Aliases for PINK1 Gene
Aliases for PINK1 Gene
External Ids for PINK1 Gene
- HGNC: 14581
- Entrez Gene: 65018
- Ensembl: ENSG00000158828
- OMIM: 608309
- UniProtKB: Q9BXM7
Previous HGNC Symbols for PINK1 Gene
- PARK6
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for PINK1 Gene
- GC01P020530
- GC01P019995
- GC01P020105
- GC01P020429
- GC01P020705
- GC01P020832
- GC01P020959
- GC01P019206
Summaries for PINK1 Gene
-
This gene encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that localizes to mitochondria. It is thought to protect cells from stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mutations in this gene cause one form of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
GeneCards Summary for PINK1 Gene
PINK1 (PTEN Induced Putative Kinase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with PINK1 include Parkinson Disease 6, Autosomal Recessive Early-Onset and Parkinson Disease 2, Autosomal Recessive Juvenile. Among its related pathways are Pink/Parkin Mediated Mitophagy and Mitophagy - animal. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups and protein tyrosine kinase activity.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for PINK1 Gene
-
Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress by phosphorylating mitochondrial proteins. Involved in the clearance of damaged mitochondria via selective autophagy (mitophagy) by mediating activation and translocation of PRKN (PubMed:14607334, PubMed:15087508, PubMed:19229105, PubMed:19966284, PubMed:20404107, PubMed:20798600, PubMed:23620051, PubMed:23754282, PubMed:23933751, PubMed:24660806, PubMed:24751536, PubMed:24784582, PubMed:24896179, PubMed:25527291). Targets PRKN to dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria through the phosphorylation of MFN2 (PubMed:23620051). Activates PRKN in 2 steps: (1) by mediating phosphorylation at Ser-65 of PRKN and (2) mediating phosphorylation of ubiquitin, converting PRKN to its fully-active form (PubMed:24660806, PubMed:24751536, PubMed:24784582, PubMed:25527291). Required for ubiquinone reduction by mitochondrial complex I by mediating phosphorylation of complex I subunit NDUFA10 (By similarity).
Additional gene information for PINK1 Gene
- Monarch Initiative
- Search for PINK1 at DataMed
- Search for PINK1 at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for PINK1 Gene
Genomics for PINK1 Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements for PINK1 Gene
- Top Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the PINK1 gene promoter:
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Locations for PINK1 Gene
- chr1:20,633,455-20,651,511
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 18,057 bases
- Orientation:
- Plus strand
- chr1:20,959,948-20,978,004
- (GRCh37/hg19)
Genomic View for PINK1 Gene
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 1p36.12 by Ensembl
- 1p36.12 by Entrez Gene
- 1p36.12 by HGNC


RefSeq DNA sequence for PINK1 Gene
Proteins for PINK1 Gene
-
Protein details for PINK1 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- Q9BXM7-PINK1_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Serine/threonine-protein kinase PINK1, mitochondrial
- Protein Accession:
- Q9BXM7
- Q8N6T9
- Q8NBU3
- Q96DE4
Protein attributes for PINK1 Gene
- Size:
- 581 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 62769 Da
- Cofactor:
- Name=Mg(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420;
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Interacts with PRKN. Interacts with FBXO7. Forms a complex with PRKN and PARK7 (PubMed:19229105).
Protein Expression for PINK1 Gene
Post-translational modifications for PINK1 Gene
- Autophosphorylation at Ser-228 and Ser-402 is essential for Parkin/PRKN recruitment to depolarized mitochondria.
- Two shorter forms of 55 kDa and 48 kDa seem to be produced by proteolytic cleavage and localize mainly in cytosol.
Other Protein References for PINK1 Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
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-
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Protein Products
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-
Abcam proteins for PINK1
Assay Products
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for PINK1 Gene
Domains & Families for PINK1 Gene
Gene Families for PINK1 Gene
- HGNC:
- IUPHAR :
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Disease related genes
- Enzymes
- Potential drug targets
- Predicted intracellular proteins
Protein Domains for PINK1 Gene
- InterPro:
- ProtoNet:
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for PINK1 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
Q9BXM7UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:
PINK1_HUMAN :- Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
- Family:
-
- Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family.
Function for PINK1 Gene
Molecular function for PINK1 Gene
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress by phosphorylating mitochondrial proteins. Involved in the clearance of damaged mitochondria via selective autophagy (mitophagy) by mediating activation and translocation of PRKN (PubMed:14607334, PubMed:15087508, PubMed:19229105, PubMed:19966284, PubMed:20404107, PubMed:20798600, PubMed:23620051, PubMed:23754282, PubMed:23933751, PubMed:24660806, PubMed:24751536, PubMed:24784582, PubMed:24896179, PubMed:25527291). Targets PRKN to dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria through the phosphorylation of MFN2 (PubMed:23620051). Activates PRKN in 2 steps: (1) by mediating phosphorylation at Ser-65 of PRKN and (2) mediating phosphorylation of ubiquitin, converting PRKN to its fully-active form (PubMed:24660806, PubMed:24751536, PubMed:24784582, PubMed:25527291). Required for ubiquinone reduction by mitochondrial complex I by mediating phosphorylation of complex I subunit NDUFA10 (By similarity).
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for PINK1 Gene
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for PINK1 Gene
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0000166 | nucleotide binding | IEA | -- |
GO:0000287 | magnesium ion binding | IEA,IDA | 14607334 |
GO:0002020 | protease binding | TAS | 24522549 |
GO:0004672 | protein kinase activity | IMP | 25527497 |
GO:0004674 | protein serine/threonine kinase activity | TAS | 24522549 |
Phenotypes for PINK1 Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for PINK1:
-
inferred from 10 alleles
- nervous system phenotype
- homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- cardiovascular system phenotype
- mortality/aging
- immune system phenotype
- cellular phenotype
- behavior/neurological phenotype
- growth/size/body region phenotype
- endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype
- skeleton phenotype
- no phenotypic analysis
- taste/olfaction phenotype
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for PINK1:
-
- Increased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- Negative genetic interaction between MUS81-/- and MUS81+/+
- shRNA abundance <= 50%
- Synthetic lethal with Ras
- Decreased viability in esophageal squamous lineage
- Decreased ionizing radiation sensitivity
- Dynamic nuclei (hole, folded or small irregular)
- Decreased viability after Maraba virus infection
- Increased G1 DNA content
- Effect on mitosis
- Decreased viability
- Wnt reporter downregulated
- Decreased focal adhesion (FA) area, decreased FA length, decreased FA mean intensity, increased number of small and round FAs, increased FA abundance
- Decreased cell migration
- Negative genetic interaction between PTTG1-/- and PTTG1+/+
- Synthetic lethal with vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- Decreased human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD169 replication
- Negative genetic interaction between BLM-/- and BLM+/+
- Increased cell migration
- Condensed cis-Golgi
- Increased cell size
Animal Models for PINK1 Gene
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miRNA for PINK1 Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target PINK1
miRNA Products
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Inhibitory RNA Products
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Cell Line Products
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No data available for Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for PINK1 Gene
Localization for PINK1 Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for PINK1 Gene
- Mitochondrion outer membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. Mitochondrion inner membrane; Single-pass membrane protein. Cytoplasm, cytosol. Note=Localizes mostly in mitochondrion and the 2 proteolytic processed fragments of 55 kDa and 48 kDa localize mainly in cytosol. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:19229105}.
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0000151 | colocalizes_with ubiquitin ligase complex | ISS | -- |
GO:0000785 | chromatin | IDA | 24798695 |
GO:0005634 | nucleus | IDA | 24798695 |
GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IDA | 16702191 |
GO:0005739 | colocalizes_with mitochondrion | IMP | 24184327 |
No data available for Subcellular locations from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for PINK1 Gene
Pathways & Interactions for PINK1 Gene
SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | Pink/Parkin Mediated Mitophagy |
1.00
|
|
2 | Mitophagy - animal | ||
3 | Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. | ||
4 | Neuroscience | ||
5 | Chks in Checkpoint Regulation |
Pathways by source for PINK1 Gene
1 Cell Signaling Technology pathway for PINK1 Gene
1 BioSystems pathway for PINK1 Gene
2 Reactome pathways for PINK1 Gene
2 KEGG pathways for PINK1 Gene
1 Qiagen pathway for PINK1 Gene
Interacting Proteins for PINK1 Gene
GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|---|
GO:0000422 | autophagy of mitochondrion | IMP | 20798600 |
GO:0001934 | positive regulation of protein phosphorylation | IEA,IDA | 25244949 |
GO:0002082 | regulation of oxidative phosphorylation | IDA | 20871098 |
GO:0002931 | response to ischemia | IEA | -- |
GO:0006468 | protein phosphorylation | TAS | 24522549 |
Drugs & Compounds for PINK1 Gene
Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADP |
|
Full agonist, Agonist | 58-64-0 |
|
Transcripts for PINK1 Gene
mRNA/cDNA for PINK1 Gene
- (1) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (4) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (368) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (3) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for PINK1 Gene
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for PINK1
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Vectors and viruses for KO, Activation, Repression, and more
-
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miRNA Products
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Inhibitory RNA Products
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Clone Products
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-
Vectors and viruses for ORF, Lenti, Retro, Adenovirus, AAV, and more
ExUns: | 1 | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3a | · | 3b | ^ | 4 | ^ | 5a | · | 5b | ^ | 6 | ^ | 7 | ^ | 8a | · | 8b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP1: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
SP2: | - | ||||||||||||||||||||
SP3: |
Expression for PINK1 Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
- Brain (Nervous System)
-
Blood (Hematopoietic System)
- Granulocytes Peripheral Blood
- Neural Tube (Nervous System)
-
Thyroid (Endocrine System)
-
Kidney (Urinary System)
-
Testis (Reproductive System)
-
Adrenal Gland (Endocrine System)
-
Esophagus (Gastrointestinal Tract)
-
Liver (Hepatobiliary System)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for PINK1 Gene
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, and MOPED for PINK1 Gene
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of PINK1 Gene:
PINK1SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for PINK1 Gene:
Hs.389171mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for PINK1 Gene:
Q9BXM7-PINK1_HUMANEvidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for PINK1 Gene
- Nervous system(4.7)
- Muscle(3.2)
- Heart(2.9)
- Kidney(2.4)
- Lung(2.3)
- Liver(2.2)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for PINK1 Gene
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- integumentary
- nervous
- skeletal muscle
- urinary
- brain
- cerebellum
- eye
- eyelid
- face
- head
- urethra
- urinary bladder
- peripheral nerve
- peripheral nervous system
- skin
- spinal cord
Primer Products
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OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for PINK1
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for PINK1
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Orthologs for PINK1 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.
Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | PINK1 33 34 |
|
||
cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | PINK1 33 34 |
|
||
dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | PINK1 33 34 |
|
||
mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Pink1 33 16 34 |
|
||
rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Pink1 33 |
|
||
oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | PINK1 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | PINK1 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | PINK1 33 34 |
|
||
zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | pink1 33 34 |
|
||
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
Actinopterygii | Omy.10399 33 |
|
||
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | CG4523 35 |
|
|
|
Pink1 34 |
|
OneToOne | |||
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | pink-1 33 34 |
|
||
EEED8.9 35 |
|
|
|||
sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | CSA.8949 34 |
|
OneToOne |
- Species where no ortholog for PINK1 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- lizard (Anolis carolinensis)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- rice (Oryza sativa)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- soybean (Glycine max)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis)
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Paralogs for PINK1 Gene
No data available for Paralogs for PINK1 Gene
Variants for PINK1 Gene
SNP ID | Clin | Chr 01 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs1027341650 | uncertain-significance, Parkinson Disease, Recessive | 20,651,304(+) | A/G | 3_prime_UTR_variant | |
rs1043424 | likely-benign, Congenital disorder of glycosylation, Parkinson Disease, Recessive | 20,650,507(+) | A/C | coding_sequence_variant, missense_variant | |
rs1043443 | likely-benign, Parkinson Disease, Recessive, Congenital disorder of glycosylation | 20,650,887(+) | T/C | 3_prime_UTR_variant | |
rs1043502 | likely-benign, Parkinson Disease, Recessive, Congenital disorder of glycosylation | 20,651,255(+) | T/G | 3_prime_UTR_variant | |
rs114112086 | uncertain-significance, Parkinson Disease, Recessive | 20,651,040(+) | G/C | 3_prime_UTR_variant |
Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
---|---|---|---|
nsv1003348 | CNV | gain | 25217958 |
nsv1076232 | CNV | deletion | 25765185 |
nsv1126183 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
nsv1137740 | CNV | deletion | 24896259 |
nsv545731 | CNV | gain | 21841781 |
nsv834369 | CNV | loss | 17160897 |
Additional Variant Information for PINK1 Gene
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for PINK1 Gene
Disorders for PINK1 Gene

(15) MalaCards diseases for PINK1 Gene - From: HGMD, OMIM, ClinVar, GTR, Orphanet, Swiss-Prot, DISEASES, Novoseek, and GeneCards
Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
---|---|---|
parkinson disease 6, autosomal recessive early-onset |
|
|
parkinson disease 2, autosomal recessive juvenile |
|
|
early-onset parkinson disease |
|
|
hyperreflexia |
|
|
parkinson disease 10 |
|
|
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
PINK1_HUMAN- Parkinson disease 6 (PARK6) [MIM:605909]: An early-onset form of Parkinson disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by parkinsonian signs such as rigidity, resting tremor and bradykinesia. A subset of patients manifest additional symptoms including hyperreflexia, autonomic instability, dementia and psychiatric disturbances. Symptoms show diurnal fluctuation and can improve after sleep. PARK6 pathogenesis involves respiratory complex I deficiency causing mitochondrial depolarization and dysfunction. Inheritance is autosomal recessive. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:15087508, ECO:0000269 PubMed:15349860, ECO:0000269 PubMed:15349870, ECO:0000269 PubMed:15505171, ECO:0000269 PubMed:15596610, ECO:0000269 PubMed:15955953, ECO:0000269 PubMed:15970950, ECO:0000269 PubMed:16009891, ECO:0000269 PubMed:16207217, ECO:0000269 PubMed:16207731, ECO:0000269 PubMed:16257123, ECO:0000269 PubMed:16401616, ECO:0000269 PubMed:16482571, ECO:0000269 PubMed:16632486, ECO:0000269 PubMed:16966503, ECO:0000269 PubMed:17030667, ECO:0000269 PubMed:18286320, ECO:0000269 PubMed:19229105, ECO:0000269 PubMed:20798600, ECO:0000269 PubMed:22043288, ECO:0000269 PubMed:22956510, ECO:0000269 PubMed:24652937, ECO:0000269 PubMed:24784582}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Additional Disease Information for PINK1
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
No data available for Genatlas for PINK1 Gene
Publications for PINK1 Gene
- PINK1 mutations are associated with sporadic early-onset parkinsonism. (PMID: 15349860) Valente EM … Bentivoglio AR (Annals of neurology 2004) 2 3 4 22 44 58
- PINK1, Parkin, and DJ-1 mutations in Italian patients with early-onset parkinsonism. (PMID: 15970950) Klein C … Pramstaller PP (European journal of human genetics : EJHG 2005) 3 4 22 44 58
- PINK1 (PARK6) associated Parkinson disease in Ireland. (PMID: 15505171) Healy DG … Lynch T (Neurology 2004) 3 4 22 44 58
- Analysis of the PINK1 gene in a large cohort of cases with Parkinson disease. (PMID: 15596610) Rogaeva E … Singleton AB (Archives of neurology 2004) 3 4 22 44 58
- PINK1-dependent recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria in mitophagy. (PMID: 19966284) Vives-Bauza C … Przedborski S (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010) 3 4 22 58
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- Browse Knockins at Cloud-Clone Corp.
- Cloud-Clone Corp. disease models service
- Browse cDNA clones at Cloud-Clone Corp.
- Browse primers at Cloud-Clone Corp.
- Cloud-Clone Corp. primary cells service
- Invitrogen Antibodies for PINK1
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- Addgene plasmids for PINK1
- antibodies-online: Search results for 238 available PINK1 Antibodies ranked by validation data
- Compare Top PINK1 Antibodies
- Quality Products:
- antibodies-online: Search results for available PINK1 related products ranked by validation data
- antibodies-online: Search results for 13 available PINK1 Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top PINK1 Proteins
- GeneTex PINK1 antibody for PINK1
- Search GeneTex for Proteins for PINK1
- ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for PINK1 gene
- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for PINK1 gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for PINK1 gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for PINK1
- Custom Antibody ServicesProSci Antibodies for PINK1
- Search for PINK1 Proteins at ProSci
- Horizon Cell Lines for PINK1
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for 110 available PINK1 gene related products
- Overview of 110 available PINK1 gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for 110 available PINK1 gene related products
- Overview of 110 available PINK1 gene related products
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for 110 available PINK1 gene related products
- Overview of 110 available PINK1 gene related products
- genomics-online: primer clones - Search results for 110 available PINK1 gene related products
- Overview of 110 available PINK1 gene related products
- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for 110 available PINK1 gene related products
- Overview of 110 available PINK1 gene related products
Sources for PINK1 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
- (12) TrEMBL
- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
- (15) Blocks
- (16) MGI
- (17) IUBMB
- (18) KEGG
- (19) MINT
- (20) STRING
- (21) IntAct
- (22) Novoseek
- (23) PharmGKB
- (24) DrugBank
- (25) HMDB
- (26) UniGene
- (27) AceView
- (28) ASD
- (29) ECgene
- (30) GeneAnnot
- (31) CGAP SAGE
- (32) SOURCE
- (33) HomoloGene
- (34) PanEnsembl
- (35) euGenes
- (36) SGD
- (37) FlyBase
- (38) WormBase
- (39) Pseudogene
- (40) DGV
- (41) dbSNP
- (42) GenAtlas
- (43) HGMD
- (44) GAD
- (45) BGMUT
- (46) HuGE
- (47) Atlas
- (48) Cell Signaling Technology
- (49) GenBank
- (50) H-invDB
- (51) HORDE
- (52) HUGE
- (53) IMGT
- (54) Leiden
- (55) miRBase
- (56) DME
- (57) OriGene
- (58) PubMed
- (59) R&D Systems
- (60) TGDB
- (61) Tocris
- (62) Abcam
- (63) Novus Biologicals
- (64) ProSpec
- (65) Sino Biological
- (66) GenScript
- (67) Qiagen
- (68) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (69) OCA
- (70) Proteopedia
- (71) MOPED
- (72) neXtProt
- (73) Reactome
- (74) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (75) fRNAdb
- (76) DISEASES
- (77) SIMAP
- (78) GenomeRNAi
- (79) LifeMap
- (80) miRTarBase
- (81) MalaCards
- (82) Invitrogen
- (83) BitterDB
- (84) Vector BioLabs
- (85) ESI-BIO
- (86) RefSeq
- (87) BioSystems
- (88) MaxQB
- (89) IUPHAR
- (90) BioGPS
- (91) Illumina
- (92) COMPARTMENTS
- (93) HOMER
- (94) PaxDb
- (95) ApexBio
- (96) Addgene
- (97) antibodies-online
- (98) CYP
- (99) NONCODE
- (100) SwitchGear Genomics
- (101) TreeFam
- (102) PathCards
- (103) GeneReviews
- (104) GeneTex
- (105) Taconic Biosciences
- (106) GTEx
- (107) ProteomicsDB
- (108) SCBT
- (109) DGIdb
- (110) ClinicalTrials
- (111) FDA Approved Drugs
- (112) RVIS
- (113) SIGNOR
- (114) diseasecard
- (115) NIH Rare Diseases
- (116) Orphanet
- (117) UMLS
- (118) GTR
- (119) Disease Ontology
- (120) Genetics Home Reference
- (121) MeSH
- (122) MedlinePlus
- (123) CDC
- (124) NINDS
- (125) NCBI Bookshelf
- (126) ClinVar
- (127) Gene Damage Index
- (128) ViGene Biosciences
- (129) HPO
- (130) UDN
- (131) VISTA
- (132) FANTOM5
- (133) ENCODE
- (134) ProSci
- (135) Horizon
- (136) NURSA
- (137) IID
- (138) Cyagen
- (139) VectorBuilder
- (140) SNPedia
- (141) BRCA Exchange
- (142) St John's Lab
- (143) CIViC
- (144) ProteoGenix
- (145) dbSUPER
- (146) TISSUES
- (147) Gene ORGANizer
- (148) abm
- (149) CrownBio
- (150) Human Protein Atlas
- (151) GWAS Catalog
- (152) Monarch Initiative
- (153) DataMed
- (154) HumanCyc
- (155) genomics-online
- (156) UCNEbase
- (157) EPDnew