Aliases for PNP Gene
Aliases for PNP Gene
External Ids for PNP Gene
- HGNC: 7892
- Entrez Gene: 4860
- Ensembl: ENSG00000198805
- OMIM: 164050
- UniProtKB: P00491
Previous HGNC Symbols for PNP Gene
- NP
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for PNP Gene
- GC14P020008
- GC14P021021
- GC14P001059
Summaries for PNP Gene
-
This gene encodes an enzyme which reversibly catalyzes the phosphorolysis of purine nucleosides. The enzyme is trimeric, containing three identical subunits. Mutations which result in nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency result in defective T-cell (cell-mediated) immunity but can also affect B-cell immunity and antibody responses. Neurologic disorders may also be apparent in patients with immune defects. A known polymorphism at aa position 51 that does not affect enzyme activity has been described. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 2. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
GeneCards Summary for PNP Gene
PNP (Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with PNP include Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency and Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency. Among its related pathways are Pyrimidine metabolism (KEGG) and Innate Immune System. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include drug binding and nucleoside binding.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for PNP Gene
-
The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta-(deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate.
Additional gene information for PNP Gene
- Monarch Initiative
- Search for PNP at DataMed
- Search for PNP at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for PNP Gene
Genomics for PNP Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements for PNP Gene
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Locations for PNP Gene
- chr14:20,468,954-20,478,006
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 9,053 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
- chr14:20,937,113-20,946,165
- (GRCh37/hg19)
Genomic View for PNP Gene
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 14q11.2 by Ensembl
- 14q11.2 by Entrez Gene
- 14q11.2 by HGNC


RefSeq DNA sequence for PNP Gene
Proteins for PNP Gene
-
Protein details for PNP Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P00491-PNPH_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
- Protein Accession:
- P00491
- B2R8S5
- D3DS00
- Q15160
- Q5PZ03
Protein attributes for PNP Gene
- Size:
- 289 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 32118 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Homotrimer.
Protein Expression for PNP Gene
Selected DME Specific Peptides for PNP Gene
- P00491:
-
- RFPAMSDAYDR
- VVTNAAGGLN
- KVTFPVRV
- DAVGMSTVPEVIVA
Post-translational modifications for PNP Gene
- Ubiquitination at isoforms=22, Lys95, isoforms=179, and isoforms=211
Other Protein References for PNP Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- R&D Systems Antibodies for PNP (Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase/PNP)
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-
Abcam antibodies for PNP
-
Cloud-Clone Corp. Antibodies for PNP
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-
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- Sino Biological Antibodies for PNP
Protein Products
- R&D Systems Proteins and Enzymes for PNP (Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase/PNP)
-
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-
Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for PNP
- Search GeneTex for Proteins for PNP
-
Abcam proteins for PNP
Assay Products
-
Abcam assays for PNP
Domains & Families for PNP Gene
Gene Families for PNP Gene
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Disease related genes
- Enzymes
- FDA approved drug targets
- Plasma proteins
- Predicted intracellular proteins
- Predicted secreted proteins
Protein Domains for PNP Gene
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for PNP Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P00491- Family:
-
- Belongs to the PNP/MTAP phosphorylase family.
Function for PNP Gene
Molecular function for PNP Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- Purine nucleoside + phosphate = purine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta-(deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate.
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for PNP Gene
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for PNP Gene
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0001882 | nucleoside binding | IDA | 9305962 |
GO:0002060 | purine nucleobase binding | IDA | 9305962 |
GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | IEA | -- |
GO:0004731 | purine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity | IEA,IDA | 3029074 |
GO:0008144 | drug binding | IDA | 18938130 |
Phenotypes for PNP Gene
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for PNP:
Animal Model Products
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-
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for PNP gene
-
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CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for PNP
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
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Vectors and viruses for KO, Activation, Repression, and more
-
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miRNA for PNP Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target PNP
-
- hsa-mir-1-3p (MIRT003765)
- hsa-mir-133a-3p (MIRT006571)
- hsa-mir-186-5p (MIRT021132)
- hsa-mir-124-3p (MIRT022705)
- hsa-mir-196a-5p (MIRT026040)
- hsa-mir-16-5p (MIRT031731)
- hsa-mir-1296-5p (MIRT036138)
- hsa-mir-147a (MIRT783859)
- hsa-mir-4504 (MIRT786029)
- hsa-mir-4797-5p (MIRT786837)
- hsa-mir-5010-3p (MIRT786994)
- hsa-mir-542-3p (MIRT787382)
- hsa-mir-574-5p (MIRT787876)
- hsa-mir-6818-5p (MIRT788940)
- hsa-mir-6867-5p (MIRT789216)
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for PNP
Inhibitory RNA Products
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-
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- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
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- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- Addgene plasmids for PNP
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
- Applied Biological Materials Clones for PNP
-
Vectors and viruses for ORF, Lenti, Retro, Adenovirus, AAV, and more
Cell Line Products
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Horizon Cell Lines for PNP
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ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for PNP gene
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No data available for Animal Models , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for PNP Gene
Localization for PNP Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for PNP Gene
- Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Cytoplasm.
- Cytosol (3)
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0005576 | extracellular region | IEA,TAS | -- |
GO:0005622 | intracellular | IDA | 15047506 |
GO:0005634 | nucleus | IEA | -- |
GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IDA,IEA | 3029074 |
GO:0005829 | cytosol | TAS | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for PNP Gene
SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | Purine metabolism |
.01
|
|
2 | Pyrimidine metabolism (KEGG) | ||
3 | Innate Immune System |
.61
|
|
4 | Metabolism |
.37
|
|
5 | NAD metabolism |
.42
|
Pathways by source for PNP Gene
10 BioSystems pathways for PNP Gene
8 Reactome pathways for PNP Gene
4 KEGG pathways for PNP Gene
2 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) pathways for PNP Gene
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P00491-PNPH_HUMAN
- Pathway: Purine metabolism; purine nucleoside salvage.
Interacting Proteins for PNP Gene
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0006139 | nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process | IEA,IDA | 3029074 |
GO:0006148 | inosine catabolic process | IDA | 16964310 |
GO:0006195 | purine nucleotide catabolic process | TAS | -- |
GO:0006738 | nicotinamide riboside catabolic process | IDA | 19001417 |
GO:0006955 | immune response | IMP | 16930574 |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for PNP Gene
Drugs & Compounds for PNP Gene
Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Didanosine | Approved | Pharma | Target | 150 | ||
Inosine | Approved, Investigational | Pharma | Target | 0 | ||
Cladribine | Approved, Investigational | Pharma | Target, inducer | Apoptosis inducer in CLL cells | 81 | |
Adenine | Approved | Nutra | 0 | |||
Adenosine | Approved, Investigational | Pharma | Agonist | 551 |
Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
deoxyadenosine |
|
958-09-8 | ||||
deoxyguanosine |
|
961-07-9 | ||||
purine |
|
120-73-0 | ||||
ribose 1-phosphate |
|
14075-00-4 | ||||
xanthosine |
|
146-80-5 |
Transcripts for PNP Gene
mRNA/cDNA for PNP Gene
- (1) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (10) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (517) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (8) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for PNP Gene
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for PNP
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
- Applied Biological Materials CRISPR for PNP
-
Vectors and viruses for KO, Activation, Repression, and more
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for PNP
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for PNP
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for PNP
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene RNAi, sirna, and shrna products in human, mouse, rat for PNP
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- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
-
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Clone Products
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- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for PNP
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for PNP
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- Addgene plasmids for PNP
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
- Applied Biological Materials Clones for PNP
-
Vectors and viruses for ORF, Lenti, Retro, Adenovirus, AAV, and more
Expression for PNP Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
- Inner Cell Mass (Early Embryonic Tissues)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for PNP Gene
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, and MOPED for PNP Gene
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of PNP Gene:
PNPSOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for PNP Gene:
Hs.75514mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for PNP Gene:
P00491-PNPH_HUMANEvidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for PNP Gene
- Blood(4.7)
- Liver(4.5)
- Nervous system(3.2)
- Bone marrow(2.7)
- Intestine(2.7)
- Lung(2.4)
- Kidney(2)
- Spleen(2)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for PNP Gene
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- cardiovascular
- immune
- lymphatic
- nervous
- reproductive
- respiratory
- skeletal muscle
- skeleton
- urinary
- brain
- ear
- face
- head
- larynx
- middle ear
- neck
- pharynx
- sinus
- skull
- bronchus
- lung
- trachea
- kidney
- spleen
- ureter
- urethra
- urinary bladder
- lower limb
- upper limb
- blood
- blood vessel
- coagulation system
- lymph node
- red blood cell
- white blood cell
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for PNP
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for PNP
- genomics-online: primer clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
Orthologs for PNP Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals and fungi.
Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | PNP 33 34 |
|
||
cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | -- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |
PNP 33 34 |
|
||||
rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Pnp 33 |
|
||
mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Pnp 33 34 |
|
||
Pnp2 16 34 |
|
||||
dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | PNP 33 34 |
|
||
oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | -- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |
-- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
-- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
-- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
-- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
-- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
-- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
-- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
-- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | PNP 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | PNP 33 34 |
|
||
lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | PNP 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | pnp 33 |
|
||
Str.8263 33 |
|
||||
zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | pnp6 34 |
|
OneToMany | |
pnp5a 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
pnp4a 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
pnp5b 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
pnp4b 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
wufc27g06 33 |
|
||||
African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | AgaP_AGAP005945 33 |
|
||
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | CG16758 33 34 |
|
||
CG18128 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | K02D7.1 33 34 |
|
||
baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | PNP1 33 34 36 |
|
||
A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii) |
Saccharomycetes | AGOS_ACR198W 33 |
|
||
K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis) |
Saccharomycetes | KLLA0C16621g 33 |
|
||
fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) |
Schizosaccharomycetes | SPAC1805.16c 33 |
|
||
sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | CSA.7856 34 |
|
OneToOne |
- Species where no ortholog for PNP was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- rice (Oryza sativa)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- soybean (Glycine max)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Paralogs for PNP Gene
Pseudogenes.org Pseudogenes for PNP Gene
No data available for Paralogs for PNP Gene
Variants for PNP Gene
SNP ID | Clin | Chr 14 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs1012562944 | uncertain-significance, Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency | 20,474,864(+) | T/C | coding_sequence_variant, missense_variant | |
rs104894450 | pathogenic, Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency (PNPD) [MIM:613179] | 20,474,870(+) | A/G | coding_sequence_variant, missense_variant | |
rs104894451 | pathogenic, likely-pathogenic, Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, not provided, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency (PNPD) [MIM:613179] | 20,476,432(+) | G/A/C | coding_sequence_variant, missense_variant | |
rs104894452 | pathogenic, Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency (PNPD) [MIM:613179] | 20,475,175(+) | A/G | coding_sequence_variant, missense_variant | |
rs104894453 | pathogenic, Purine-nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency (PNPD) [MIM:613179] | 20,474,555(+) | G/A | coding_sequence_variant, missense_variant |
Additional Variant Information for PNP Gene
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for PNP Gene
Disorders for PNP Gene

(21) MalaCards diseases for PNP Gene - From: HGMD, OMIM, ClinVar, GTR, Orphanet, Swiss-Prot, DISEASES, Novoseek, and GeneCards
Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|
purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency |
|
|
adenosine deaminase deficiency |
|
|
lesch-nyhan syndrome |
|
|
exhibitionism |
|
|
paraphilia disorder |
|
|
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
PNPH_HUMAN- Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency (PNPD) [MIM:613179]: A disorder that interrupts both the catabolism of inosine into hypoxanthine and guanosine into guanine, and leads to the accumulation of guanosine, inosine, and their deoxified by-products. The main clinical presentation is recurrent infections due to severe T-cell immunodeficiency. Some patients also have neurologic impairment. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:1384322, ECO:0000269 PubMed:3029074, ECO:0000269 PubMed:8931706}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Additional Disease Information for PNP
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
No data available for Genatlas for PNP Gene
Publications for PNP Gene
- Genetic variation in genes associated with arsenic metabolism: glutathione S-transferase omega 1-1 and purine nucleoside phosphorylase polymorphisms in European and indigenous Americans. (PMID: 12928150) Yu L … Klimecki WT (Environmental health perspectives 2003) 3 4 22 58
- Two novel missense and frameshift mutations in exons 5 and 6 of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) gene in a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) patient. (PMID: 8931706) Pannicke U … Schwarz K (Human genetics 1996) 3 4 22 58
- Molecular analysis of mutations in a patient with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. (PMID: 1384322) Aust MR … Markert ML (American journal of human genetics 1992) 3 4 22 58
- Three-dimensional structure of human erythrocytic purine nucleoside phosphorylase at 3.2 A resolution. (PMID: 2104852) Ealick SE … Parks RE (The Journal of biological chemistry 1990) 3 4 22 58
- Human purine nucleoside phosphorylase cDNA sequence and genomic clone characterization. (PMID: 6087295) Williams SR … Martin DW (Nucleic acids research 1984) 2 3 4 58
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- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for PNP
- VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- Addgene plasmids for PNP
- antibodies-online: Search results for 66 available NP Antibodies ranked by validation data
- Compare Top NP Antibodies
- antibodies-online: Search results for 19 available NP Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top NP Elisa Kits
- antibodies-online: Search results for 18 available NP Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top NP Proteins
- GeneTex PNP antibody for PNP
- Search GeneTex for Proteins for PNP
- ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for PNP gene
- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for PNP gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for PNP gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for PNP
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for PNP
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for PNP siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for PNP
- Horizon Cell Lines for PNP
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
- genomics-online: primer clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for available NP gene related products
Sources for PNP Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
- (12) TrEMBL
- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
- (15) Blocks
- (16) MGI
- (17) IUBMB
- (18) KEGG
- (19) MINT
- (20) STRING
- (21) IntAct
- (22) Novoseek
- (23) PharmGKB
- (24) DrugBank
- (25) HMDB
- (26) UniGene
- (27) AceView
- (28) ASD
- (29) ECgene
- (30) GeneAnnot
- (31) CGAP SAGE
- (32) SOURCE
- (33) HomoloGene
- (34) PanEnsembl
- (35) euGenes
- (36) SGD
- (37) FlyBase
- (38) WormBase
- (39) Pseudogene
- (40) DGV
- (41) dbSNP
- (42) GenAtlas
- (43) HGMD
- (44) GAD
- (45) BGMUT
- (46) HuGE
- (47) Atlas
- (48) Cell Signaling Technology
- (49) GenBank
- (50) H-invDB
- (51) HORDE
- (52) HUGE
- (53) IMGT
- (54) Leiden
- (55) miRBase
- (56) DME
- (57) OriGene
- (58) PubMed
- (59) R&D Systems
- (60) TGDB
- (61) Tocris
- (62) Abcam
- (63) Novus Biologicals
- (64) ProSpec
- (65) Sino Biological
- (66) GenScript
- (67) Qiagen
- (68) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (69) OCA
- (70) Proteopedia
- (71) MOPED
- (72) neXtProt
- (73) Reactome
- (74) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (75) fRNAdb
- (76) DISEASES
- (77) SIMAP
- (78) GenomeRNAi
- (79) LifeMap
- (80) miRTarBase
- (81) MalaCards
- (82) Invitrogen
- (83) BitterDB
- (84) Vector BioLabs
- (85) ESI-BIO
- (86) RefSeq
- (87) BioSystems
- (88) MaxQB
- (89) IUPHAR
- (90) BioGPS
- (91) Illumina
- (92) COMPARTMENTS
- (93) HOMER
- (94) PaxDb
- (95) ApexBio
- (96) Addgene
- (97) antibodies-online
- (98) CYP
- (99) NONCODE
- (100) SwitchGear Genomics
- (101) TreeFam
- (102) PathCards
- (103) GeneReviews
- (104) GeneTex
- (105) Taconic Biosciences
- (106) GTEx
- (107) ProteomicsDB
- (108) SCBT
- (109) DGIdb
- (110) ClinicalTrials
- (111) FDA Approved Drugs
- (112) RVIS
- (113) SIGNOR
- (114) diseasecard
- (115) NIH Rare Diseases
- (116) Orphanet
- (117) UMLS
- (118) GTR
- (119) Disease Ontology
- (120)