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PER1 Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 62
GCID: GC17M008043

Period Circadian Clock 1

(Previous names: period (Drosophila) homolog 1, period homolog 1 (Drosophila))
(Previous symbol: PER)

See PER1-related diseases
at

MalaCards

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, ¹⁰fRNAdb, ¹²H-InvDB, ¹³NCBI, ¹⁴NONCODE, and/or ¹⁵RNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Period Circadian Clock 1¹ ²		Period Homolog 1 (Drosophila)¹
PER¹ ² ³ ⁵		hPER²
RIGUI² ³ ⁵		Period Circadian Protein Homolog 1²
Circadian Clock Protein PERIOD 1² ³		Period Homolog 1²
Circadian Pacemaker Protein Rigui² ³		Period, Drosophila, Homolog Of²
hPER1² ³		KIAA0482³
Period (Drosophila) Homolog 1¹

External Ids:	HGNC: 8845¹	Entrez Gene: 5187²	Ensembl: ENSG00000179094⁷	OMIM: 602260⁵	UniProtKB: O15534³

Export aliases for PER1 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC17U990073 GC17M009132 GC17M007986 GC17M008244 GC17M007984 GC17M007938

(According to Entrez Gene, GeneCards, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for PER1 Gene:

This gene is a member of the Period family of genes and is expressed in a circadian pattern in the suprachiasmatic

nucleus, the primary circadian pacemaker in the mammalian brain. Genes in this family encode components of the

circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, metabolism, and behavior. This gene is upregulated by CLOCK/ARNTL

heterodimers but then represses this upregulation in a feedback loop using PER/CRY heterodimers to interact with

CLOCK/ARNTL. Polymorphisms in this gene may increase the risk of getting certain cancers. Alternative splicing

has been observed in this gene; however, these variants have not been fully described. (provided by RefSeq, Jan

2014)

GeneCards Summary for PER1 Gene:

PER1 (period circadian clock 1) is a protein-coding gene. Diseases associated with PER1 include advanced sleep phase syndrome, and delayed sleep phase syndrome. GO annotations related to this gene include E-box binding and signal transducer activity. An important paralog of this gene is PER3.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER1_HUMAN, O15534

Function: Component of the circadian clock mechanism which is essential for generating circadian rhythms. Negative

element in the circadian transcriptional loop. Influences clock function by interacting with other circadian

regulatory proteins and transporting them to the nucleus. Negatively regulates CLOCK NPAS2-BMAL1 BMAL2-induced

transactivation. Can bind heme (By similarity)

Gene Wiki entry for PER1 Gene

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 75), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence at NCBI GenBank:

NC_000017.10 NT_010718.17 NC_018928.2

Regulatory elements:

Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PER1 gene promoter:
E2F-3a E2F-4 AP-1 p53 ATF-2 E2F-2 c-Jun
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids (see all 2): PER1 promoter sequence

Search Chromatin IP Primers for PER1

Epigenetics:

DNA Methylation CpG Assay Predesigned for Pyrosequencing in human, mouse, rat PER1

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 17p13.1 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 17p13.1 HGNC cytogenetic band: 17p13.1

PER1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PER1 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 17 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC17M008043: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	8,043,788 bp from pter	End:	8,059,824 bp from pter
Size:	16,037 bases	Orientation:	minus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, ²neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, Cloud-Clone Corp., eBioscience, antibodies-online, and/or GeneTex,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, Cloud-Clone Corp., eBioscience, and/or antibodies-online, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, Cloud-Clone Corp, antibodies-online, and/or others.)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER1_HUMAN, O15534 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Period circadian protein homolog 1

Size: 1290 amino acids; 136212 Da

Subunit: Homodimer (By similarity). Component of the circadian core oscillator, which includes the CRY proteins,

CLOCK or NPAS2, BMAL1 or BMAL2, CSNK1D and/or CSNK1E, TIMELESS, and the PER proteins. Interacts directly with

TIMELESS, PER2, PER3 and, through a C-terminal domain, with CRY1 and CRY2. Interaction with CSNK1D or CSNK1E

promotes nuclear location of PER proteins. Interacts with GPRASP1 (By similarity). Binding to CSNK1G2 triggers

proteasomal degradation

Sequence caution: Sequence=BAC06326.2; Type=Erroneous initiation;

1 PDB 3D structure from and Proteopedia for PER1:

1UL6 (3D)

Secondary accessions: B2RPA8 D3DTR3

Alternative splicing: 3 isoforms: O15534-1 O15534-2 O15534-3

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PER1: NX_O15534

Explore proteomics data for PER1 at MOPED

Post-translational modifications:

Phosphorylated on serine residues by CSNK1E. Also can be phosphorylated by the delta isoform. Phosphorylation by

CSNK1 retains PER1 in the cytoplasm and leads to its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation¹

Ubiquitinated (By similarity)¹

Modification sites at neXtProt

Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus

See PER1 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED, PaxDB, and MaxQB

REFSEQ proteins: NP_002607.2

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000314420 ENSP00000462064 ENSP00000463054 ENSP00000346979 ENSP00000463369

ENSP00000464696 ENSP00000463385 ENSP00000462546 ENSP00000463661

Reactome Protein details: O15534

PER1 Human Recombinant Protein Products:

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	Novus Biologicals PER1 Lysates
	Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins Browse Sino Biological Cell Lysates
	Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
	Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for PER1
	Search eBioscience for Proteins for PER1
	Search GeneTex for Proteins for PER1
	antibodies-online proteins for PER1
	antibodies-online peptides for PER1

PER1 Antibody Products:

	EMD Millipore Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies for the study of PER1
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	Novus Biologicals PER1 Antibodies
	Abcam antibodies for PER1
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	ThermoFisher Antibody for PER1
	antibodies-online antibodies for PER1 (52 products)

PER1 Assay Products:

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
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	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Cloud-Clone Corp. ELISAs for PER1 Cloud-Clone Corp. CLIAs for PER1
	Search eBioscience for ELISAs for PER1
	antibodies-online kits for PER1 (8 products)

(According to HGNC, IUPHAR, InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GenesLikeMe)
About This Section

3 InterPro protein domains:

IPR001610 PAC

IPR000014 PAS

IPR022728 Period_circadian-like_C

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry O15534

ProtoNet protein and cluster: O15534

2 Blocks protein domains:

IPB000014 PAS domain

IPB001610 PAC motif

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER1_HUMAN, O15534

Similarity: Contains 1 PAC (PAS-associated C-terminal) domain

Similarity: Contains 2 PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) domains

Find genes that share domains with PER1 About GenesLikeMe

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, genOway,
transcription factor targeting from QIAGEN and/or HOMER, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs and/or Addgene, Cell Lines from GenScript, ESI BIO, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Flow cytometry from eBioscience, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene, Sets of similar genes according to GenesLikeMe)
About This Section

Molecular Function:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: PER1_HUMAN, O15534

Function: Component of the circadian clock mechanism which is essential for generating circadian rhythms. Negative

element in the circadian transcriptional loop. Influences clock function by interacting with other circadian

regulatory proteins and transporting them to the nucleus. Negatively regulates CLOCK NPAS2-BMAL1 BMAL2-induced

transactivation. Can bind heme (By similarity)

Induction: Serum-induced levels in fibroblasts show circadian oscillations. Maximum levels after 1 hour

stimulation, minimum levels after 12 hours. Another peak is then observed after 20 hours. Protein levels show

maximum levels at 6 hours, decrease to reach minimum levels at 20 hours, and increase again to reach a second

peak after 26 hours. Levels then decrease slightly and then increase to maximum levels at 32 hours. Levels of

phosphorylated form increase between 3 hours and 12 hours

Genatlas biochemistry entry for PER1:

Drosophila period gene homolog,ortholog of murine Rigui,expressed in suprachiasmatic nucleus,putative key

regulator of circadian rythms

Gene Ontology (GO): Selected molecular function terms (see all 6): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0000978	RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding	IDA	18411297
GO:0000988	protein binding transcription factor activity	--	--
GO:0000989	transcription factor binding transcription factor activity	ISS	--
GO:0004871	signal transducer activity	IEA	--
GO:0005515	protein binding	--	--

Find genes that share ontologies with PER1 About GenesLikeMe

Phenotypes:
9 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 3 alleles) (MGI details for Per1):

behavior/neurological	growth/size/body	hematopoietic system	homeostasis/metabolism	mortality/aging
nervous system	renal/urinary system	reproductive system	skeleton

Find genes that share phenotypes with PER1 About GenesLikeMe

Animal Models:
MGI mouse knock-outs for PER1: Per1^tm1Brd Per1^tm1Saco Per1^tm1Drw

genOway: Develop your customized and physiologically relevant rodent model for PER1

miRNA Products:		miRTarBase miRNAs that target PER1: hsa-mir-484 (MIRT042311), hsa-mir-17-5p (MIRT050902), hsa-let-7b-5p (MIRT052278), hsa-mir-335-5p (MIRT016887)

		Block miRNA regulation of human, mouse, rat PER1 using miScript Target Protectors
		Selected qRT-PCR Assays for microRNAs that regulate PER1 (see all 26):
		hsa-miR-4291 hsa-miR-4251 hsa-miR-1224-3p hsa-miR-1260b hsa-miR-29a hsa-miR-29c hsa-miR-4299 hsa-miR-486-3p

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PER1 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		OriGene RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for PER1
		Predesigned siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PER1

Gene Editing
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DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PER1

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		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PER1 (NM_002616)
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In Situ Assay
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Flow Cytometry
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eBioscience FlowRNA Probe Sets ( VA1-12252) for PER1

(According to UniProtKB, COMPARTMENTS Subcellular localization database, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene, Sets of similar genes according to GenesLikeMe)
About This Section

Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

PER1_HUMAN, O15534: Nucleus (By similarity). Cytoplasm (By similarity). Note=Mainly nuclear. Nucleocytoplasmic

shuttling is effected by interaction with other circadian core oscillator proteins and/or by phosphorylation.

Retention of PER1 in the cytoplasm occurs through PER1-PER2 heterodimer formation or by interaction with CSNK1E

and/or phosphorylation which appears to mask the PER1 nuclear localization signal. Also translocated to the

nucleus by CRY1 or CRY2 (By similarity)

Subcellular locations from COMPARTMENTS:

Compartment	Confidence
nucleus	3
cytosol	2
extracellular	2
endoplasmic reticulum	1

About this image

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005634	nucleus	IEA	--
GO:0005737	cytoplasm	IDA	--

Find genes that share ontologies with PER1 About GenesLikeMe

(SuperPaths according to PathCards, Pathways according to R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Sino Biological, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GenesLikeMe, Interaction Networks according to QIAGEN, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene, Sets of similar genes according to GenesLikeMe)
About This Section

SuperPaths for PER1 About (see all 8)

See pathways by source

Powered
by

SuperPath

Contained pathways About

Circadian rhythm

Circadian Clock in Mammals

0.31

Circadian rhythm

0.31

Circadian Clock

Circadian Clock

0.66

BMAL1-CLOCK/NPAS2 Activates Circadian Expression

0.66

Circadian entrainment

Circadian entrainment

0.40

Influenza A

Herpes simplex infection

0.33

Metabolic States and Circadian Oscillators

Metabolic States and Circadian Oscillators

Find genes that share SuperPaths with PER1 About GenesLikeMe

Pathways by source See SuperPaths
Show all pathways

3 Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of GeneGlobe Pathway Central Maps for PER1

	HIF1Alpha Pathway
	Metabolic States and Circadian Oscillators
	Circadian Clock in Mammals

2 BioSystems Pathways for PER1

	Diurnally regulated genes with circadian orthologs
	Circadian rhythm pathway

2 Reactome Pathways for PER1

	Circadian Clock
	BMAL1:CLOCK,NPAS2 activates circadian gene expression

3 Kegg Pathways (Kegg details for PER1):

	Circadian rhythm
	Circadian entrainment
	Herpes simplex infection

Pathway & Disease-focused RT² Profiler PCR Arrays including PER1:

cAMP / Ca2+ Signaling PathwayFinder in human mouse rat

Circadian Rhythms in human mouse rat

Hypoxia Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Interactions:

GeneGlobe Interaction Network for PER1

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

Selected Interacting proteins for PER1 (O15534³ ENSP00000314420⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 48)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
CRY1	Q16526³, ENSP00000008527⁴	I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000008527
CSNK1D	P48730³, ENSP00000324464⁴	I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000324464
CSNK1E	P49674³, ENSP00000352929⁴	I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000352929
TIMELESS	Q9UNS1³, ENSP00000229201⁴	I2D: score=4 STRING: ENSP00000229201
BTRC	Q9Y297³, ENSP00000359206⁴	I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000359206

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): Selected biological process terms (see all 10): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0000122	negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	ISS	--
GO:0006351	transcription, DNA-templated	IEA	--
GO:0006355	regulation of transcription, DNA-templated	--	--
GO:0007165	signal transduction	--	--
GO:0007623	circadian rhythm	TAS	9333243

Find genes that share ontologies with PER1 About GenesLikeMe

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, ApexBio, HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, Ligands according to IUPHAR, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, Sets of similar genes according to GenesLikeMe)
About This Section

Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse compounds at ApexBio

Browse Tocris compounds for PER1

4 Novoseek inferred chemical compound relationships for PER1 gene About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
melatonin	42	5	16706855 (2), 14529560 (2), 17762827 (1)
benzodiazepine	3.13	2	11139454 (1), 16313103 (1)
lipid	0	3	17021251 (2), 14715703 (1)
arginine	0	2	12598633 (1), 17715068 (1)

Find genes that share compounds with PER1 About GenesLikeMe

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 236 Homo sapiens; Apr 25 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, and/or Addgene, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, Flow cytometry from eBioscience )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for PER1 gene (3 alternative transcripts):

NM_002616.2 XM_005256689.1 XM_005256690.1

Unigene Cluster for PER1:

Period circadian clock 1

Hs.445534 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_002616

Selected Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant (see all 19):

ENST00000317276(uc010cns.3 uc010vuq.2 uc002gkd.3) ENST00000581082

ENST00000582719 ENST00000583677 ENST00000585284 ENST00000579098 ENST00000578089

ENST00000578950 ENST00000354903(uc010vur.1) ENST00000583559 ENST00000581395

ENST00000585095 ENST00000577424 ENST00000579203 ENST00000578223 ENST00000579065(uc010vus.1)

ENST00000581703 ENST00000577253

miRNA Products:		Block miRNA regulation of human, mouse, rat PER1 using miScript Target Protectors
		Selected qRT-PCR Assays for microRNAs that regulate PER1 (see all 26):
		hsa-miR-4291 hsa-miR-4251 hsa-miR-1224-3p hsa-miR-1260b hsa-miR-29a hsa-miR-29c hsa-miR-4299 hsa-miR-486-3p

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PER1 3' UTR sequence

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		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PER1 (NM_002616)
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		QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PER1

Flow Cytometry
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eBioscience FlowRNA Probe Sets ( VA1-12252) for PER1

Additional mRNA sequence:

AB002107.1 AB088477.1 AF022991.1 AK291061.1 AK295410.1 BC072458.1 BC137346.1 BC144593.1

BC150151.1

23 DOTS entries:

DT.75171234 DT.99948107 DT.305584 DT.120986621 DT.91962177 DT.91945512 DT.91700408 DT.91753710

DT.99927972 DT.40305235 DT.120986618 DT.97779467 DT.100713998 DT.120986609 DT.120986626 DT.305583

DT.95208780 DT.97796573 DT.100714801 DT.100769930 DT.120986653 DT.91726409 DT.92429382

Selected AceView cDNA sequences (see all 253):

CA445980 AI570880 AU105956 BM509159 CA306715 BQ925718 BM724696 BP351139

BI035908 BX953447 CD615186 BE530996 CA432949 AB002107 BQ787668 AL700704

BE615751 CA392770 BX459994 CB240629 AI743776 CA312405 CA430599 BI771107

GeneLoc Exon Structure

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GenesLikeMe, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE ¹MOPED, ²PaxDb, and ³MaxQB, plus additional links to SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

PER1 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS <intensity>^2/3
CGAP TAG: GAGTCCCTGG

About this image

PER1 Protein expression data from MOPED¹, PaxDb² and MaxQB³:

About this image

PER1 Protein Expression

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.445534

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PER1_HUMAN, O15534

Tissue specificity: Widely expressed. Found in heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas,

kidney, spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary and small intestine. Highest level in skeletal muscle. Low level

in kidney

Pathway & Disease-focused RT² Profiler PCR Arrays including PER1:

cAMP / Ca2+ Signaling PathwayFinder in human mouse rat

Circadian Rhythms in human mouse rat

Hypoxia Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Primer Products:		OriGene qSTAR qPCR primer pairs in human, mouse for PER1
		Pre-validated RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat PER1
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		QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PER1

In Situ
Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PER1

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
About This Section

This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

Orthologs for PER1 gene from Selected species (see all 14) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Per1^{1 , 5}	period homolog 1 (Drosophila)⁵ period circadian clock 1¹	87.75(n)¹ 92(a)¹		11 (42.37 cM)⁵ 18626¹ NM_011065.4¹ NP_035195.2¹ 69095217⁵
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	PER1⁶	period circadian clock 1	58(a)	1 ↔ 1	GL343400.1(436411-458624)
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	Amphibia	per1-A²	period homolog 1	77.59(n)		AY340103.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	per1b⁶ per1a⁶	period homolog 1a (Drosophila)	46(a) 45(a)	1 ↔ many 1 ↔ many	7(52277645-52301471) ENSDARG00000012499 10(23012653-23028581) ENSDARG00000056885
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	Insecta	per⁶	period	11(a)	1 → many	X(2579613-2586813)
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)	Secernentea	lin-42⁶	Protein LIN-42, isoform c (lin-42) mRNA, complete ...	19(a)	1 → many	II(1233244-1244035) WBGene00018572

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PER1 (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for PER1 (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68,Sets of similar genes according to GenesLikeMe)
About This Section

Paralogs for PER1 gene

PER3² PER2²

2 SIMAP similar genes for PER1 using alignment to 12 protein entries: PER1_HUMAN (see all proteins):

PER2 PER3

Find genes that share paralogs with PER1 About GenesLikeMe

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, ⁴UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD), the Human Cytochrome P450 Allele Nomenclature Database, and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays, and Copy Number PCR Arrays from QIAGEN)
About This Section

SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 17 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
VAR_036040⁴		A colorectal cancer sample⁴	--	see VAR_036040	2	S L	mis⁴		0	--	--	--	--
VAR_036038⁴		A breast cancer sample⁴	--	see VAR_036038	2	E Q	mis⁴		0	--	--	--	--
VAR_036039⁴		A breast cancer sample⁴	--	see VAR_036039	2	N S	mis⁴		0	--	--	--	--
rs113693736^1,2	C	--	8043332(+)	`GAACCC/TGGGAG`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs117343376^1,2		--	8043382(+)	`CAGCTG/AGGTGA`	1	--	ds500¹		1		NA	120
rs149120408^1,2		--	8043388(+)	`GGTGAC/TAGAGC`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs113368602^1,2	C	--	8043393(+)	`CAGAGC/TGAAAT`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs147836037^1,2		--	8043445(+)	`CCCTCG/TAATAC`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs182601628^1,2		--	8043463(+)	`CACCAC/TGGAGT`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs141323652^1,2	C	--	8043491(+)	`CCTTGA/GCCACC`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PER1 (8043788 - 8059824 bp)

Structural Variations
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) 10 variations for PER1: About this table

Variant ID	Type	Subtype	PubMed ID
esv2715610	CNV	Deletion	23290073
nsv1964	CNV	Insertion	18451855
nsv516242	CNV	Loss	19592680
nsv907658	CNV	Loss	21882294
nsv518983	CNV	Loss	19592680
nsv457661	CNV	Loss	19166990
nsv907657	CNV	Loss	21882294
nsv527475	CNV	Loss	19592680
nsv833353	CNV	Loss	17160897
nsv833352	CNV	Loss	17160897

Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PER1

Site Specific Mutation Identification with PCR Assays

SeqTarget long-range PCR primers for resequencing PER1

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(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB, Sets of similar genes according to GenesLikeMe)
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OMIM gene information: 602260 OMIM disorders: --

2 diseases for PER1:
About MalaCards

advanced sleep phase syndrome delayed sleep phase syndrome

Find genes that share disorders with PER1 About GenesLikeMe

4 Novoseek inferred disease relationships for PER1 gene About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
shock	27.6	1	14715703 (1)
cancer	17.4	18	16678109 (3), 19926612 (3), 19916834 (3), 17660446 (2) (see all 8)
endometrial cancer	8.7	1	15809976 (1)
tumors	0	38	19926612 (4), 19916834 (4), 17971899 (3), 17699798 (3) (see all 11)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): PER1
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PER1 (18 documents)

Export disorders for PER1 gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for PER1 gene, integrated from 10 sources (see all 190):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PER1)

Rigui, a putative mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila period gene. (PubMed id 9323128)^{1, 2, 3} Sun Z.S.... Lee C.C. (Cell 1997)
SCFbeta-TRCP controls clock-dependent transcription via casein kinase 1-dependent degradation of the mammalian period-1 (Per1) protein. (PubMed id 15917222)^{1, 2, 9} Shirogane T.... Harper J.W. (J. Biol. Chem. 2005)
A silent polymorphism in the PER1 gene associates with extreme diurnal preference in humans. (PubMed id 17051316)^{1, 4, 9} Carpen J.D....Archer S.N. (J. Hum. Genet. 2006)
Association of Per1 and Npas2 with autistic disorder: support for the clock genes/social timing hypothesis. (PubMed id 17264841)^{1, 4, 9} Nicholas B....Wimpory D.C. (Mol. Psychiatry 2007)
Human clock, PER1 and PER2 polymorphisms: lack of association with cocaine dependence susceptibility and cocaine-induced paranoia. (PubMed id 17106427)^{1, 4, 9} Malison R.T....Gelernter J. (Psychiatr. Genet. 2006)
Phosphorylation of clock protein PER1 regulates its circadian degradation in normal human fibroblasts. (PubMed id 14750904)^{1, 2, 9} Miyazaki K.... Ishida N. (Biochem. J. 2004)
Differential association of circadian genes with mood disorders: CRY1 and NPAS2 are associated with unipolar major depression and CLOCK and VIP with bipolar disorder. (PubMed id 20072116)^{1, 4, 9} Soria V....Urretavizcaya M. (Neuropsychopharmacology 2010)
Testing the circadian gene hypothesis in prostate cancer: a population-based case-control study. (PubMed id 19934327)^{1, 4, 9} Zhu Y....Stanford J.L. (Cancer Res. 2009)
Suggestive evidence for association of the circadian genes PERIOD3 and ARNTL with bipolar disorder. (PubMed id 16528748)^{1, 4, 9} Nievergelt C.M....Kelsoe J.R. (Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2006)
Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila period gene. (PubMed id 9333243)^{1, 2, 9} Tei H....Sakaki Y. (Nature 1997)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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		AND	OR
Aliases
Disorders
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
	(Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 5187	HGNC: 8845	AceView: PER1	Ensembl:ENSG00000179094	euGenes: HUgn5187
ECgene: PER1	Kegg: 5187	H-InvDB: PER1

(According to HUGE)
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HUGE: KIAA0482

(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, and/or others, e.g. Wikipedia and GeneReviews, via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for PER1	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for PER1	Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

Intellectual Property for PER1 gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for PER1 gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving PER1

GeneCards and IP:
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(Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Cloud-Clone Corp., Thermo Fisher Scientific, eBioscience, antibodies-online, GeneTex, and/or others, Gene Editing from DNA2.0. Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Addgene, Cell lines from GenScript, and ESI BIO, Flow cytometery from eBioscience, PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or ApexBio, In Situ Hybridization Assays from
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Period Circadian Clock 1

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