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Category Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21

GIFtS
-

PER2 Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 60
GCID: GC02M239173

period circadian clock 2

(Previous names: period (Drosophila) homolog 2, period homolog 2 (Drosophila)...)

Explore 32 diseases affiliated with
PER2 via

MalaCards

our new
Human Malady Compendium

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Period Circadian Clock 2¹ ²		Period Homolog 2 (Drosophila)¹
KIAA0347¹ ³ ⁵		Period 2²
Circadian Clock Protein PERIOD 2² ³		Period Circadian Protein 2²
HPER2¹		Period Circadian Protein Homolog 2²
FASPS² ⁵		Period Homolog 2²
Period (Drosophila) Homolog 2¹

External Ids:	HGNC: 8846¹	Entrez Gene: 8864²	Ensembl: ENSG00000132326⁷	OMIM: 603426⁵	UniProtKB: O15055³

Export aliases for PER2 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC02M237201 GC02M237834 GC02M239168 GC02M239439 GC02M238934 GC02M238817 GC02M230943

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for PER2:

This gene is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic

nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the

circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

continues in constant darkness, and a shift in the light/dark cycle evokes a proportional shift of gene expression in

the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The specific function of this gene is not yet known. (provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER2_HUMAN, O15055

Function: Component of the circadian clock mechanism which is essential for generating circadian rhythms. Negative

element in the circadian transcriptional loop. Influences clock function by interacting with other circadian

regulatory proteins and transporting them to the nucleus. Negatively regulates CLOCK NPAS2-BMAL1 BMAL2-induced

transactivation (By similarity)

Gene Wiki entry for PER2

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000002.11 NC_018913.1 NT_005120.16

Regulatory elements:

SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PER2 gene promoter:
CREB FOXJ2 (long isoform) ATF-2 deltaCREB FOXJ2
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: PER2 promoter sequence

Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PER2

Epigenetics:

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PER2

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 2q37.3 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 2q37.3 HGNC cytogenetic band: 2q37.3

PER2 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PER2 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 2 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC02M239173: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	239,152,679 bp from pter	End:	239,198,743 bp from pter
Size:	46,065 bases	Orientation:	minus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to ²PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER2_HUMAN, O15055 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Period circadian protein homolog 2

Size: 1255 amino acids; 136579 Da

Subunit: Homodimer. Component of the circadian core oscillator, which includes the CRY proteins, CLOCK or NPAS2, BMAL1

or BMAL2, CSNK1D and/or CSNK1E, TIMELESS, and the PER proteins. Interacts directly with PER1 and PER3, and through a

C-terminal domain, with CRY1 and CRY2. Interaction with CSNK1D or CSNK1E promotes nuclear location of PER proteins.

Interacts, via its second PAS domain, with TIMELESS in vitro. Interacts with NFIL3 (By similarity)

Subcellular location: Nucleus (By similarity). Cytoplasm (By similarity). Note=Mainly nuclear. Nucleocytoplasmic

shuttling is effected by interaction with other circadian core oscillator proteins and/or by phosphorylation.

Retention of PER1 in the cytoplasm occurs through PER1-PER2 heterodimer formation or by interaction with CSNK1E and/or

phosphorylation which appears to mask the PER nuclear localization signal. Also translocated to the nucleus by CRY1 or

CRY2 (By similarity)

Sequence caution: Sequence=BAA20804.2; Type=Erroneous initiation;

Secondary accessions: A2I2P7 Q4ZG49 Q9UQ45

Alternative splicing: 2 isoforms: O15055-1 O15055-2 (No experimental confirmation available)

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PER2: NX_O15055

Post-translational modifications:

Phosphorylated by CSNK1E and CSNK1D. Phosphorylation results in PER2 protein degradation¹

View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus²

View neXtProt modification sites for NX_O15055

PER2 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image

REFSEQ proteins: NP_073728.1

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000254657 ENSP00000348013 ENSP00000405891 ENSP00000397516 ENSP00000254658

Reactome Protein details: O15055
Human Recombinant Protein Products:

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	Novus Biologicals PER2 Protein
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	Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
	Uscn Proteins for PER2

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005634	nucleus	IEA	--
GO:0005737	cytoplasm	IEA	--

PER2 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

PER2 Antibody Products:

	EMD Millipore Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies for the study of PER2
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	GenScript Custom Superior Antibodies Services for PER2
	Novus Biologicals PER2 Antibodies
	Search for Antibodies for PER2 at Abcam
	Uscn Antibodies for PER2
	ThermoFisher Antibodies for PER2

Assay Products for PER2:

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
	OriGene Custom Immunoassay Development Browse OriGene Fluorogenic Cell Assay Kits
	Browse R&D Systems for biochemical assays
	GenScript Custom Assay Services for PER2
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for PER2

(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

PER2 for domains About GeneDecksing

4 InterPro domains/families:

IPR013655 PAS_fold_3

IPR001610 PAC

IPR000014 PAS

IPR022728 Period_circadian-like_C

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry O15055

ProtoNet protein and cluster: O15055

2 Blocks protein families:

IPB000014 PAS domain

IPB001610 PAC motif

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER2_HUMAN, O15055

Similarity: Contains 1 PAC (PAS-associated C-terminal) domain

Similarity: Contains 2 PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) domains

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER2_HUMAN, O15055

Function: Component of the circadian clock mechanism which is essential for generating circadian rhythms. Negative

element in the circadian transcriptional loop. Influences clock function by interacting with other circadian

regulatory proteins and transporting them to the nucleus. Negatively regulates CLOCK NPAS2-BMAL1 BMAL2-induced

transactivation (By similarity)

Induction: Serum-induced levels in fibroblasts show circadian oscillations. Maximum levels after 1 hour stimulation,

minimum levels after 12 hours. Another peak is then observed after 24 hours

Genatlas biochemistry entry for PER2:

Drosophila period gene homolog,>100kDa,related to P american,expressed in the brain potential regulator of circadian

rythm,paralog of PER1

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone: PER2 Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PER2
		8/30 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PER2 (see all 30):
		hsa-miR-30c hsa-miR-320a hsa-miR-495 hsa-miR-4328 hsa-miR-25 hsa-miR-4263 hsa-miR-30d hsa-miR-3921

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PER2 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PER2 (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: PER2 OriGene siRNA: PER2
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PER2

Gene Editing
Products:

DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PER2

Clone Products:		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PER2 (see all 3) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PER2 OriGene custom cloning services � gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PER2 (NM_022817)
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		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PER2
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PER2

Cell Line Products:		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for PER2
		Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for PER2

In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PER2

Gene Ontology (GO): 3 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0000988	protein binding transcription factor activity	ISS	--
GO:0004871	signal transducer activity	IEA	--
GO:0005515	protein binding	--	--

PER2 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing

Animal Models:
     Mouse knock-outs for PER2: Per2^tm1Brd Per2^tm1Drw Per2^tm1Ccl
     15/18 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 7 alleles) (MGI details for Per2) (see all 18):

behavior/neurological	cellular	digestive/alimentary	endocrine/exocrine gland	growth/size
hematopoietic system	homeostasis/metabolism	integument	mortality/aging	nervous system
no phenotypic analysis	normal	other	pigmentation	renal/urinary system

PER2 for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

(Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
About This Section

Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/6 super-pathways (see all 6) About this table

See pathways by source

Super-pathway

contained gene-specific pathways

Circadian rhythm - mammal

Circadian rhythm - mammal	1.00	Translocation of CRY:PER:Kinase Ternary Complex into the Nucleus	0.26
Circadian Clock	0.41	Formation of CRY:PER:Kinase Complex	0.26
Circadian Clock in Mammals	0.40	BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 Activates Circadian Expression	0.23

Expression of PERIOD-2

Expression of PERIOD-2

1.00

Selected targets of CREB1

Selected targets of CREB1

1.00

Diurnally regulated genes with circadian orthologs

Diurnally regulated genes with circadian orthologs

1.00

Selected targets of C/EBPalpha

Selected targets of C/EBPalpha

1.00

Pathway sources
See GeneCards unified pathways
Show all pathways

2 EMD Millipore Pathways for PER2

	Selected targets of CREB1
	Selected targets of C/EBPalpha

1 Downloadable PowerPoint Slide of QIAGEN Pathway Central Maps for PER2

Circadian Clock in Mammals

1 BioSystems Pathway for PER2

Diurnally regulated genes with circadian orthologs

5/6 Reactome Pathways for PER2 (see all 6)

	Translocation of CRY:PER:Kinase Ternary Complex into the Nucleus
	Circadian Clock
	Expression of PERIOD-2
	Formation of CRY:PER:Kinase Complex
	BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 Activates Circadian Expression

1 Kegg Pathway (Kegg details for PER2):

Circadian rhythm - mammal

PER2 for pathways About GeneDecksing

Interactions:

SABiosciences Gene Network Central^TM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for PER2

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

5/32 Interacting proteins for PER2 (O15055³ ENSP00000254657⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 32)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
CRY2	Q49AN0³, ENSP00000406751⁴	I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000406751
CSNK1D	P48730³, ENSP00000324464⁴	I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000324464
CSNK1E	P49674³, ENSP00000352929⁴	I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000352929
CLOCK	O15516³, ENSP00000308741⁴	I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000308741
BTRC	Q9Y297³, ENSP00000359206⁴	I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000359206

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): 4 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0000122	negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	ISS	--
GO:0006351	transcription, DNA-dependent	IEA	--
GO:0006355	regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent	--	--
GO:0007623	circadian rhythm	IEA	--

PER2 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section

PER2 for compounds About GeneDecksing

Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse Tocris compounds for PER2
1 Novoseek chemical compound relationship for PER2 gene About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
melatonin	58.1	8	18517031 (3), 19196435 (1), 17762827 (1), 19633447 (1)

Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about PER2

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for PER2 gene (2 alternative transcripts):

NM_022817.2 NM_003894.3

Unigene Cluster for PER2:

Period circadian clock 2

Hs.743533 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_022817

6 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000254657(uc002vyc.3 uc010znv.1) ENST00000491417 ENST00000355768

ENST00000431832 ENST00000440245(uc010znw.1) ENST00000254658(uc010fyx.1)

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone: PER2 Browse OriGene MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PER2
		8/30 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PER2 (see all 30):
		hsa-miR-30c hsa-miR-320a hsa-miR-495 hsa-miR-4328 hsa-miR-25 hsa-miR-4263 hsa-miR-30d hsa-miR-3921

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PER2 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PER2 (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: PER2 OriGene siRNA: PER2
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PER2

Clone Products:		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PER2 (see all 3) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PER2 OriGene custom cloning services � gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PER2 (NM_022817)
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PER2
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PER2

Primer Products:		OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for PER2 Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
		SABiosciences RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PER2
		QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PER2
		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PER2

Additional cDNA sequence:

AB002345.2 AB012614.1 AK294876.1 AK304108.1

6 DOTS entries:

DT.95160162 DT.311681 DT.75152192 DT.95187501 DT.100662827 DT.100739893

24/62 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 62):

BF508974 AI860146 AA905880 AI016072 BQ024539 AL704870 NM_022817 AW965115

AW293558 AB002345 AW072761 BX335103 NM_003894 AB012614 CA427233 BM726973

BQ877101 AA639740 BX475872 BX348774 BX507586 BF437674 C16744 AI630839

GeneLoc Exon Structure

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

PER2 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: --

About this image

PER2 expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells

Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine About this table

1 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartment/Cell

Tissue

Anatomical Compartment

Cell

Category (developmental path)

Lung

Trachea

Lung

Expression:

Positive

Negative

Selective marker

Experimental details:

Curated

Microarrays

In-situ hybridization

See PER2 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
Genevestigator expression for PER2

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.743533

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER2_HUMAN, O15055

Tissue specificity: Widely expressed. Found in heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and

pancreas. High levels in skeletal muscle and pancreas. Low level in lung

SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Array including PER2:

Circadian Rhythms in human mouse rat

Primer Products:		OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for PER2 Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
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		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PER2

In Situ
Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PER2

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
About This Section

This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

Orthologs for PER2 gene from 6/15 species (see all 15) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	PER2¹	period homolog 2 (Drosophila)	64.66(n) 64(a)		374116 NM_204262.1 NP_989593.1
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	PER2⁶	--	54(a)	1 ↔ 1	3(28023122-28050887)
tropical clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis)	Amphibia	Str.20377²	Transcribed sequence with weak similarity to protein more	71.91(n)		BX769639.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	per2²	period homolog 2 (Drosophila)	76.26(n)		140633 AY171100.1
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	Insecta	per⁶	period	14(a)	1 → many	X(2579613-2586813)
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)	Secernentea	lin-42⁶	abnormal cell LINeage family member (lin-42)	19(a)	1 → many	II(1233957-1244042)

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PER2 (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for PER2 (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
About This Section

Paralogs for PER2 gene

PER3² PER1²

2 SIMAP similar genes for PER2 using alignment to 5 protein entries: PER2_HUMAN (see all proteins):

PER1 PER3

PER2 for paralogs About GeneDecksing

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
About This Section

SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 2 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs75724172^1,2		--	230943507(+)	`AGGTGC/TGTGGA`	1	--	ds500¹		1		EA	120
rs79067220^1,2	C,F,	--	230943595(+)	`GACACG/AATTAG`	1	--	ds500¹		1		WA	118
rs112875047^1,2	C,	--	230943770(+)	`AAAAAT/ATTTTT`	1	--	ds500¹		1		WA	2
rs77799108^1,2	F	--	230943874(+)	`ATTTTC/TTAAAA`	1	--	ut3¹		1		NA	4
rs80261926^1,2	C,F,	--	230944028(+)	`CTCTTC/TGGGAA`	1	--	ut3¹		1		NA	120
rs7563135^1,2	C,	--	230944444(+)	`TTAAAG/ATGTTC`	1	--	ut3¹		3		NA WA	122
rs201968989^1,2	C	--	230944873(-)	`GTTTTC/TTTTTT`	1	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs118094777^1,2	C,F,	--	230944899(+)	`GCCTCA/GTAGTC`	1	--	ut3¹		1		EA	120
rs182553604^1,2	C,	--	230945528(+)	`GTCCAA/GAGCAA`	1	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs28391755^1,2	C,F,	--	230945610(+)	`CTGTTG/AGTTTG`	1	--	ut3¹ ese³		2		WA NA	238

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PER2 (239152679 - 239198743 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for PER2: --
Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PER2

SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays

QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing PER2

DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for PER2

(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
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PER2 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

OMIM gene information: 603426
OMIM disorders: 604348
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER2_HUMAN, O15055

Defects in PER2 are a cause of familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome (FASPS) [MIM:604348]. FASPS is

characterized by very early sleep onset and offset. Individuals are 'morning larks' with a 4 hours advance of the

sleep, temperature and melatonin rhythms

20/32 diseases for PER2 (see all 32): About MalaCards

advanced sleep phase syndrome granulomatous endometritis autism spectrum disorder cocaine dependence

bipolar i disorder gastrointestinal system disease schizoaffective disorder ocular hypertension

chronic lymphocytic leukemia epithelial ovarian cancer mood disorder lymphocytic leukemia

sleep disorder bipolar disorder ovarian cancer myeloid leukemia

breast cancer aldosteronism endometrial cancer obesity

2 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for PER2:

Sleep disorder Granulomatous endometritis

7 Novoseek disease relationships for PER2 gene About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
advanced sleep phase syndrome	90.8	5	16979429 (1), 17633519 (1), 17218251 (1), 18419274 (1) (see all 5)
fasps	87.4	4	17299246 (1), 18419274 (1), 16983144 (1)
delayed sleep phase syndrome	75.6	1	16979429 (1)
cancer	12.5	17	19926612 (3), 18651214 (3), 17660446 (2), 17971899 (1) (see all 7)
breast cancer	12	8	15790588 (2), 17971899 (1), 17599055 (1), 20050373 (1) (see all 6)
tumors	9.24	24	19926612 (4), 18651214 (4), 17971899 (3), 17660446 (2) (see all 9)
obesity	0	1	20497782 (1)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): PER2
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PER2 (25 documents)

Export disorders for PER2 gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for PER2 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 178):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PER2)

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Two period homologs: circadian expression and photic regulation in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. (PubMed id 9427249)^{1, 2, 3} Shearman L.P....Reppert S.M. (1997)
A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the 5'-untranslated region of the hPER2 gene is associated with diurnal preference. (PubMed id 16120104)^{1, 4, 9} Carpen J.D....von Schantz M. (2005)
Phosphorylation of clock protein PER1 regulates its circadian degradation in normal human fibroblasts. (PubMed id 14750904)^{1, 2, 9} Miyazaki K.... Ishida N. (2004)
Modeling of a human circadian mutation yields insight s into clock regulation by PER2. (PubMed id 17218255)^{1, 3} Xu Y....PtA!cek L.J. (2007)
Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. (PubMed id 15815621)^{1, 2} Hillier L.W....Wilson R.K. (2005)
Mutation screening of the human period 2 gene in bipolar disorder. (PubMed id 12565145)^{1, 4} Shiino Y....Yamada N. (2003)
Human casein kinase Idelta phosphorylation of human circadian clock proteins period 1 and 2. (PubMed id 11165242)^{1, 2} Camacho F.... Keesler G.A. (2001)
An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome. (PubMed id 11232563)^{1, 2} Toh K.L.... Fu Y.-H. (2001)
Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. VII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro. (PubMed id 9205841)^{1, 2} Nagase T.... Ohara O. (1997)
Transcription profiling of C/EBP targets identifies Per2 as a gene implicated in myeloid leukemia. (PubMed id 15985538)^{1, 9} Gery S....Koeffler H.P. (2005)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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		AND	OR
Aliases
Disorders
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
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(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 8864	HGNC: 8846	AceView: PER2	Ensembl:ENSG00000132326	euGenes: HUgn8864
ECgene: PER2	Kegg: 8864	H-InvDB: PER2

(According to HUGE)
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HUGE: KIAA0347

(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for PER2	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

Intellectual Property for PER2 gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for PER2 gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving PER2

GeneCards and IP:
Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards Improving the IP Search

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