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Category Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21

GIFtS
-

PLK1 Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 72
GCID: GC16P023706

polo-like kinase 1

(Previous name: polo-like kinase (Drosophila) )
(Previous symbol: PLK)

Explore 66 diseases affiliated with
PLK1 via

MalaCards

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Human Malady Compendium

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Polo-Like Kinase 1¹ ² ³		Polo-Like Kinase (Drosophila)¹
PLK¹ ² ³		Cell Cycle Regulated Protein Kinase²
Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase 13² ³		Polo (Drosophia)-Like Kinase²
PLK-1² ³		Polo Like Kinase²
STPK13² ³		Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase PLK1²
EC 2.7.11.21³ ⁸		EC 2.7.11⁸

External Ids:	HGNC: 9077¹	Entrez Gene: 5347²	Ensembl: ENSG00000166851⁷	OMIM: 602098⁵	UniProtKB: P53350³

Export aliases for PLK1 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC16P023657 GC16P023658 GC16P023597 GC16P023690 GC16P021779 GC16P023691 GC16P023698

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PLK1_HUMAN, P53350

Function: Serine/threonine-protein kinase that performs several important functions throughout M phase of the cell

cycle, including the regulation of centrosome maturation and spindle assembly, the removal of cohesins from chromosome

arms, the inactivation of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) inhibitors, and the regulation of mitotic exit

and cytokinesis. Polo-like kinase proteins acts by binding and phosphorylating proteins are that already

phosphorylated on a specific motif recognized by the POLO box domains. Phosphorylates BORA, BUB1B/BUBR1, CCNB1,

CDC25C, CEP55, ECT2, ERCC6L, FBXO5/EMI1, FOXM1, KIF20A/MKLP2, MLF1IP, NEDD1, NINL, NPM1, NUDC, PKMYT1/MYT1,

PLK1S1/KIZ, PPP1R12A/MYPT1, PRC1, RACGAP1/CYK4, SGOL1, STAG2/SA2, TEX14, TOPORS, p73/TP73, TPT1 and WEE1. Plays a key

role in centrosome functions and the assembly of bipolar spindles by phosphorylating PLK1S1/KIZ, NEDD1 and NINL. NEDD1

phosphorylation promotes subsequent targeting of the gamma-tubulin ring complex (gTuRC) to the centrosome, an

important step for spindle formation. Phosphorylation of NINL component of the centrosome leads to NINL dissociation

from other centrosomal proteins. Involved in mitosis exit and cytokinesis by phosphorylating CEP55, ECT2,

KIF20A/MKLP2, MLF1IP, PRC1 and RACGAP1. Recruited at the central spindle by phosphorylating and docking PRC1 and

KIF20A/MKLP2; creates its own docking sites on PRC1 and KIF20A/MKLP2 by mediating phosphorylation of sites

subsequently recognized by the POLO box domains. Phosphorylates RACGAP1, thereby creating a docking site for the Rho

GTP exchange factor ECT2 that is essential for the cleavage furrow formation. Promotes the central spindle recruitment

of ECT2. Plays a central role in G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle by phosphorylating CCNB1, CDC25C, FOXM1,

MLF1IP, PKMYT1/MYT1, PPP1R12A/MYPT1 and WEE1. Part of a regulatory circuit that promotes the activation of CDK1 by

phosphorylating the positive regulator CDC25C and inhibiting the negative regulators WEE1 and PKMYT1/MYT1. Also acts

by mediating phosphorylation of cyclin-B1 (CCNB1) on centrosomes in prophase. Phosphorylates FOXM1, a key mitotic

transcription regulator, leading to enhance FOXM1 transcriptional activity. Involved in kinetochore functions and

sister chromatid cohesion by phosphorylating BUB1B/BUBR1, FBXO5/EMI1 and STAG2/SA2. PLK1 is high on non-attached

kinetochores suggesting a role of PLK1 in kinetochore attachment or in spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) regulation.

Required for kinetochore localization of BUB1B. Regulates the dissociation of cohesin from chromosomes by

phosphorylating cohesin subunits such as STAG2/SA2. Phosphorylates SGOL1: required for spindle pole localization of

isoform 3 of SGOL1 and plays a role in regulating its centriole cohesion function. Mediates phosphorylation of

FBXO5/EMI1, a negative regulator of the APC/C complex during prophase, leading to FBXO5/EMI1 ubiquitination and

degradation by the proteasome. Acts as a negative regulator of p53 family members: phosphorylates TOPORS, leading to

inhibit the sumoylation of p53/TP53 and simultaneously enhance the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of

p53/TP53. Phosphorylates the transactivation domain of the transcription factor p73/TP73, leading to inhibit

p73/TP73-mediated transcriptional activation and pro-apoptotic functions. Phosphorylates BORA, and thereby promotes

the degradation of BORA. Contributes to the regulation of AURKA function. Also required for recovery after DNA damage

checkpoint and entry into mitosis

summary for PLK1:

Polo-like kinases (PLKs) are a family of four serine/threonine protein kinases that are critical regulators

of cell cycle progression, mitosis, cytokinesis, and the DNA damage response. PLK1, -2 and -3 are

ubiquitously expressed, whereas PLK4 is restricted to a few tissues including the testes and the thymus. The

mRNA and protein expression of PLK1, -2 and -4 are coordinately regulated during cell cycle progression, but

PLK3 levels are independent of the other three family members. Furthermore, PLK3 is a much more stable

protein than PLK1, -2 or -4. PLK1 is the most well characterized member of this family and strongly promotes

the progression of cells through mitosis. During the various stages of mitosis PLK1 localizes to the

centrosomes, kinetochores and central spindle. PLKs are dysregulated in a variety of human cancers. PLK1

overexpression correlates with cellular proliferation and poor prognosis. PLK2 and PLK3 are involved in

checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest to ensure genetic stability. Loss-of-function mutations in these

enzymes can lead to oncogenic transformation.

Gene Wiki entry for PLK1

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000016.9 NC_018927.1 NT_010393.16

Regulatory elements:

SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PLK1 gene promoter:
FOXD1 STAT5A LCR-F1 AP-2gamma E4BP4 AP-2beta AP-2alpha AP-2alphaA
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids (see all 2): PLK1 promoter sequence

Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PLK1

Epigenetics:

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PLK1

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 16p12.2 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 16p12.2 HGNC cytogenetic band: 16p

PLK1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PLK1 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 16 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC16P023706: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	23,688,977 bp from pter	End:	23,701,688 bp from pter
Size:	12,712 bases	Orientation:	plus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to ²PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PLK1_HUMAN, P53350 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1

Size: 603 amino acids; 68255 Da

Subunit: Interacts with CEP170 and EVI5. Interacts and phosphorylates ERCC6L. Interacts with FAM29A. Interacts with

SLX4/BTBD12 and TTDN1. Interacts with BUB1B. Interacts (via POLO-box domain) with the phosphorylated form of BUB1,

MLF1IP and CDC25C. Interacts with isoform 3 of SGOL1. Interacts with BORA, KIF2A and AURKA. Interacts with TOPORS and

CYLD. Interacts with ECT2; the interaction is stimulated upon phosphorylation of ECT2 on 'Thr-444'. Interacts with

PRC1. Interacts with KIF20A/MKLP2 (when phosphorylated), leading to the recruitment at the central spindle. Interacts

(via POLO box domains) with PPP1R12A/MYPT1 (when previously phosphorylated by CDK1). Part of an astrin

(SPAG5)-kinastrin (SKAP) complex containing KNSTRN, SPAG5, PLK1, DYNLL1 and SGOL2. Interacts with BIRC6/bruce.

Interacts with CDK1-phosphorylated FRY; this interaction occurs in mitotic cells, but not in interphase cells. FRY

interaction facilitates AURKA-mediated PLK1 phosphorylation

Subcellular location: Nucleus. Chromosome, centromere, kinetochore. Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, centrosome. Cytoplasm,

cytoskeleton, spindle. Midbody. Note=During early stages of mitosis, the phosphorylated form is detected on

centrosomes and kinetochores. Localizes to the outer kinetochore. Presence of SGOL1 and interaction with the

phosphorylated form of BUB1 is required for the kinetochore localization. Localizes onto the central spindle by

phosphorylating and docking at midzone proteins KIF20A/MKLP2 and PRC1. Colocalizes with FRY to separating centrosomes

and spindle poles from prophase to metaphase in mitosis, but not in other stages of the cell cycle

Developmental stage: Accumulates to a maximum during the G2 and M phases, declines to a nearly undetectable level

following mitosis and throughout G1 phase, and then begins to accumulate again during S phase

6/35 PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for PLK1 (see all 35):

1Q4K (3D)

1Q4O (3D)

1UMW (3D)

2OGQ (3D)

2OJX (3D)

2OU7 (3D)

Secondary accessions: Q15153 Q99746

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PLK1: NX_P53350

Post-translational modifications:

Catalytic activity is enhanced by phosphorylation of Thr-210. Phosphorylation at Thr-210 is first detected on

centrosomes in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, peaks in prometaphase and gradually disappears from centrosomes during

anaphase. Dephosphorylation at Thr-210 at centrosomes is probably mediated by protein phosphatase 1C (PP1C), via

interaction with PPP1R12A/MYPT1. Autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of Ser-137 may not be significant for the

activation of PLK1 during mitosis, but may enhance catalytic activity during recovery after DNA damage checkpoint.

Phosphorylated in vitro by STK10¹

Ubiquitinated by the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) in anaphase and following DNA damage, leading to its

degradation by the proteasome. Ubiquitination is mediated via its interaction with FZR1/CDH1. Ubiquitination and

subsequent degradation prevents entry into mitosis and is essential to maintain an efficient G2 DNA damage checkpoint¹

View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus²

View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P53350

4/24 DME Specific Peptides for PLK1 (P53350) (see all 24)

YIAPEVL

VIHRDLK

GHSFEVD

VFAGKIV

PLK1 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image

REFSEQ proteins: NP_005021.2

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000300093 ENSP00000460266 ENSP00000459688 ENSP00000460084

Reactome Protein details: P53350
Human Recombinant Protein Products:

	EMD Millipore Purified and/or Recombinant PLK1 Protein
	R&D Systems Recombinant & Natural Proteins for PLK1
	Enzo Life Sciences proteins for PLK1
	OriGene Purified Protein: PLK1 OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate: PLK1 OriGene Custom Protein Services for PLK1
	GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for PLK1
	Novus Biologicals PLK1 Proteins Novus Biologicals PLK1 Lysates
	Sino Biological Recombinant Protein for PLK1
	Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
	Uscn Proteins for PLK1

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/12 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 12): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0000776	kinetochore	IDA	--
GO:0000922	spindle pole	IDA	--
GO:0000942	condensed nuclear chromosome outer kinetochore	IDA	18195732
GO:0005634	nucleus	IDA	18615013
GO:0005654	nucleoplasm	TAS	--

PLK1 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

PLK1 Antibody Products:

	EMD Millipore Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies for the study of PLK1
	R&D Systems Antibodies for PLK1
	Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Antibodies for PLK1
	OriGene Antibodies (see all 14): PLK1 OriGene Custom Antibody Services for PLK1
	GenScript Custom Superior Antibodies Services for PLK1
	Novus Biologicals PLK1 Antibodies
	Abcam antibodies for PLK1
	Uscn Antibodies for PLK1
	ThermoFisher Antibody for PLK1

Assay Products for PLK1:

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
	OriGene Custom Immunoassay Development Browse OriGene Fluorogenic Cell Assay Kits
	Browse R&D Systems for biochemical assays
	GenScript PLK1-Activity-based Kinase Assay for Compound Screening
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for PLK1

(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

PLK1 for domains About GeneDecksing

5/6 InterPro domains/families (see all 6):

IPR017441 Protein_kinase_ATP_BS

IPR002290 Ser/Thr_dual-sp_kinase_dom

IPR011009 Kinase-like_dom

IPR008271 Ser/Thr_kinase_AS

IPR000719 Prot_kinase_cat_dom

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P53350

ProtoNet protein and cluster: P53350

1 Blocks protein family: IPB000959 POLO box duplicated region

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PLK1_HUMAN, P53350

Domain: The POLO box domains act as phosphopeptide-binding module that recognize and bind

serine-[phosphothreonine/phosphoserine]-(proline/X) motifs. PLK1 recognizes and binds docking proteins that are

already phosphorylated on these motifs, and then phosphorylates them. PLK1 can also create its own docking sites by

mediating phosphorylation of serine-[phosphothreonine/phosphoserine]-(proline/X) motifs subsequently recognized by the

POLO box domains

Similarity: Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC5/Polo subfamily

Similarity: Contains 2 POLO box domains

Similarity: Contains 1 protein kinase domain

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary: