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Category Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21

GIFtS
-

PER1 Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 63
GCID: GC17M008043

period circadian clock 1

(Previous names: period (Drosophila) homolog 1, period homolog 1 (Drosophila)...)
(Previous symbol: PER)

Explore 42 diseases affiliated with
PER1 via

MalaCards

our new
Human Malady Compendium

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Period Circadian Clock 1¹ ²		Period Homolog 1 (Drosophila)¹
PER¹ ² ³ ⁵		HPER¹
RIGUI¹ ² ³ ⁵		Period Circadian Protein Homolog 1²
Circadian Clock Protein PERIOD 1² ³		Period Homolog 1²
Circadian Pacemaker Protein Rigui² ³		Period, Drosophila, Homolog Of²
HPER1¹		KIAA0482³
Period (Drosophila) Homolog 1¹

External Ids:	HGNC: 8845¹	Entrez Gene: 5187²	Ensembl: ENSG00000179094⁷	OMIM: 602260⁵	UniProtKB: O15534³

Export aliases for PER1 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC17U990073 GC17M009132 GC17M007986 GC17M008244 GC17M007984 GC17M007938

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for PER1:

This gene is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic

nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the

circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. Circadian expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

continues in constant darkness, and a shift in the light/dark cycle evokes a proportional shift of gene expression in

the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The specific function of this gene is not yet known. Alternative splicing has been

observed in this gene; however, these variants have not been fully described. (provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER1_HUMAN, O15534

Function: Component of the circadian clock mechanism which is essential for generating circadian rhythms. Negative

element in the circadian transcriptional loop. Influences clock function by interacting with other circadian

regulatory proteins and transporting them to the nucleus. Negatively regulates CLOCK NPAS2-BMAL1 BMAL2-induced

transactivation. Can bind heme (By similarity)

Gene Wiki entry for PER1

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000017.10 NC_018928.1 NT_010718.16

Regulatory elements:

SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PER1 gene promoter:
E2F-3a E2F-4 AP-1 p53 ATF-2 E2F-2 c-Jun
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids (see all 2): PER1 promoter sequence

Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PER1

Epigenetics:

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PER1

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 17p13.1 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 17p13.1 HGNC cytogenetic band: 17p13.1

PER1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PER1 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 17 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC17M008043: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	8,043,788 bp from pter	End:	8,059,824 bp from pter
Size:	16,037 bases	Orientation:	minus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to ²PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER1_HUMAN, O15534 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Period circadian protein homolog 1

Size: 1290 amino acids; 136212 Da

Subunit: Homodimer (By similarity). Component of the circadian core oscillator, which includes the CRY proteins, CLOCK

or NPAS2, BMAL1 or BMAL2, CSNK1D and/or CSNK1E, TIMELESS, and the PER proteins. Interacts directly with TIMELESS,

PER2, PER3 and, through a C-terminal domain, with CRY1 and CRY2. Interaction with CSNK1D or CSNK1E promotes nuclear

location of PER proteins. Interacts with GPRASP1 (By similarity). Binding to CSNK1G2 triggers proteasomal degradation

Subcellular location: Nucleus (By similarity). Cytoplasm (By similarity). Note=Mainly nuclear. Nucleocytoplasmic

shuttling is effected by interaction with other circadian core oscillator proteins and/or by phosphorylation.

Retention of PER1 in the cytoplasm occurs through PER1-PER2 heterodimer formation or by interaction with CSNK1E and/or

phosphorylation which appears to mask the PER1 nuclear localization signal. Also translocated to the nucleus by CRY1

or CRY2 (By similarity)

Sequence caution: Sequence=BAC06326.2; Type=Erroneous initiation;

1 PDB 3D structure from and Proteopedia for PER1:

1UL6 (3D)

Secondary accessions: B2RPA8 D3DTR3

Alternative splicing: 3 isoforms: O15534-1 O15534-2 O15534-3

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PER1: NX_O15534

Post-translational modifications:

Phosphorylated on serine residues by CSNK1E. Also can be phosphorylated by the delta isoform. Phosphorylation by CSNK1

retains PER1 in the cytoplasm and leads to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation¹

Ubiquitinated (By similarity)¹

View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus²

View neXtProt modification sites for NX_O15534

PER1 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image

REFSEQ proteins: NP_002607.2

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000314420 ENSP00000462064 ENSP00000463054 ENSP00000346979 ENSP00000463369

ENSP00000464696 ENSP00000463385 ENSP00000462546 ENSP00000463661

Reactome Protein details: O15534
Human Recombinant Protein Products:

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	GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for PER1
	Novus Biologicals PER1 Lysates
	Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
	Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
	Uscn Proteins for PER1

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005634	nucleus	IEA	--
GO:0005737	cytoplasm	IEA	--

PER1 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

PER1 Antibody Products:

	EMD Millipore Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies for the study of PER1
	R&D Systems Antibodies for PER1
	Browse OriGene Antibodies OriGene Custom Antibody Services for PER1
	GenScript Custom Superior Antibodies Services for PER1
	Novus Biologicals PER1 Antibodies
	Search for Antibodies for PER1 at Abcam
	Uscn Antibodies for PER1
	ThermoFisher Antibody for PER1

Assay Products for PER1:

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
	OriGene Custom Immunoassay Development Browse OriGene Fluorogenic Cell Assay Kits
	Browse R&D Systems for biochemical assays
	GenScript Custom Assay Services for PER1
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for PER1

(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

PER1 for domains About GeneDecksing

4 InterPro domains/families:

IPR013655 PAS_fold_3

IPR001610 PAC

IPR000014 PAS

IPR022728 Period_circadian-like_C

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry O15534

ProtoNet protein and cluster: O15534

2 Blocks protein families:

IPB000014 PAS domain

IPB001610 PAC motif

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER1_HUMAN, O15534

Similarity: Contains 1 PAC (PAS-associated C-terminal) domain

Similarity: Contains 2 PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) domains

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER1_HUMAN, O15534

Function: Component of the circadian clock mechanism which is essential for generating circadian rhythms. Negative

element in the circadian transcriptional loop. Influences clock function by interacting with other circadian

regulatory proteins and transporting them to the nucleus. Negatively regulates CLOCK NPAS2-BMAL1 BMAL2-induced

transactivation. Can bind heme (By similarity)

Induction: Serum-induced levels in fibroblasts show circadian oscillations. Maximum levels after 1 hour stimulation,

minimum levels after 12 hours. Another peak is then observed after 20 hours. Protein levels show maximum levels at 6

hours, decrease to reach minimum levels at 20 hours, and increase again to reach a second peak after 26 hours. Levels

then decrease slightly and then increase to maximum levels at 32 hours. Levels of phosphorylated form increase between

3 hours and 12 hours

Genatlas biochemistry entry for PER1:

Drosophila period gene homolog,ortholog of murine Rigui,expressed in suprachiasmatic nucleus,putative key regulator of

circadian rythms

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone: PER1 Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PER1
		8/26 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PER1 (see all 26):
		hsa-miR-4291 hsa-miR-4251 hsa-miR-1224-3p hsa-miR-1260b hsa-miR-29a hsa-miR-29c hsa-miR-4299 hsa-miR-486-3p

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PER1 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PER1 (see all 6) Browse OriGene siRNA
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Gene Editing
Products:

DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PER1

Clone Products:		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PER1 (see all 5) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PER1 OriGene custom cloning services � gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PER1 (NM_002616)
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		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PER1
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PER1

Cell Line Products:		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for PER1
		Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for PER1

In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PER1

Gene Ontology (GO): 5 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0000978	RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding	IDA	18411297
GO:0000988	protein binding transcription factor activity	ISS	--
GO:0004871	signal transducer activity	IEA	--
GO:0005515	protein binding	--	--
GO:0070888	E-box binding	IDA	18411297

PER1 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing

Animal Models:
     Mouse knock-outs for PER1: Per1^tm1Brd Per1^tm1Saco Per1^tm1Drw
     10 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 3 alleles) (MGI details for Per1):

behavior/neurological	embryogenesis	growth/size	hematopoietic system	homeostasis/metabolism
mortality/aging	nervous system	renal/urinary system	reproductive system	skeleton

PER1 for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

(Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
About This Section

Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/8 super-pathways (see all 8) About this table

See pathways by source

Super-pathway

contained gene-specific pathways

Circadian rhythm - mammal

Circadian rhythm - mammal	1.00	Translocation of CRY:PER:Kinase Ternary Complex into the Nucleus	0.26
Circadian Clock	0.41	Formation of CRY:PER:Kinase Complex	0.26
Circadian Clock in Mammals	0.40	BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 Activates Circadian Expression	0.23

Expression of PERIOD-1

Expression of PERIOD-1

1.00

Selected targets of CREB1

Selected targets of CREB1

1.00

HIF1Alpha Pathway

HIF1Alpha Pathway

1.00

Circadian rhythm pathway

Circadian rhythm pathway

1.00

Pathway sources
See GeneCards unified pathways
Show all pathways

1 EMD Millipore Pathway for PER1

Selected targets of CREB1

3 Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of QIAGEN Pathway Central Maps for PER1

	HIF1Alpha Pathway
	Metabolic States and Circadian Oscillators
	Circadian Clock in Mammals

2 BioSystems Pathways for PER1

	Diurnally regulated genes with circadian orthologs
	Circadian rhythm pathway

5/6 Reactome Pathways for PER1 (see all 6)

	Translocation of CRY:PER:Kinase Ternary Complex into the Nucleus
	Circadian Clock
	Expression of PERIOD-1
	Formation of CRY:PER:Kinase Complex
	BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 Activates Circadian Expression

1 Kegg Pathway (Kegg details for PER1):

Circadian rhythm - mammal

PER1 for pathways About GeneDecksing

Interactions:

SABiosciences Gene Network Central^TM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for PER1

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 24)

5/27 Interacting proteins for PER1 (O15534³ ENSP00000314420⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 27)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
CRY1	Q16526³, ENSP00000008527⁴	I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000008527
CSNK1D	P48730³, ENSP00000324464⁴	I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000324464
CSNK1E	P49674³, ENSP00000352929⁴	I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000352929
TIMELESS	Q9UNS1³, ENSP00000229201⁴	I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000229201
BTRC	Q9Y297³, ENSP00000359206⁴	I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000359206

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/8 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 8): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0000122	negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	ISS	--
GO:0006351	transcription, DNA-dependent	IEA	--
GO:0006355	regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent	--	--
GO:0007623	circadian rhythm	TAS	9333243
GO:0009416	response to light stimulus	IEA	--

PER1 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section

PER1 for compounds About GeneDecksing

Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse Tocris compounds for PER1
4 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for PER1 gene About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
melatonin	42	5	16706855 (2), 14529560 (2), 17762827 (1)
benzodiazepine	3.13	2	11139454 (1), 16313103 (1)
lipid	0	3	17021251 (2), 14715703 (1)
arginine	0	2	12598633 (1), 17715068 (1)

Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about PER1

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for PER1 gene:

NM_002616.2

Unigene Cluster for PER1:

Period circadian clock 1

Hs.445534 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_002616

18/19 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant (see all 19):

ENST00000317276(uc010cns.3 uc010vuq.2 uc002gkd.3) ENST00000581082

ENST00000582719 ENST00000583677 ENST00000585284 ENST00000579098 ENST00000578089

ENST00000578950 ENST00000354903(uc010vur.1) ENST00000583559 ENST00000581395

ENST00000585095 ENST00000577424 ENST00000579203 ENST00000578223 ENST00000579065(uc010vus.1)

ENST00000581703 ENST00000577253

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone: PER1 Browse OriGene MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PER1
		8/26 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PER1 (see all 26):
		hsa-miR-4291 hsa-miR-4251 hsa-miR-1224-3p hsa-miR-1260b hsa-miR-29a hsa-miR-29c hsa-miR-4299 hsa-miR-486-3p

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PER1 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PER1 (see all 6) Browse OriGene siRNA
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PER1

Clone Products:		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PER1 (see all 5) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PER1 OriGene custom cloning services � gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PER1 (NM_002616)
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PER1
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PER1

Primer Products:		OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for PER1 Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
		SABiosciences RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PER1
		QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PER1
		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PER1

Additional cDNA sequence:

AB002107.1 AB088477.1 AF022991.1 AK291061.1 AK295410.1 BC072458.1 BC137346.1 BC144593.1

BC150151.1

23 DOTS entries:

DT.75171234 DT.99948107 DT.305584 DT.120986621 DT.91962177 DT.91945512 DT.91700408 DT.91753710

DT.99927972 DT.40305235 DT.120986618 DT.97779467 DT.100713998 DT.120986609 DT.120986626 DT.305583

DT.95208780 DT.97796573 DT.100714801 DT.100769930 DT.120986653 DT.91726409 DT.92429382

24/253 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 253):

BP351139 AI570880 BX459994 BE530996 AI743776 CD615186 BE615751 AU105956

CA306715 BM725880 AI273951 BQ938774 AU099669 BU149826 AB002107 CB240629

AB088477 CA445980 CA392770 BM724696 CA430599 BI771107 AI925738 BX103143

GeneLoc Exon Structure

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

PER1 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: GAGTCCCTGG

About this image

PER1 expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells

Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine About this table

4 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartments/Cells

Tissue

Anatomical Compartment

Cell

Category (developmental path)

Brain

Limb

Neural Tube

Neural Tube

Expression:

Positive

Negative

Selective marker

Experimental details:

Curated

Microarrays

In-situ hybridization

See PER1 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
Genevestigator expression for PER1

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.445534

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER1_HUMAN, O15534

Tissue specificity: Widely expressed. Found in heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas, kidney,

spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary and small intestine. Highest level in skeletal muscle. Low level in kidney

SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including PER1:

cAMP / Ca2+ Signaling PathwayFinder in human mouse rat

Circadian Rhythms in human mouse rat

Hypoxia Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Primer Products:		OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for PER1 Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
		SABiosciences RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PER1
		QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PER1
		QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PER1

In Situ
Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PER1

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
About This Section

This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

Orthologs for PER1 gene from 5/15 species (see all 15) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	PER1⁶	--	58(a)	1 ↔ 1	GL343400.1(436411-452899)
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	Amphibia	per1-A²	period homolog 1	77.59(n)		AY340103.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	per1b¹	period homolog 1b (Drosophila)	58.55(n) 56.42(a)		406204 NM_212439.2 NP_997604.2
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	Insecta	per⁶	period	14(a)	1 → many	X(2579613-2586813)
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)	Secernentea	lin-42⁶	abnormal cell LINeage family member (lin-42)	17(a)	1 → many	II(1233957-1244042)

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PER1 (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for PER1 (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
About This Section

Paralogs for PER1 gene

PER3² PER2²

2 SIMAP similar genes for PER1 using alignment to 12 protein entries: PER1_HUMAN (see all proteins):

PER2 PER3

PER1 for paralogs About GeneDecksing

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
About This Section

SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 17 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs113693736^1,2	C,	--	8043332(+)	`GAACCC/TGGGAG`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs117343376^1,2		--	8043382(+)	`CAGCTG/AGGTGA`	1	--	ds500¹		1		NA	120
rs149120408^1,2		--	8043388(+)	`GGTGAC/TAGAGC`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs113368602^1,2	C,	--	8043393(+)	`CAGAGC/TGAAAT`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs147836037^1,2		--	8043445(+)	`CCCTCG/TAATAC`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs182601628^1,2		--	8043463(+)	`CACCAC/TGGAGT`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs141323652^1,2		--	8043491(+)	`CCTTGA/GCCACC`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs187718967^1,2		--	8043689(+)	`AGATGA/GCCCTG`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs2585408^1,2	C,F,A,H,	--	8043753(+)	`CTCCCC/TTCACC`	1	--	ds500¹		20		NS EA NA CSA WA	2345
rs192602532^1,2		--	8043793(+)	`TGGGCA/GTTTTT`	1	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PER1 (8043788 - 8059824 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 2 variations for PER1
2 CNVs: 4988 49944
Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PER1

SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays

QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing PER1

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(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
About This Section

PER1 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

OMIM gene information: 602260    OMIM disorders: --

20/42 diseases for PER1 (see all 42):    About MalaCards

advanced sleep phase syndrome attention deficit hyperactivity disorder autism spectrum disorder cocaine dependence

bipolar i disorder schizoaffective disorder autistic disorder chronic lymphocytic leukemia

acute myeloid leukemia epithelial ovarian cancer mood disorder lymphocytic leukemia

sleep disorder myeloid leukemia endometrial cancer bipolar disorder

gastroenteritis ovarian cancer brain disease endometrial carcinoma

4 Novoseek disease relationships for PER1 gene About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
shock	27.6	1	14715703 (1)
cancer	17.4	18	16678109 (3), 19926612 (3), 19916834 (3), 17660446 (2) (see all 8)
endometrial cancer	8.7	1	15809976 (1)
tumors	0	38	19926612 (4), 19916834 (4), 17971899 (3), 17699798 (3) (see all 11)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): PER1
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PER1 (18 documents)

Export disorders for PER1 gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

PubMed articles for PER1 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 178):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PER1)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

Rigui, a putative mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila period gene. (PubMed id 9323128)^{1, 2, 3} Sun Z.S.... Lee C.C. (1997)
SCFbeta-TRCP controls clock-dependent transcription via casein kinase 1-dependent degradation of the mammalian period-1 (Per1) protein. (PubMed id 15917222)^{1, 2, 9} Shirogane T....Harper J.W. (2005)
Phosphorylation of clock protein PER1 regulates its circadian degradation in normal human fibroblasts. (PubMed id 14750904)^{1, 2, 9} Miyazaki K.... Ishida N. (2004)
Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila period gene. (PubMed id 9333243)^{1, 2, 9} Tei H....Sakaki Y. (1997)
Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. (PubMed id 17081983)^{1, 2} Olsen J.V....Mann M. (2006)
Human casein kinase Idelta phosphorylation of human circadian clock proteins period 1 and 2. (PubMed id 11165242)^{1, 2} Camacho F.... Keesler G.A. (2001)
Association of structural polymorphisms in the human period3 gene with delayed sleep phase syndrome. (PubMed id 11306557)^{1, 4} Ebisawa T.... Yamauchi T. (2001)
Phosphorylation and destabilization of human period I clock protein by human casein kinase I epsilon. (PubMed id 10790862)^{1, 2} Keesler G.A.... Yao Z. (2000)
The human Per1 gene: genomic organization and promoter analysis of the first human orthologue of the Drosophila period gene. (PubMed id 10940553)^{1, 2} Taruscio D.... Falbo V. (2000)
The human and mouse Period1 genes: five well-conserved E-boxes additively contribute to the enhancement of mPer1 transcription. (PubMed id 10857746)^{1, 2} Hida A.... Tei H. (2000)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
About This Section

		AND	OR
Aliases
Disorders
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
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(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
About This Section

Entrez Gene: 5187	HGNC: 8845	AceView: PER1	Ensembl:ENSG00000179094	euGenes: HUgn5187
ECgene: PER1	Kegg: 5187	H-InvDB: PER1

(According to HUGE)
About This Section

HUGE: KIAA0482

(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
About This Section

Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for PER1	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for PER1	Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

Intellectual Property for PER1 gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for PER1 gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving PER1

GeneCards and IP:
Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards Improving the IP Search

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period circadian clock 1

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period circadian clock 1

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