP (see all 2) OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PNP (NM_000270)
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		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PNP
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PNP

Cell Line Products:		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for PNP
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In Situ Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PNP

Pathways & Interactions
for PNP gene

	Super-pathway	contained gene-specific pathways
1	adenine and adenosine salvage III	adenine and adenosine salvage III 1.00 xanthine and xanthosine salvage 0.25 purine ribonucleosides degradation to ribose-1-phosphate 0.75 guanosine nucleotides degradation III 0.17 guanine and guanosine salvage I 0.50 arsenate detoxification I (glutaredoxin) 0.17
2	Purine metabolism	Purine metabolism 1.00 Purine salvage 0.39 Metabolism of nucleotides 0.42 Purine catabolism 0.30
3	purine nucleotides degradation II (aerobic)	purine nucleotides degradation II (aerobic) 1.00 urate biosynthesis/inosine 5-phosphate degradation 0.58 adenosine nucleotides degradation II 0.67
4	NAD metabolism	NAD metabolism 1.00 Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism 0.43 NAD metabolism 1.00
5	Metabolism	Metabolism 1.00 Metabolic pathways 0.38

2 EMD Millipore Pathways for PNP

	NAD metabolism
	ATP/ITP metabolism

2 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathways for PNP

	NAD metabolism
	ATP/ITP metabolism

5/9 BioSystems Pathways for PNP

	arsenate detoxification I (glutaredoxin)
	adenine and adenosine salvage III
	adenosine nucleotides degradation II
	urate biosynthesis/inosine 5-phosphate degradation
	purine nucleotides degradation II (aerobic)

5        Reactome Pathways for PNP

	Metabolism of nucleotides
	Metabolism
	Purine salvage
	Purine catabolism
	Purine metabolism

4         Kegg Pathways  (Kegg details for PNP)

	Purine metabolism
	Pyrimidine metabolism
	Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism
	Metabolic pathways

PNP for pathways           About GeneDecksing

Interactions:

    Search SABiosciences Gene Network Central^TM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for PNP

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

5/57 Interacting proteins for PNP (P00491^{2, 3} ENSP00000354532⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 57)

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/16 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 16):    About this table

Drugs & Compounds
for PNP gene

Transcripts
for PNP gene

Expression
for PNP gene

PNP expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: TGCCTCTGTC

About this image

PNP expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells
Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine    About this table

2 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartments/Cells
	Tissue Anatomical Compartment Cell			Category (developmental path)
	EyeRetina			Eye
	LiverLiver Lobule			Liver
Expression: Positive    Negative     Selective marker Experimental details: Curated     Microarrays     In-situ hybridization
Stem Cell Differentiation: 1 LifeMap Cell
	Name			Category
	PureStem™ endothelial progenitor RP1-MV2-18 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)			Endothelium

Primer Products:		OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for PNP Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
		SABiosciences RT2 qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PNP
		QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PNP
		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PNP

In Situ Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PNP

Orthologs
for PNP gene

Paralogs
for PNP gene

Paralogs for PNP gene

PNP for paralogs           About GeneDecksing


1 Pseudogenes.org Pseudogene for PNP
PGOHUM00000240104

Genomic Variants
for PNP gene

10/232 NCBI SNPs in PNP are shown (see all 232)     About this table

Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 14 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
-1st2nd3rd	-1st2nd3rd	-1st2nd3rd	-1st2nd3rd	--	--	--	-1st2nd3rd	--	--	-1st2nd3rd	-1st2nd3rd	-1st2nd3rd
rs10495641,2	C,F,A,H	non-pathogenic	1062218(-)	TTCACC/TGTAGT	2	S G	mis1		29		NA EU NS EA WA CSA	8505
rs1048944551,2	C	pathogenic	1062137(+)	AGCACC/TGACCT	2	R *	stg1		0	--	--	--	--
rs1048944601,2	C	pathogenic	1062239(+)	TTCCCC/TGAAGT	2	R *	stg1		0	--	--	--	--
rs1048944531,2	C	pathogenic	1064326(+)	TGTATA/GAAGGG	2	K E	mis1		0	--	--	--	--
rs1048944501,2	C	pathogenic	1064641(+)	TGGAGA/GTATCA	2	D G	mis1		0	--	--	--	--
rs1048944521,2	C	pathogenic	1064946(+)	CACCTA/GTGTGA	2	Y C	mis1		0	--	--	--	--
rs178805031,2	C	--	1057354(+)	ATTTTT/CAATTT	1	--	us2k1		2		EU NA	46
rs790643061,2	F	--	1057394(+)	TCTTAA/GACACT	1	--	us2k1		1		WA	118
rs794856011,2	C,F	--	1057897(+)	TGGCAG/CCATTG	1	--	us2k1		1		NA	120
rs178813561,2	C,F	--	1058345(+)	TTTTTT/AAATTT	1	--	us2k1 tfbs3		3		EU WA NA	280

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PNP (20937113 - 20946165 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 1 variation for PNP
     1 CNV: 71865
Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PNP

Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB): PNP

SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays

Search QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing PNP

DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for PNP

Disorders / Diseases
for PNP gene

20/68 diseases for PNP

10/52 Novoseek disease relationships for PNP gene (see all 52)    About this table

Publications
for PNP gene

PubMed articles for PNP gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 457) (see top 10): (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PNP)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic world of online information

1. Human purine nucleoside phosphorylase cDNA sequence and genomic clone characterization. (PubMed id 6087295)^{1, 2, 3} Williams S.R.... Martin D.W. Jr. (1984)
2. Molecular analysis of mutations in a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (PubMed id 1384322)^{1, 2, 9} Aust M.R....Markert M.L. (1992)
3. Two novel missense and frameshift mutations in exons 5 and 6 of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) gene in a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) patient. (PubMed id 8931706)^{1, 2, 9} Pannicke U.... Schwarz K. (1996)
4. Genetic variation in genes associated with arsenic metabolism: glutathione S-transferase omega 1-1 and purine nucleoside phosphorylase polymorphisms in European and indigenous Americans. (PubMed id 12928150)^{1, 2, 9} Yu L.... Klimecki W.T. (2003)
5. Three-dimensional structure of human erythrocytic purine nucleoside phosphorylase at 3.2-A resolution. (PubMed id 2104852)^{1, 2, 9} Ealick S.E.... Bugg C.E. (1990)
6. Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PubMed id 14702039)^{1, 2} Ota T.... Sugano S. (2004)
7. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)^{1, 2} Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
8. A human purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency caused by a single base change. (PubMed id 3029074)^{1, 2} Williams S.R.... Martin D.W. Jr. (1987)
9. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (PubMed id 1931007)^{1, 9} Markert M.L. (1991)
10. Intracellular delivery of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) fused to protein transduction domain corrects PNP deficiency in vitro. (PubMed id 16930574)^{1, 9} Toro A....Grunebaum E. (2006)
11. Altered enthalpy-entropy compensation in picomolar tr ansition state analogues of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 19425594)^{1, 9} Edwards A.A....Schramm V.L. (2009)
12. Conformational states of human purine nucleoside phos phorylase at rest, at work, and with transition state analogues. (PubMed id 20108972)^{1, 9} Edwards A.A....Schramm V.L. (2010)
13. Crystal structure of human PNP complexed with hypoxanthine and sulfate ion. (PubMed id 15582582)^{1, 9} Canduri F....de Azevedo W.F. (2005)
14. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. 3. Reversal of purine base specificity by site-directed mutagenesis. (PubMed id 9305964)^{1, 9} Stoeckler J.D....Erion M.D. (1997)
15. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. 2. Catalytic mechanism. (PubMed id 9305963)^{1, 9} Erion M.D....Ealick S.E. (1997)
16. Role of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in interactions between 2',3'-dideoxyinosine and allopurinol, ganciclovir, or tenofovir. (PubMed id 15047506)^{1, 9} Ray A.S....Fridland A. (2004)
17. Crystal structure of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase at 2.3A resolution. (PubMed id 12914785)^{1, 9} de Azevedo W.F....Santos D.S. (2003)
18. Remote mutations alter transition-state structure of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 18281957)^{1, 9} Luo M....Schramm V.L. (2008)
19. Structures of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase complexed with inosine and ddI. (PubMed id 14706628)^{1, 9} Canduri F....Santos D.S. (2004)
20. Role of ionization of the phosphate cosubstrate on phosphorolysis by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) of bacterial (E. coli) and mammalian (human) origin. (PubMed id 17639373)^{1, 9} Modrak-Wojcik A....Kierdaszuk B. (2008)
21. Novel mutations and hot-spots in patients with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (PubMed id 15571269)^{1, 9} Grunebaum E....Roifman C.M. (2004)
22. Xanthosine and xanthine. Substrate properties with purine nucleoside phosphorylases, and relevance to other enzyme systems. (PubMed id 12180982)^{1, 9} Stoychev G....Shugar D. (2002)
23. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. 1. Structure-function studies. (PubMed id 9305962)^{1, 9} Erion M.D....Ealick S.E. (1997)
24. Exon skipping in purine nucleoside phosphorylase mRNA processing leading to severe immunodeficiency. (PubMed id 1560016)^{1, 9} Andrews L.G. and Markert M.L. (1992)
25. Structural studies of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase: towards a new specific empirical scoring function. (PubMed id 18790691)^{1, 9} Timmers L.F....de Azevedo W.F. (2008)
26. Altered thermodynamics from remote mutations altering human toward bovine purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 18281956)^{1, 9} Ghanem M....Schramm V.L. (2008)
27. Docking and small angle X-ray scattering studies of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 13679062)^{1, 9} Filgueira de Azevedo W....Santos D.S. (2003)
28. Sequence and functional characterization of the human purine nucleoside phosphorylase promoter. (PubMed id 1923769)^{1, 9} Jonsson J.J....McIvor R.S. (1991)
29. Crystal structure and molecular dynamics studies of h uman purine nucleoside phosphorylase complexed with 7-deazaguanine. (PubMed id 19932753)^{1, 9} Caceres R.A....de Azevedo W.F. (2010)
30. Molecular modeling and dynamics studies of purine nuc leoside phosphorylase from Bacteroides fragilis. (PubMed id 19172318)^{1, 9} Pauli I....de Azevedo W.F. (2009)
31. Effect of the phosphate substrate on drug-inhibitor binding to human purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 18938130)^{1, 9} Todorova N.A. and Schwarz F.P. (2008)
32. The G51S purine nucleoside phosphorylase polymorphism is associated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease patients. (PubMed id 17221831)^{1, 9} Tumini E....Licastro F. (2007)
33. TAT-mediated intracellular delivery of purine nucleoside phosphorylase corrects its deficiency in mice. (PubMed id 16964310)^{1, 9} Toro A. and Grunebaum E. (2006)
34. Two novel mutations in a purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)-deficient patient. (PubMed id 11453975)^{1, 9} Dalal I....Roifman C.M. (2001)
35. Common resistance mechanisms to nucleoside analogues in variants of the human erythroleukemic line K562. (PubMed id 10500836)^{7, 9} Dumontet C....Rolland M.O. (1999)
36. Common resistance mechanisms to deoxynucleoside analogues in variants of the human erythroleukaemic line K562. (PubMed id 10444166)^{7, 9} Dumontet C....MacKey J. (1999)
37. Direct evidence of autosomal recessive inheritance of Arg24 to termination codon in purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene in a family with a severe combined immunodeficiency patient. (PubMed id 9737781)^{1, 9} Sasaki Y....Yamashita R. (1998)
38. Mutations in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (PubMed id 9067751)^{1, 9} Markert M.L....Ward F.E. (1997)
39. The proteomic analysis of endogenous FAT10 substrates identifies p62/SQSTM1 as a substrate of FAT10ylation. (PubMed id 22797925)¹ Aichem A....Groettrup M. (2012)
40. A census of human soluble protein complexes. (PubMed id 22939629)¹ Havugimana P.C....Emili A. (2012)
41. The interaction between ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolas e 37 and glucose-regulated protein 78 in hepatocellular carcinoma. (PubMed id 21800051)¹ Fang Y....Shen X. (2012)
42. Methods for quantification of in vivo changes in prote in ubiquitination following proteasome and deubiquitinase inhibition. (PubMed id 22505724)¹ Udeshi N.D....Carr S.A. (2012)
43. A high-throughput approach for measuring temporal chan ges in the interactome. (PubMed id 22863883)¹ Kristensen A.R....Foster L.J. (2012)
44. Proteome-wide identification of ubiquitylation sites b y conjugation of engineered lysine-less ubiquitin. (PubMed id 22053931)¹ Oshikawa K....Nakayama K.I. (2012)
45. T- and B-cell defects in a novel purine nucleoside pho sphorylase mutation. (PubMed id 22578971)¹ Somech R....Etzioni A. (2012)
46. Functional proteomics establishes the interaction of S IRT7 with chromatin remodeling complexes and expands its role in regulation of R NA polymerase I transcription. (PubMed id 22586326)¹ Tsai Y.C....Cristea I.M. (2012)
47. Assessment of the red cell proteome of young patients with unexplained hemolytic anemia by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE). (PubMed id 22509282)² von Lohneysen K.... Friedman J.S. (2012)
48. Initial characterization of the human central proteome. (PubMed id 21269460)² Burkard T.R.... Colinge J. (2011)
49. Arsenate and phosphate as nucleophiles at the transit ion states of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 21348499)¹ Silva R.G....Schramm V.L. (2011)
50. Mass spectrometric analysis of lysine ubiquitylation r eveals promiscuity at site level. (PubMed id 21139048)¹ Danielsen J.M....Nielsen M.L. (2011)
51. An important role for CDK2 in G1 to S checkpoint activation and DNA damage response in human embryonic stem cells. (PubMed id 21319273)¹ Neganova I....Lako M. (2011)
52. Metabolites of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) i n serum have the potential to delineate pancreatic adenocarcinoma. (PubMed id 21448452)¹ Vareed S.K....Sreekumar A. (2011)
53. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: a mutation update. (PubMed id 22132981)¹ Walker P.L....Marinaki A. (2011)
54. A proteome-wide, quantitative survey of in vivo ubiqui tylation sites reveals widespread regulatory roles. (PubMed id 21890473)¹ Wagner S.A....Choudhary C. (2011)
55. Systematic and quantitative assessment of the ubiquiti n-modified proteome. (PubMed id 21906983)¹ Kim W....Gygi S.P. (2011)
56. Genetic polymorphism of As3MT and delayed urinary DMA excretion after organic arsenic intake from oyster ingestion. (PubMed id 20532380)¹ Hwang Y.H....Yuan T.H. (2010)
57. Loop-tryptophan human purine nucleoside phosphorylase reveals submillisecond protein dynamics. (PubMed id 19191546)¹ Callender M....Schramm V.L. (2009)
58. Nicotinamide riboside and nicotinic acid riboside salvage in fungi and mammals. Quantitative basis for Urh1 and purine nucleoside phosphorylase function in NAD+ metabolism. (PubMed id 19001417)¹ Belenky P....Brenner C. (2009)
59. Atomic detail of chemical transformation at the transition state of an enzymatic reaction. (PubMed id 18946041)¹ Saen-Oon S....Schwartz S.D. (2008)
60. Quantitative analysis of global ubiquitination in HeLa cells by mass spectrometry. (PubMed id 18781797)¹ Meierhofer D.... Kaiser P. (2008)
61. How many drug targets are there? (PubMed id 17139284)⁷ Overington J.P....Hopkins A.L. (2006)
62. Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of dru g targets. (PubMed id 17016423)⁷ Imming P....Meyer A. (2006)
63. A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. (PubMed id 16169070)¹ Stelzl U.... Wanker E.E. (2005)
64. Large-scale analysis of the human ubiquitin-related p roteome. (PubMed id 16196087)¹ Matsumoto M....Nakayama K.I. (2005)
65. Plasmodium falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase : crystal structures, immucillin inhibitors, and dual catalytic function. (PubMed id 14982926)⁷ Shi W....Schramm V.L. (2004)
66. Identification of Ca2+-dependent binding partners for the neuronal calcium sensor protein neurocalcin delta: interaction with actin, clathrin and tubulin. (PubMed id 11964161)¹ Ivings L....Burgoyne R.D. (2002)
67. TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. (PubMed id 11752352)⁷ Chen X....Chen Y.Z. (2002)
68. Mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 activate transcription of human mtDNA. (PubMed id 12068295)¹ Falkenberg M....Gustafsson C.M. (2002)
69. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. (PubMed id 12477932)¹ Strausberg R.L....Marra M.A. (2002)
70. A DNA enzyme with N-glycosylase activity. (PubMed id 10884411)¹ Sheppard T.L....Joyce G.F. (2000)
71. The Protein Data Bank. (PubMed id 10592235)⁷ Berman H.M....Bourne P.E. (2000)
72. 2-Chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (cladribine) and its analo gues are good substrates and potent selective inhibitors of Escherichia coli pu rine-nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 8521855)⁷ Bzowska A. and Kazimierczuk Z. (1995)
73. Changes in sensitivity to anticancer drugs during TPA -induced cellular differentiation in a human T-lymphoblastoid cell line (MOLT-4 ). (PubMed id 3260648)⁷ Takimoto T....Mikawa H. (1988)
74. Possible metabolic basis for the different immunodefi cient states associated with genetic deficiencies of adenosine deaminase and pu rine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 6808516)⁷ Carson D.A....Kamatani N. (1982)
75. Characterization of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from human granulocytes and its metabolism of deoxyribonucleosides. (PubMed id 6771276)¹ Wiginton D.A....Hutton J.J. (1980)
76. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). (PubMed id 100152)¹ Borgers M....Geuens G. (1978)
77. Lentivirus gene therapy for purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (PubMed id 18924118)⁹ Liao P....Grunebaum E. (2008)
78. The crystal structure of Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase: a comparison with the human enzyme reveals a conserved topology. (PubMed id 9351810)⁹ Mao C....Ealick S.E. (1997)
79. Calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase complexed with substrates and substrate analogues. (PubMed id 9585525)⁹ Mao C....Ealick S.E. (1998)
80. Intron requirement for expression of the human purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene. (PubMed id 1620616)⁹ Jonsson J.J....McIvor R.S. (1992)
81. Cloning, overexpression, and purification of functional human purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 12509998)⁹ Silva R.G....Santos D.S. (2003)
82. Transition state analogue inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Plasmodium falciparum. (PubMed id 11707439)⁹ Kicska G.A....Schramm V.L. (2002)
83. Arsenate reduction in human erythrocytes and rats--testing the role of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 12730608)⁹ Nemeti B....Gregus Z. (2003)
84. Adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia: relation with differentiation stage, in vitro drug resistance and clinical prognosis. (PubMed id 1593902)⁹ Pieters R....Veerman A.J. (1992)
85. PNP anticancer gene therapy. (PubMed id 16305530)⁹ Zhang Y....Ealick S.E. (2005)
86. Calcitonin-specific transcription and splicing targets gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy to medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. (PubMed id 12629124)⁹ Messina M....Robinson B.G. (2003)
87. Achieving the ultimate physiological goal in transition state analogue inhibitors for purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 12842889)⁹ Lewandowicz A....Schramm V.L. (2003)
88. A novel mutation in purine nucleoside phosphorylase i n a child with normal uric acid levels. (PubMed id 19733163)⁹ Al-Saud B....Al-Mousa H. (2009)
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92. The purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Trichomonas vaginalis is a homologue of the bacterial enzyme. (PubMed id 12173924)⁹ Munagala N. and Wang C.C. (2002)
93. Arsenate reductase II. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase in the presence of dihydrolipoic acid is a route for reduction of arsenate to arsenite in mammalian systems. (PubMed id 12018991)⁹ Radabaugh T.R....Aposhian H.V. (2002)
94. Crystal structure of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) from Cellulomonas sp. and its implication for the mechanism of trimeric PNPs. (PubMed id 10600382)⁹ Tebbe J....Koellner G. (1999)
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227. Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System-based amperometric detection of dopamine, adenosine, and glutamate for intraoperative neurochemical monitoring. (PubMed id 19425899)⁹ Agnesi F....Lee K.H. (2009)
228. Ribocation transition state capture and rebound in hu man purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 19778725)⁹ Ghanem M....Schramm V.L. (2009)
229. Synthesis of bicyclic N-arylmethyl-substituted iminoribitol derivatives as selective nucleoside hydrolase inhibitors. (PubMed id 19115304)⁹ Berg M....Augustyns K. (2009)
230. Long-term survival of Campylobacter jejuni at low tem peratures is dependent on polynucleotide phosphorylase activity. (PubMed id 19801468)⁹ Haddad N....Cappelier J.M. (2009)
231. Identification of antigenic proteins associated with trichloroethylene-induced autoimmune disease by serological proteome analysis. (PubMed id 19647757)⁹ Liu J....Zhuang Z. (2009)
232. Regioselective metalation of 6-methylpurines: synthes is of fluoromethyl purines and related nucleosides for suicide gene therapy of cancer. (PubMed id 20183607)⁹ Hassan A.E....Secrist J.A. (2009)
233. Synergistic antitumor efficacy of suicide/ePNP gene a nd 6-methylpurine 2'-deoxyriboside via Salmonella against murine tumors. (PubMed id 18437183)⁹ Fu W....Ren D. (2008)
234. Targeting gene therapy for hepatocarcinoma cells with the E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase suicide gene system directed by a chimeric alpha-fetoprotein promoter. (PubMed id 18407409)⁹ Cai X....Lin J. (2008)
235. Plasmodium falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase is critical for viability of malaria parasites. (PubMed id 18957439)⁹ Madrid D.C....Kim K. (2008)
236. Erythrocytic adenosine monophosphate as an alternative purine source in Plasmodium falciparum. (PubMed id 18799466)⁹ Cassera M.B....Schramm V.L. (2008)
237. Nucleotide- and nucleoside-converting ectoenzymes: Im portant modulators of purinergic signalling cascade. (PubMed id 18302942)⁹ Yegutkin G.G. (2008)
238. Adenosine produced by neurons is metabolized to hypox anthine by astrocytes. (PubMed id 18627033)⁹ Zamzow C.R....Parkinson F.E. (2008)
239. Effect of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors of HIV on endogenous nucleotide pools. (PubMed id 18839780)⁹ Vela J.E....Ray A.S. (2008)
240. Efficient synthesis of fluorophosphonylated alkyles b y ring-opening reaction of cyclic sulfates. (PubMed id 18666773)⁹ Diab S.A....Lequeux T. (2008)
241. Azetidine based transition state analogue inhibitors of N-ribosyl hydrolases and phosphorylases. (PubMed id 18251493)⁹ Evans G.B....Tyler P.C. (2008)
242. Neurotrophic effects of extracellular guanosine. (PubMed id 18600524)⁹ Rathbone M....Jiang S. (2008)
243. Coupled biocatalysts applied to the synthesis of nucleosides. (PubMed id 18776493)⁹ Medici R....Iribarren A.M. (2008)
244. Novel purine nucleoside analogues for hematological malignancies. (PubMed id 18537755)⁹ Korycka A....Robak T. (2008)
245. Induction of nucleoside phosphorylase in Enterobacter aerogenes and enzymatic synthesis of adenine arabinoside. (PubMed id 18600781)⁹ Wei X.K....Wang C.L. (2008)
246. Purine Nucleosidase Phosphorylase (PNP): A novel target in leukemias and lymphomas. (PubMed id 18086341)⁹ Kantarjian H.M. (2007)
247. Synthesis and evaluation of 9-deazaguanine derivative s as multi-substrate analogue inhibitors of PNP. (PubMed id 18029771)⁹ Hashimoto M....Yokomatsu T. (2007)
248. An enzymatic transglycosylation of purine bases. (PubMed id 18058506)⁹ Roivainen J....Miroshnikov A.I. (2007)
249. Forodesine (BCX-1777, Immucillin H)--a new purine nucleoside analogue: mechanism of action and potential clinical application. (PubMed id 17897085)⁹ Korycka A....Robak T. (2007)
250. Pharmacology and mechanism of action of forodesine, a T-cell targeted agent. (PubMed id 18086347)⁹ Gandhi V. and Balakrishnan K. (2007)
251. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 9-deazaguanine derivatives connected by a linker to difluoromethylene phosphonic acid as multi-substrate analogue inhibitors of PNP. (PubMed id 17544667)⁹ Hikishima S....Yokomatsu T. (2007)
252. Efficient electrogene therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma treatment using the bacterial purine nucleoside phosphorylase suicide gene with fludarabine. (PubMed id 17487360)⁹ Deharvengt S....Hajri A. (2007)
253. Successful HLA-identical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (PubMed id 17910661)⁹ Delicou S....Grafakos S. (2007)
254. Purine and pyrimidine nucleosides preserve human astrocytoma cell adenylate energy charge under ischemic conditions. (PubMed id 17126452)⁹ Balestri F....Camici M. (2007)
255. Enzymes as a special class of therapeutic target: clinical drugs and modes of action. (PubMed id 17884461)⁹ Robertson J.G. (2007)
256. Biochemical and structural characterization of mammalian-like purine nucleoside phosphorylase from the Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. (PubMed id 17419725)⁹ Cacciapuoti G....Porcelli M. (2007)
257. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (PubMed id 16949240)⁹ Parvaneh N....Parvaneh L. (2007)
258. CD4+ cell count decline despite HIV suppression: a pr obable didanosine-valganciclovir interaction. (PubMed id 17341536)⁹ Tseng A.L. and Salit I.E. (2007)
259. Clinical management of T-cell malignancies: current perspectives, key issues, and emerging therapies. (PubMed id 18086345)⁹ Cheson B.D. (2007)
260. Binding isotope effects: boon and bane. (PubMed id 17869163)⁹ Schramm V.L. (2007)
261. Forodesine treatment and post-transplant graft-versus-host disease in two patients with acute leukemia: facilitation of graft-versus-leukemia effect? (PubMed id 18086346)⁹ Gore L....Quinones R. (2007)
262. Anopheles gambiae purine nucleoside phosphorylase: ca talysis, structure, and inhibition. (PubMed id 17918964)⁹ Taylor E.A....Schramm V.L. (2007)
263. Inhibition and structure of Trichomonas vaginalis pur ine nucleoside phosphorylase with picomolar transition state analogues. (PubMed id 17223688)⁹ Rinaldo-Matthis A....Schramm V.L. (2007)
264. Purine nucleoside analogs as immunosuppressive and antineoplastic agents: mechanism of action and clinical activity. (PubMed id 17168705)⁹ Robak T....Robak E. (2006)
265. Back to the beginnings: an autobiography. (PubMed id 17066574)⁹ Giblett E.R. (2006)
266. Suboptimal CD4 gains in HIV-infected patients receivi ng didanosine plus tenofovir. (PubMed id 16531427)⁹ Barreiro P. and Soriano V. (2006)
267. Comprehensive detection of disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism by HPLC with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. (PubMed id 16613999)⁹ Hartmann S....Hoffmann G.F. (2006)
268. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 9-(5',5'-difluoro-5'-phosphonopentyl)guanine derivatives for PNP-inhibitors. (PubMed id 16263289)⁹ Hikishima S....Yokomatsu T. (2006)
269. Phosphate activation in the ground state of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 16771490)⁹ Deng H....Schramm V.L. (2006)
270. Forodesine, an inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. (PubMed id 16778146)⁹ Balakrishnan K....Gandhi V. (2006)
271. A new approach to interpretation of heterogeneity of fluorescence decay: effect of induced tautomeric shift and enzyme-->ligand fluorescence resonance energy transfer. (PubMed id 16765509)⁹ Wlodarczyk J. and Kierdaszuk B. (2006)
272. Pentose phosphates in nucleoside interconversion and catabolism. (PubMed id 16519676)⁹ Tozzi M.G....Ipata P.L. (2006)
273. Differences in activities of the enzymes of nucleotide metabolism and its implications for cardiac xenotransplantation. (PubMed id 17065095)⁹ Yuen A.H....Smolenski R.T. (2006)
274. Protein dynamics and catalysis: the problems of trans ition state theory and the subtlety of dynamic control. (PubMed id 16873129)⁹ Pineda J.R. and Schwartz S.D. (2006)
275. Human polynucleotide phosphorylase protein in response to oxidative stress. (PubMed id 16716086)⁹ Hayakawa H. and Sekiguchi M. (2006)
276. Ring-expanded analogues of natural oxetanocin: (+) and (-) hydroxymethyl isodideoxyadenosine. (PubMed id 16248024)⁹ Chun B.K....Nair V. (2005)
277. Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase II, the product of the xapA gene. (PubMed id 15808857)⁹ Dandanell G....Bochtler M. (2005)
278. Experimental therapy of allogeneic solid tumors induced in athymic mice with suicide gene-transducing replication-competent foamy virus vectors. (PubMed id 15905857)⁹ Heinkelein M....Rethwilm A. (2005)
279. Emerging drugs for adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. (PubMed id 16083331)⁹ Thomas X. (2005)
280. Structural basis for inhibition of Escherichia coli u ridine phosphorylase by 5-substituted acyclouridines. (PubMed id 15983408)⁹ Bu W....Ealick S.E. (2005)
281. Pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazines: purine analogues with electronic absorption in the visible region. (PubMed id 18007523)⁹ Mojzych M....Wierzchowski J. (2005)
282. Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism. (PubMed id 16176880)⁹ Nyhan W.L. (2005)
283. Synthesis and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the forodesine HCl analog BCX-3040. (PubMed id 16438050)⁹ Kezar H.S....Morris P.E. (2005)
284. Transcriptional tumor-selective promoter targeting of E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase for pancreatic cancer suicide gene therapy. (PubMed id 15580629)⁹ Deharvengt S....Hajri A. (2005)
285. Targeting a novel Plasmodium falciparum purine recycling pathway with specific immucillins. (PubMed id 15576366)⁹ Ting L.M....Kim K. (2005)
286. Reduction of arsenate to arsenite by human erythrocyte lysate and rat liver cytosol - characterization of a glutathione- and NAD-dependent arsenate reduction linked to glycolysis. (PubMed id 15788720)⁹ NAcmeti B. and Gregus Z. (2005)
287. A human biotin acceptor domain allows site-specific conjugation of an enzyme to an antibody-avidin fusion protein for targeted drug delivery. (PubMed id 15748688)⁹ Asai T....Morrison S.L. (2005)
288. Design and evaluation of dihydroxytetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c]- [1,4]benzothiazines as conformationally restricted transition-state inhibitors of beta-ribosidases. (PubMed id 16238341)⁹ Gao L. and Hollingsworth R.I. (2005)
289. Xanthine, xanthosine and its nucleotides: solution structures of neutral and ionic forms, and relevance to substrate properties in various enzyme systems and metabolic pathways. (PubMed id 15218545)⁹ Kulikowska E....Shugar D. (2004)
290. Active site contacts in the purine nucleoside phosphorylase--hypoxanthine complex by NMR and ab initio calculations. (PubMed id 15595853)⁹ Deng H....Jones R.A. (2004)
291. Plasma purine nucleoside phosphorylase in cancer patients. (PubMed id 15149878)⁹ Roberts E.L....Axford A.T. (2004)
292. Estimation of guanine deaminase using guanosine as a 'prosubstrate'. (PubMed id 14690689)⁹ Roberts E.L. and Newton R.P. (2004)
293. Human deoxycytidine kinase as a deoxyribonucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 15561147)⁹ Usova E....Eriksson S. (2004)
294. Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy for prostate cancer in a mouse model that imitates the development of human disease. (PubMed id 14716676)⁹ Martiniello-Wilks R....Russell P.J. (2004)
295. Targeting the polyamine pathway with transition-state analogue inhibitors of 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase. (PubMed id 15163207)⁹ Evans G.B....Tyler P.C. (2004)
296. Enzyme activities controlling adenosine levels in normal and neoplastic tissues. (PubMed id 15299191)⁹ Vannoni D....Marinello E. (2004)
297. Recent advances in 4'-thionucleosides as potential an tiviral and antitumor agents. (PubMed id 15544465)⁹ Gunaga P....Jeong L.S. (2004)
298. Suicide gene/prodrug therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma by E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase and 6-methylpurine 2'-deoxyriboside. (PubMed id 15028961)⁹ Deharvengt S....Hajri A. (2004)
299. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency (PNP-def) presenting with lymphopenia and developmental delay: successful correction with umbilical cord blood transplantation. (PubMed id 15520787)⁹ Myers L.A....Kurtzberg J. (2004)
300. Glutathione-dependent reduction of arsenate in human erythrocytes--a process independent of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 15470234)⁹ NAcmeti B. and Gregus Z. (2004)
301. Syntheses of omega-hydroxy-alpha,alpha-difluoromethylphosphonates by oxacycle ring-opening reactions. (PubMed id 15469339)⁹ Ozouf P....Lequeux T.P. (2004)
302. A three-enzyme microelectrode sensor for detecting purine release from central nervous system. (PubMed id 12445443)⁹ Llaudet E....Dale N. (2003)
303. Synthesis of second-generation transition state analogues of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 14613329)⁹ Evans G.B....Tyler P.C. (2003)
304. Capillary electrophoresis in diagnosis and monitoring of adenosine deaminase deficiency. (PubMed id 14578314)⁹ Carlucci F....Marinello E. (2003)
305. Structural basis for substrate specificity of Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 12937174)⁹ Bennett E.M....Ealick S.E. (2003)
306. Rapid disappearance of deoxyribose-1-phosphate in platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase overexpressing cells. (PubMed id 12565833)⁹ de Bruin M....Peters G.J. (2003)
307. Crystal structure of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase complexed with acyclovir. (PubMed id 12914786)⁹ dos Santos D.M....Santos D.S. (2003)
308. Ionic states of substrates and transition state analogues at the catalytic sites of N-ribosyltransferases. (PubMed id 12741826)⁹ Sauve A.A....Schramm V.L. (2003)
309. Calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase: complex kinetic mechanism, hydrolysis of 7-methylguanosine, and oligomeric state in solution. (PubMed id 12007610)⁹ Bzowska A. (2002)
310. Flow system for fish freshness determination based on double multi-enzyme reactor electrodes. (PubMed id 11888726)⁹ Okuma H. and Watanabe E. (2002)
311. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: a new case report and identification of two novel mutations (Gly156A1a and Val217Ile), only one of which (Gly156A1a) is deleterious. (PubMed id 12483996)⁹ Moallem H.J....Fikrig S. (2002)
312. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase: a fortuitous cytosolic arsenate reductase? (PubMed id 12388828)⁹ Waalkes M.P. and Liu J. (2002)
313. Purine metabolism in leukocytes and erythrocytes in Graves' or Hashimoto's disease. (PubMed id 12489570)⁹ Karbownik M....Fabianowska-Majewska K. (2002)
314. Simple non-radiochemical HPLC-linked method for screening for purine metabolism disorders using dried blood spot. (PubMed id 12204435)⁹ Jacomelli G....Pompucci G. (2002)
315. Transcription-targeted gene therapy for androgen-independent prostate cancer. (PubMed id 11961667)⁹ Martiniello-Wilks R....Russell P.J. (2002)
316. The metabolism of 2-methyladenosine in Mycobacterium smegmatis. (PubMed id 11782521)⁹ Chen C.K....Parker W.B. (2002)
317. Influence of moderate drinking on purine and carbohyd rate metabolism. (PubMed id 12198370)⁹ Nishioka K....Suwa Y. (2002)
318. Persistent developmental delay despite successful bone marrow transplantation for purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (PubMed id 11902746)⁹ Baguette C....Cornu G. (2002)
319. Structure of E. coli 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase reveals similarity to the purine nucleoside phosphorylases. (PubMed id 11591349)⁹ Lee J.E....Howell P.L. (2001)
320. Involvement of astrocytes in purine-mediated reparative processes in the brain. (PubMed id 11378300)⁹ Ciccarelli R....Di Iorio P. (2001)
321. Novel 6-substituted uracil analogs as inhibitors of the angiogenic actions of thymidine phosphorylase. (PubMed id 11705459)⁹ Klein R.S....Schwartz E.L. (2001)
322. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor BCX-1777 (Immucillin-H)--a novel potent and orally active immunosuppressive agent. (PubMed id 11407314)⁹ Bantia S....Sandhu J.S. (2001)
323. Immucillin H, a powerful transition-state analog inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, selectively inhibits human T lymphocytes. (PubMed id 11287638)⁹ Kicska G.A....Kaufman H.L. (2001)
324. Structure-activity relationships for a collection of structurally diverse inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 11201210)⁹ Andricopulo A.D. and Yunes R.A. (2001)
325. Identification of two genetic groups in Bacteroides fragilis by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: distribution of antibiotic resistance (cfiA, cepA) and enterotoxin (bft) encoding genes. (PubMed id 10832652)⁹ Gutacker M....Piffaretti J.C. (2000)
326. In vivo sensitization of ovarian tumors to chemotherapy by expression of E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase in a small fraction of cells. (PubMed id 11083495)⁹ Gadi V.K....Sorscher E.J. (2000)
327. Purine requirements for the expression of Cape buffalo serum trypanocidal activity. (PubMed id 11790327)⁹ Wang Q....Black S.J. (2000)
328. Rapid screening of high-risk patients for disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism using HPLC-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of liquid urine or urine-soaked filter paper strips. (PubMed id 10759467)⁹ Ito T....van Gennip A.H. (2000)
329. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of peldesine (BCX-34), a purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor, following single and multiple oral doses in healthy volunteers. (PubMed id 10761169)⁹ Viegas T.X....Kisicki J. (2000)
330. Effect of TEI-6720, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on the nucleoside transport in the lung cancer cell line A549. (PubMed id 10629441)⁹ Yamamoto T....Hada T. (2000)
331. Interactions of calf spleen purine nucleoside phospho rylase with antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate inhibitors: kinetics and e mission studies. (PubMed id 10432698)⁹ Wierzchowski J....Shugar D. (1999)
332. Preformulation studies for the development of a parenteral liquid formulation of the immunomodulator, peldesine. (PubMed id 10754728)⁹ Viegas T.X. and Van Winkle L.L. (1999)
333. Nucleotide pool imbalance and adenosine deaminase deficiency induce alterations of N-region insertions during V(D)J recombination. (PubMed id 10079104)⁹ Gangi-Peterson L....Mitchell B.S. (1999)
334. Gene therapy of cancer: activation of nucleoside prodrugs with E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 10432677)⁹ Secrist J.A....Sorscher E.J. (1999)
335. Reduced purine 5'-nucleotidase activity in lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a pilot study. (PubMed id 10343529)⁹ Stolk J.N....Boerbooms A.M. (1999)
336. Modulation of 5-fluorouracil by 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine on cell lines expressing different dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activities. (PubMed id 10885904)⁹ Katona C....KralovA!nszky J. (1999)
337. Purine pathway enzymes in a cyst forming strain of Toxoplasma gondii. (PubMed id 10576552)⁹ Gherardi A....Peyron F. (1999)
338. Deranged blood coagulation equilibrium as a factor of massive liver necrosis following endotoxin administration in partially hepatectomized rats. (PubMed id 10216139)⁹ Mochida S....Fujiwara K. (1999)
339. Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-inducible pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism of chick embryonic erythrocytes. (PubMed id 9531619)⁹ Dragon S....Baumann R. (1998)
340. Development of a system with enzyme reactors for the determination of fish freshness. (PubMed id 18967333)⁹ Carsol M.A. and Mascini M. (1998)
341. [Certain biochemical features of leukocytes in blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia] (PubMed id 9703628)⁹ Kharchenko M.F....Blinov M.M. (1998)
342. [Metabolism of purine compounds in psoriasis] (PubMed id 9575724)⁹ Tikhonov I.u.V....Toguzov R.T. (1998)
343. Metabolism and metabolic actions of 6-methylpurine and 2-fluoroadenine in human cells. (PubMed id 9634004)⁹ Parker W.B....Bennett L.L. (1998)
344. Sensitivity of isoenzyme analysis for the detection of interspecies cell line cross-contamination. (PubMed id 9542633)⁹ Nims R.W....Harbell J.W. (1998)
345. Cellulomonas sp. purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Comparison with human and E. coli enzymes. (PubMed id 9598071)⁹ Wielgus-Kutrowska B....Bzowska A. (1998)
346. Reduced thiopurine methyltransferase activity and development of side effects of azathioprine treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (PubMed id 9778228)⁹ Stolk J.N....van de Putte L.B. (1998)
347. The role of gene duplication in the evolution of purine nucleotide salvage pathways. (PubMed id 9742728)⁹ Becerra A. and Lazcano A. (1998)
348. One-third-the-sites transition-state inhibitors for purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 9628722)⁹ Miles R.W....Schramm V.L. (1998)
349. Relative efficiency of tumor cell killing in vitro by two enzyme-prodrug systems delivered by identical adenovirus vectors. (PubMed id 9815599)⁹ Lockett L.J....Both G.W. (1997)
350. Channelling of deoxyribose moiety of exogenous DNA into carbohydrate metabolism: role of deoxyriboaldolase. (PubMed id 9226884)⁹ Sgarrella F....Tozzi M.G. (1997)
351. Crystal structure of calf spleen purine nucleoside phosphorylase in a complex with hypoxanthine at 2.15 A resolution. (PubMed id 9020983)⁹ Koellner G....Bzowska A. (1997)
352. Contributions of protein structure-based drug design to cancer chemotherapy. (PubMed id 9129687)⁹ Jackson R.C. (1997)
353. A continuous spectrophotometric assay for aspartate transcarbamylase and ATPases. (PubMed id 9056187)⁹ Rieger C.E....Turnbull J.L. (1997)
354. Pharmacological and biochemical strategies to increase the accumulation of arabinofuranosylguanine triphosphatein primary human leukemia cells. (PubMed id 9815603)⁹ Rodriguez C.O....Gandhi V. (1997)
355. Enzymatic properties of the unnatural beta-L-enantiomers of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine. (PubMed id 9397178)⁹ Pelicano H....Maury G. (1997)
356. [Metabolism of purine nucleotides and the production of uric acid] (PubMed id 8976090)⁹ Yamaoka T. and Itakura M. (1996)
357. Purine deoxynucleoside metabolism in human melanoma cells with a high spontaneous mutation rate. (PubMed id 8657185)⁹ Musk P....Parsons P.G. (1996)
358. Liquid-chromatographic study of purine metabolism abnormalities in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (PubMed id 8595732)⁹ Chantin C....Bory C. (1996)
359. Guanine, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, and triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine (8-azaguanine) phosphonate acyclic derivatives as inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 8632418)⁹ Beauchamp L.M....Sznaidman M.L. (1996)
360. [Inherited disorders of uric acid metabolism--classification, enzymatic- and DNA-diagnosis] (PubMed id 8976110)⁹ Iwahana H. and Itakura M. (1996)
361. A spectrophotometric method to measure enzymatic activity in reactions that generate inorganic pyrophosphate. (PubMed id 8954523)⁹ Upson R.H....Haugland R.P. (1996)
362. Purine enzyme activities in recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: are there differences between patients and healthy controls? (PubMed id 8984938)⁹ Stolk J.N....van de Putte L.B. (1996)
363. Marked hypouricemia in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency--serendipitous finding on screen. (PubMed id 8665699)⁹ Timms P.M....Bold A.M. (1996)
364. Enzyme sensors for determination of fish freshness. (PubMed id 18966489)⁹ Volpe G. and Mascini M. (1996)
365. Continuous monitoring of Pi release following nucleotide hydrolysis in actin or tubulin assembly using 2-amino-6-mercapto-7-methylpurine ribonucleoside and purine-nucleoside phosphorylase as an enzyme-linked assay. (PubMed id 8810908)⁹ Melki R....Carlier M.F. (1996)
366. Developmental changes in purine nucleotide metabolism in cultured rat astroglia. (PubMed id 8770661)⁹ Zoref-Shani E....Sperling O. (1995)
367. Chronic myeloid leukemia: correlation between purine metabolism enzyme activities and membrane immunophenotype. (PubMed id 7617076)⁹ MesA!rosovA! A....BabusA-kovA! O. (1995)
368. Characterization of the deoxycytidine kinase promoter in human lymphoblast cell lines. (PubMed id 7706474)⁹ Chen E.H....Mitchell B.S. (1995)
369. Purine enzyme activities in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: comparison of a new non-radiochemical high-performance liquid chromatography procedure and a radiochemical thin-layer chromatography procedure. (PubMed id 7655619)⁹ Stolk J.N....van de Putte L.B. (1995)
370. Kinetics of adenylate metabolism in human and rat myocardium. (PubMed id 7599155)⁹ Tavenier M....de Jong J.W. (1995)
371. Demonstration of induction of erythrocyte inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase activity in Ribavirin-treated patients using a high performance liquid chromatography linked method. (PubMed id 7586576)⁹ Montero C....Morgan G. (1995)
372. 2-Amino-6-methoxypurine arabinoside: an agent for T-cell malignancies. (PubMed id 7614470)⁹ Lambe C.U....Krenitsky T.A. (1995)
373. Relationship between early liver graft viability and enzyme activities in effluent preservation solution. (PubMed id 7570966)⁹ Devlin J....Williams R. (1995)
374. A comparison of some leucocyte differentiation markers and the adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase values in B and T cell leukemias and lymphomas. (PubMed id 8592572)⁹ MesA!rosovA! A....BabusA-kovA! O. (1995)
375. Enzyme histochemical studies on tumor blood vessels. (PubMed id 11322303)⁹ Gerzeli G....Bertone V. (1995)
376. Erythroid differentiation and growth inhibition of K5 62 cells by 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine: synergism with interferon-alpha. (PubMed id 7500653)⁹ Ogawa K....Okuma M. (1995)
377. 5-Iodo-2'-deoxy-L-uridine and (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxy-L-uridine: selective phosphorylation by herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase, antiherpetic activity, and cytotoxicity studies. (PubMed id 7603465)⁹ Spadari S....Tondelli L. (1995)
378. A broadly applicable continuous spectrophotometric assay for measuring aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity. (PubMed id 7659511)⁹ Lloyd A.J....Soll D. (1995)
379. Pre-steady-state transition-state analysis of the hydrolytic reaction catalyzed by purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 7827065)⁹ Kline P.C. and Schramm V.L. (1995)
380. Azathioprine-related bone marrow toxicity and low activities of purine enzymes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (PubMed id 7818564)⁹ Kerstens P.J....Boerbooms A.A. (1995)
381. A continuous spectrophotometric assay for protein phosphatases. (PubMed id 7785781)⁹ Cheng Q....Killilea S.D. (1995)
382. Enzymatic preparation of [2,4,5,6,8-14C, 5'-3H]guanosine for use in biosynthetic studies of pterinoid and flavin compounds. (PubMed id 8074301)⁹ Irby R. and Adair W.L. (1994)
383. Potentiating effect of (2-[2-[(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]-phenyl]e thenyl) -phosphonic acid (MDL 74,428), a potent inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, on the antiretroviral activities of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine combined with ribavirin in mice. (PubMed id 8053921)⁹ Weibel M....Mamont P. (1994)
384. Purine enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis: possible association with response to azathioprine. A pilot study. (PubMed id 7979599)⁹ Kerstens P.J....van de Putte L.B. (1994)
385. Normal uric acid concentrations in a purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficient child presenting with severe chicken pox, possible immunodeficiency and developmental delay. (PubMed id 7544949)⁹ Hallett R.J....Simmonds H.A. (1994)
386. A continuous visible spectrophotometric assay for aspartate transcarbamylase. (PubMed id 8074305)⁹ Wedler F.C....Moyer M.L. (1994)
387. Enzymes of purine salvage and catabolism in the mouse preimplantation embryo measured by high performance liquid chromatography. (PubMed id 8064675)⁹ Alexiou M. and Leese H.J. (1994)
388. A continuous spectrophotometric method for the determination of glycogen phosphorylase-catalyzed reaction in the direction of glycogen synthesis. (PubMed id 7810877)⁹ Sergienko E.A. and Srivastava D.K. (1994)
389. Regulation of gene expression of adenosine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase by dexamethasone and cAMP in human leukemic cells. (PubMed id 7660900)⁹ FernA!ndez-Mejia C....Madrid-Marina V. (1994)
390. Leishmania major-like parasite, a pathogenic agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Paraguay. (PubMed id 7810807)⁹ Yamasaki H....Aoki T. (1994)
391. Assignment of the protein kinase C delta polypeptide gene (PRKCD) to human chromosome 3 and mouse chromosome 14. (PubMed id 8188219)⁹ Huppi K....Mischak H. (1994)
392. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism in human gliomas: relation to chromosomal aberrations. (PubMed id 8054268)⁹ Bardot V....Luccioni C. (1994)
393. Nucleotide and adenosine metabolism in different cell types of human and rat heart. (PubMed id 7897672)⁹ Kochan Z....Seymour A.L. (1994)
394. Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleo side phosphorylase. 4. A study of phosphate mimics. (PubMed id 8164252)⁹ Guida W.C....Montgomery J.A. (1994)
395. Multilocus enzyme typing of human and animal strains of Clostridium perfringens. (PubMed id 8082823)⁹ Pons J.L....Leluan G. (1994)
396. [Adenosine deaminase (ADA), 5'-nucleotidase (5'N) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) in lympho- and myeloproliferative disorders] (PubMed id 7746892)⁹ Warzocha K....Robak T. (1994)
397. Tumor cell bystander killing in colonic carcinoma utilizing the Escherichia coli DeoD gene to generate toxic purines. (PubMed id 7584086)⁹ Sorscher E.J....Parker W.B. (1994)
398. Formation and breakdown of uridine in ischemic hearts of rats and humans. (PubMed id 8441182)⁹ SmoleA8ski R.T....Yacoub M.H. (1993)
399. Kinetic determination of serum adenosine deaminase. (PubMed id 8403405)⁹ Oosthuizen H.M....Bissbort S.H. (1993)
400. Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. 1. 9-(arylmethyl) derivatives of 9-deazaguanine. (PubMed id 8421291)⁹ Montgomery J.A....Ealick S.E. (1993)
401. Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. 3. 9-Arylmethyl derivatives of 9-deazaguanine substituted on the methylene group. (PubMed id 8254607)⁹ Erion M.D....Ealick S.E. (1993)
402. Structure-based design of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. 2. 9-Alicyclic and 9-heteroalicyclic derivatives of 9-deazaguanine. (PubMed id 8515423)⁹ Secrist J.A....Montgomery J.A. (1993)
403. Cloning and gene map assignment of the Xiphophorus DNA ligase 1 gene. (PubMed id 7904041)⁹ Walter R.B....Nairn R.S. (1993)
404. Acute myeloid leukemia: correlation between purine metabolism enzyme activities and membrane immunophenotype. (PubMed id 8289964)⁹ MesA!rosovA! A....BabusA-kovA! O. (1993)
405. Overview of biochemical abnormalities and molecular genetics of adenosine deaminase deficiency. (PubMed id 8433873)⁹ Hirschhorn R. (1993)
406. Synthesis and biological evaluation of N4-substituted imidazo- and v-triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine nucleosides. (PubMed id 8258836)⁹ Bussolari J.C....Panzica R.P. (1993)
407. PD 141955 and CI-972: 9-deazaguanine analog purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors. II. Effects on nucleoside catabolism in human and rat blood in vitro. (PubMed id 8273600)⁹ Dong M.K. and Gilbertsen R.B. (1993)
408. The H2O2 induced effects on purine metabolism in human endothelial cells. (PubMed id 8138186)⁹ Griesmacher A....Mueller M.M. (1993)
409. Activities of two 9-deazaguanine analogue inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, CI-972 and PD 141955, in vitro and in vivo. (PubMed id 8363228)⁹ Gilbertsen R.B....Conroy M.C. (1993)
410. Novel 6-alkoxypurine 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides as inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of the human immunodeficiency virus. (PubMed id 8426365)⁹ Burns C.L....Koszalka G.W. (1993)
411. Analysis of purine metabolic enzymes in human CD4 Leu 8- and CD4 Leu 8+ lymphocyte subpopulations. (PubMed id 8444317)⁹ Fernandez-Mejia C....Madrid-Marina V. (1993)
412. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Catalytic mechanism and transition-state analysis of the arsenolysis reaction. (PubMed id 8241176)⁹ Kline P.C. and Schramm V.L. (1993)
413. [Retinoic acid induces differentiation of human T lymphocytic leukemia CCRF-CEM cells] (PubMed id 8174476)⁹ Lin J.Q. (1993)
414. Efficacy and toxicity of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (araG) as an agent to purge malignant T cells from murine bone marrow: application to an in vivo T-leukemia model. (PubMed id 8350627)⁹ Gravatt L.C....Kurtzberg J. (1993)
415. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Kinetic mechanism of the enzyme from calf spleen. (PubMed id 1559977)⁹ Porter D.J. (1992)
416. Cockayne's syndrome fibroblasts are characterized by hypersensitivity to deoxyguanosine and abnormal DNA precursor pool metabolism in response to deoxyguanosine or ultraviolet light. (PubMed id 1475705)⁹ Squires S....Johnson R.T. (1992)
417. Purine salvage as a metabolite and energy saving mechanism in the ocular lens. (PubMed id 1606839)⁹ Cappiello M....Ipata P.L. (1992)
418. Species differences in adenosine metabolic sites in t he heart. (PubMed id 1506236)⁹ Borgers M. and ThonAc F. (1992)
419. Metabolism of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) in human blood. (PubMed id 1576055)⁹ Back D.J....Macleod R. (1992)
420. A continuous spectrophotometric assay for inorganic phosphate and for measuring phosphate release kinetics in biological systems. (PubMed id 1534409)⁹ Webb M.R. (1992)
421. The enzymatic synthesis of antiviral agents. (PubMed id 1368058)⁹ Hanrahan J.R. and Hutchinson D.W. (1992)
422. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Inosine hydrolysis, tight binding of the hypoxanthine intermediate, and third-the-sites reactivity. (PubMed id 1627539)⁹ Kline P.C. and Schramm V.L. (1992)
423. Metabolic fate of hypoxanthine and inosine in cultured cardiomyocytes. (PubMed id 1583701)⁹ Zoref-Shani E....Sperling O. (1992)
424. Acquired T cell specific deficiency other than acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). (PubMed id 1568029)⁹ Saiki O....Kishimoto S. (1992)
425. Syntenic conservation of HSP70 genes in cattle and humans. (PubMed id 1478667)⁹ Grosz M.D....Skow L.C. (1992)
426. Interaction of GTPase-activating protein with p21ras, measured using a continuous assay for inorganic phosphate release. (PubMed id 1445214)⁹ Webb M.R. and Hunter J.L. (1992)
427. Regulation of GTP biosynthesis. (PubMed id 1353938)⁹ Weber G....Nagai M. (1992)
428. [Chromosome abnormalities and adenine metabolism in human glial tumors] (PubMed id 1448660)⁹ Bardot V....Dutrillaux B. (1992)
429. Characterization of three T-lymphoid cell lines with distinct sensitivities to deoxyadenosine plus deoxycoformycin. (PubMed id 1373528)⁹ Duan D.S....Cowan M.J. (1992)
430. Purine metabolism enzyme pattern, cytochemical characteristics and clinicopathologic features of CD10-positive childhood T-cell leukemia. (PubMed id 1837333)⁹ BabusA-kovA! O....KonA-kovA! E. (1991)
431. Acyclonucleoside analogue inhibitors of mammalian pur ine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 1903945)⁹ Bzowska A....Johansson N.G. (1991)
432. Evidence that X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency is not a differentiation defect of T lymphocytes. (PubMed id 1988230)⁹ Goodship J....Levinsky R.J. (1991)
433. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase from human erythrocytes: a kinetic study of the fully separated isoenzymes. (PubMed id 1768259)⁹ Accorsi A....Fazi A. (1991)
434. [Hypouricemia and cellular immunodeficiency associated with purine-nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency] (PubMed id 1929018)⁹ GarcA-a AmorA-n Z....LA^pez Sastre J. (1991)
435. Purine catabolites in cerebral interstitial fluid dur ing progression of and recovery from ischemia. (PubMed id 1715045)⁹ Morimoto K....Mogami H. (1991)
436. Uridine and purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in human and rat heart. (PubMed id 1781364)⁹ de Jong J.W....Yacoub M.H. (1991)
437. Activities of purine catabolism related enzymes in zi nc deficiency: relationship to T-lymphocyte dysfunction and hyperammonemia. (PubMed id 1906845)⁹ Cossack Z.T. and Prasad A.S. (1991)
438. Purifications and properties of orotidine-phosphorolyzing enzyme and purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Erwinia carotovora AJ 2992. (PubMed id 1368721)⁹ Shirae H. and Yokozeki K. (1991)
439. Biochemical and pharmacological properties of CI-972, a novel 9-deazaguanine analog purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitor. (PubMed id 1789255)⁹ Gilbertsen R.B....Conroy M.C. (1991)
440. Purine catabolism in polymorphonuclear neutrophils. P horbol myristate acetate-induced accumulation of adenosine owing to inactivatio n of extracellularly released adenosine deaminase. (PubMed id 1898656)⁹ van Waeg G. and Van den Berghe G. (1991)
441. Theophylline-induced increase in plasma uric acid--purine catabolism increased by theophylline. (PubMed id 1889911)⁹ Yamamoto T....Higashino K. (1991)
442. A Japanese family pedigree of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease with X-linked inheritance. (PubMed id 1920912)⁹ Minegishi M....Konno T. (1991)
443. Determination of purine nucleosides and their bases by high-performance liquid chromatography using co-immobilized enzyme reactors. (PubMed id 2117020)⁹ Kito M....Hirose S. (1990)
444. The release of adenosine at the electric organ of Torpedo. A study using a continuous chemiluminescent method. (PubMed id 2325827)⁹ Solsona C....SaltA^ C. (1990)
445. The metabolism of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine in CEM cells. (PubMed id 2405846)⁹ Karlsson A....Eckstein F. (1990)
446. Nucleotide analogue inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (PubMed id 2105941)⁹ Krenitsky T.A....Beauchamp L. (1990)
447. Purine salvage enzyme activities in normal and neoplastic human tissues. (PubMed id 2125239)⁹ Camici M....Ipata P.L. (1990)
448. Amperometric determination of phosphate by use of a nucleoside phosphorylase-xanthine oxidase enzyme sensor based on a Clark-type hydrogen peroxide or oxygen electrode. (PubMed id 2127658)⁹ Haemmerli S.D....Guilbault G.G. (1990)
449. Relationship between the electronic structure and bio logical activity of inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase: 1. Acyclonuc leosides of guanine and hypoxanthine. (PubMed id 2132947)⁹ Shcherbo S.N....Akopyan Z.h.I. (1990)
450. A pitfall in the prenatal diagnosis of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome by chorionic villus sampling. (PubMed id 2343029)⁹ Page T. and Broock R.L. (1990)
451. Metabolism in human leukocytes of anti-HIV dideoxypurine nucleosides. (PubMed id 2078020)⁹ Fridland A....Johns D.G. (1990)
452. 2'-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyarabinosyladenine: a metabolically stable analogue of the antiretroviral agent 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine. (PubMed id 2109183)⁹ Masood R....Broder S. (1990)

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