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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

PENK Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 61
GCID: GC08M057349

proenkephalin
 Explore 36 diseases affiliated with
PENK via
MalaCards
our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for PENK    

Aliases
for PENK gene

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section
Aliases
Proenkephalin1
Enkephalin A2
Preproenkephalin1
Proenkephalin-A1

External Ids:    HGNC: 88311   Entrez Gene: 51792   Ensembl: ENSG000001811957   OMIM: 1313305   UniProtKB: P012103   

Export aliases for PENK gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC08M056526 GC08M057292 GC08M057072 GC08M057403 GC08M057516 GC08M052820


Summaries
for PENK gene

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PENK_HUMAN, P01210
Function: Met- and Leu-enkephalins compete with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of
physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress. PENK(114-133) and PENK(237-258) increase
glutamate release in the striatum. PENK(114-133) decreases GABA concentration in the striatum




Genomic Views
for PENK gene

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000008.10  NC_018919.1  NT_008183.19  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PENK gene promoter:
         AP-1   ATF-2   Nkx2-5   c-Jun   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: PENK promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PENK

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PENK


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 8q23-q24   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  8q12.1   HGNC cytogenetic band: 8q23-q24

PENK Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PENK gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 8         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC08M057349:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
 57,349,233 bp from pter      End:
 57,359,293 bp from pter
Size:
 10,061 bases      Orientation:
 minus strand

Proteins
for PENK gene

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PENK_HUMAN, P01210 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Proenkephalin-A precursor  
Size: 267 amino acids; 30787 Da
Subcellular location: Secreted
2 PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for PENK:
1PLW (3D)        1PLX (3D)    
Secondary accessions: B2RC23 Q6FHC6 Q6FHE6

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PENK: NX_P01210

Post-translational modifications:

  • The N-terminal domain contains 6 conserved cysteines thought to be involved in disulfide bonding and/or processing1
  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P01210

    • PENK Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    PENK Protein Expression
    REFSEQ proteins (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NP_001129162.1  NP_006202.1  

    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000430268   ENSP00000324248   ENSP00000400894   ENSP00000428012   ENSP00000429326  
     ENSP00000430592  
    Reactome Protein details: P01210
    Human Recombinant Protein Products for PENK: 
    Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
    Browse R&D Systems for human recombinant proteins
    Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
    OriGene Purified Proteins (see all 2): PENK
    OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate (see all 2): PENK
    OriGene Custom Protein Services for PENK 
    GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for PENK
    Novus Biologicals PENK Protein
    Novus Biologicals PENK Lysates
    Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
    Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
    Uscn Proteins for PENK

    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005576extracellular region TAS--

    PENK for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    PENK Antibody Products: 
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    ThermoFisher Antibodies for PENK

    Assay Products for PENK: 
    Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
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    Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
    Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for PENK

    Protein Domains /
    Families
    for PENK gene

    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section
    PENK for domains           About GeneDecksing

    2 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR000703 Proenkphlin_A
     IPR006024 Opioid_neupept

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P01210

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: P01210

    2 Blocks protein families:
    IPB000703 Proenkephalin A precursor signature
    IPB006024 Opioid neuropeptide precursor


    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PENK_HUMAN, P01210
    Similarity: Belongs to the opioid neuropeptide precursor family


    Function
    for PENK gene

    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, inGenious Targeting Laboratory,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, Sirion Biotech, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Sirion Biotech, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, Sirion Biotech, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section
    Molecular Function:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: PENK_HUMAN, P01210
    Function: Met- and Leu-enkephalins compete with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of
    physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress. PENK(114-133) and PENK(237-258) increase
    glutamate release in the striatum. PENK(114-133) decreases GABA concentration in the striatum

         Genatlas biochemistry entry for PENK:
    pro-enkephalin

         Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0001515opioid peptide activity IEA--
    GO:0005184neuropeptide hormone activity TAS7057924
         
    PENK for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    Phenotypes:
         1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for PENK:
     Increased gamma-H2AX phosphory 

         4 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 2 alleles) (MGI details for Penk):
     behavior/neurological  homeostasis/metabolism  integument  mortality/aging 

    PENK for phenotypes           About GeneDecksing

    Animal Models:
         Mouse knock-outs for PENK: Penktm1Dwp Penktm1Jep
       inGenious Targeting Laboratory - Customizable classic, inducible, and humanized mouse model solutions for PENK 

    miRNA
    Products:            		 OriGene 3'-UTR Clone (see all 2): PENK
    Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PENK
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    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PENK 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:            		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PENK (see all 4)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: PENK
    OriGene siRNA: PENK
    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PENK
    Sirion Biotech Custom design and validation of potent shRNA sequences against PENK 

    Gene Editing
    Products:    		DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PENK
    Sirion Biotech Customized adenovirus for overexpression of PENK 
    Sirion Biotech Customized adenovirus for potent knockdown of PENK

    Clone
    Products:             		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
    OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PENK (see all 4)
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    OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling 
    GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector (see all 2): PENK (NM_006211)
    Browse Sino Biological Human cDNA Clones
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    Cell Line
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    Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for PENK
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    Sirion Biotech Customized inducible overexpressing cell line services for PENK

    In Situ Assay
    Products:       
         		Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PENK


    Pathways & Interactions
    for PENK gene

    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/15 super-pathways (see all 15) About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1Apoptotic Pathways in Synovial Fibroblasts
    8/14 pathways (see all 14)
    		Apoptotic Pathways in Synovial Fibroblasts1.00
    		ERK5 Signaling0.61
    		p53 Mediated Apoptosis0.84
    		eIF2 Pathway0.60
    		Mitochondrial Apoptosis0.73
    		Rac1 Pathway0.58
    		Telomerase Components in Cell Signaling0.72
    		Nuclear Receptor Activation by Vitamin-A0.57
    2GPCR Pathway
    		GPCR Pathway1.00
    		Estrogen Pathway0.55
    		Ras Pathway0.62
    		Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma0.55
    		Breast Cancer Regulation by Stathmin10.58
    		Paxillin Interactions0.53
    		NFAT in Immune Response0.58
    3Rho Family GTPases
    		Rho Family GTPases1.00
    		MAPK Signaling0.51
    		ERK Signaling0.61
    		ILK Signaling0.45
    		Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer0.51
    4Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)
    		Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)1.00
    		Peptide ligand-binding receptors0.61
    		GPCR ligand binding0.75
    		G alpha (i) signalling events0.44
    5TGF-Beta Pathway
    		TGF-Beta Pathway1.00
    		JAK-STAT Pathway0.57
    		MAPK Family Pathway0.60
    		JNK Pathway0.50

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways

    1 EMD Millipore Pathway for PENK
        Selected targets of CREB1

    5/54 Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of QIAGEN Pathway Central Maps for PENK (see all 54)
        Nuclear Receptor Activation by Vitamin-A
    Paxillin Interactions
    Telomerase Components in Cell Signaling
    Mitochondrial Apoptosis
    Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer

    5/7        Reactome Pathways for PENK (see all 7)
        GPCR downstream signaling
    Peptide ligand-binding receptors
    Signal Transduction
    Signaling by GPCR
    G alpha (i) signalling events



    PENK for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for PENK

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

    5/147 Interacting proteins for PENK (ENSP000003242484) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 147)
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    ADCY2ENSP000003429524STRING: ENSP00000342952
    ADCY5ENSP000004193614STRING: ENSP00000419361
    ADORA1ENSP000003085494STRING: ENSP00000308549
    ADRA2CENSP000003860694STRING: ENSP00000386069
    APPENSP000002849814STRING: ENSP00000284981
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0001662behavioral fear response IEA--
    GO:0007165signal transduction TAS7057924
    GO:0007218neuropeptide signaling pathway IEA--
    GO:0007610behavior ----
    GO:0019233sensory perception of pain IEA--

    PENK for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    Drugs & Compounds
    for PENK gene

    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section

    PENK for compounds           About GeneDecksing

    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Compounds for PENK available from Tocris Bioscience    About this table
    CompoundAction CAS #
    nor-Binaltorphimine dihydrochlorideStandard kappa selective antagonist[105618-26-6]
    SB 205607 dihydrobromide delta1 selective, high affinity non-peptide agonist [148545-09-9]
    Naltrindole hydrochloridedelta selective non-peptide antagonist[111469-81-9]
    DIPPA hydrochlorideSelective irreversible kappa antagonist[155512-52-0]
    beta-Funaltrexamine hydrochlorideIrreversible mu-selective antagonist[72786-10-8]
    10/35 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for PENK gene (see all 35)    About this table
    Compound   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    naltrexone 77.6 45 17910895 (5), 16169076 (5), 12747939 (3), 10917997 (2) (see all 18)
    e 64d 59.4 1 8001739 (1)
    naloxone 46.1 10 10917997 (2), 12747939 (1), 17974995 (1), 15138586 (1) (see all 7)
    opiate 36.4 1 18184800 (1)
    damgo 34.2 2 17910895 (1), 16169076 (1)
    morphine 34.1 5 7996174 (1), 18199817 (1), 17910895 (1), 16169076 (1)
    dopamine 31 12 18184800 (2), 16861111 (2), 18815258 (1), 8105081 (1) (see all 7)
    forskolin 29.5 5 10386963 (1), 14645681 (1), 1736281 (1)
    heroin 29.4 11 18184800 (6), 10321497 (1), 16861111 (1)
    cysteine 25.8 6 17244622 (1), 8001739 (1), 12795588 (1), 12438161 (1) (see all 5)

    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about PENK 

    Transcripts
    for PENK gene

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, Sirion Biotech, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section
    REFSEQ mRNAs for PENK gene (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_001135690.1  NM_006211.3  

    Unigene Cluster for PENK:

    Proenkephalin
    Hs.339831  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_001135690
    10 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000519731 ENST00000517415 ENST00000520589 ENST00000314922(uc003xsz.2 uc003xta.3)
    ENST00000451791 ENST00000523274 ENST00000518974 ENST00000523051 ENST00000518770(uc010lym.3)
    ENST00000521153

    miRNA
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    Inhib. RNA
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    Clone
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    Primer
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      QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat PENK
      QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat PENK

    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AK309758.1 AK314908.1 BC032505.1 BC107706.1 CR541808.1 CR541828.1 

    7 DOTS entries:

    DT.444328  DT.121473580  DT.100749464  DT.91757920  DT.91827218  DT.97779101  DT.99956404 

    24/103 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 103):

    AA625695 AI459701 AA431992 BM722048 BI496610 BX281917 AI879200 BI826107 
    BM666153 CA415005 CA412689 CA414655 BM678634 AI799925 CA413198 AA244405 
    BI913625 BF477589 BI457700 CA415431 BG060064 BM711065 CR541828 BG700903 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    Expression
    for PENK gene

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    PENK expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: CTAAAATAGT
    PENK Expression
    About this image

    PENK expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells
    Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine    About this table

    5 LifeMap In Vivo Development Anatomical Compartments/Cells 
    Tissue Anatomical Compartment CellCategory (developmental path)
    LimbZeugopodMesenchymal Condensate CellsBone, Cartilage
    Skeletal MuscleHyoid Arch MusclesMyoblastsSkeletal Muscle
    Skeletal MuscleMandibular Arch MusclesMyoblastsSkeletal Muscle
    AdiposeThoracic Perivascular AdiposeAdipose
    AdiposeVisceral White AdiposeAdipose
    Expression: Positive    Negative     Selective marker
    Experimental details: Curated     Microarrays     In-situ hybridization
    Stem Cell Differentiation: 7 LifeMap Cells 
    NameCategory
    PureStem™ mesenchymal progenitor MEL2 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)Adipose, Bone, Cartilage
    HyStem+TGF?3+GDF5-induced SM30 cells (HyStem+TGF?3+GDF5 in...)Bone, Cartilage
    HyStem+TGF?3+GDF5-induced MEL2 cells (HyStem+TGF?3+GDF5 in...)Bone, Cartilage
    HyStem+TGF?3+GDF5-induced 4D20.8 cells (HyStem+TGF?3+GDF5 in...)Bone, Cartilage
    HyStem+BMP4-induced 4D20.8 cells (Chondrogenic inducti...)Bone, Cartilage
    TGF?3+BMP7-induced chondrocytes (Chondrogenic HyStem+...)
    HyStem+TGF?3+GDF5-induced E15 cells (HyStem+TGF?3+GDF5 in...)Bone, Cartilage

    See PENK Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for PENK

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.339831
        SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Array including PENK: 
              cAMP / Ca2+ Signaling PathwayFinder in human mouse rat

    Primer
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    In Situ
    Assay Products:     
         		Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PENK

    Orthologs
    for PENK gene

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section
    This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

    Orthologs for PENK gene from 4/10 species (see all 10)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification    		 Gene Description Human
    Similarity    		 Orthology
    Type    		 Details
    mouse
    (Mus musculus)    		 Mammalia Penk1 , 5 preproenkephalin1, 5 82.9(n)1
    82.77(a)1    		   4 (2.31 cM)5
    186191  NM_001002927.21  NP_001002927.11 
     41335315 
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)    		 Aves PENK1 proenkephalin 74.56(n)
    71.8(a)    		   421131  XM_419213.2  XP_419213.1 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)    		 Reptilia PENK6
    		 --
    		 68(a)
    		 1 ↔ 1
    		 GL343656.1(132821-137731)
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)    		 Actinopterygii penk2 proenkephalin 76.91(n)   360136  AF544989.1 


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PENK (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for PENK (if available) 

    Paralogs
    for PENK gene

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for PENK gene
    PDYN2  
    1 SIMAP similar gene for PENK using alignment to 6 protein entries:     PENK_HUMAN (see all proteins):
    PNOC

    PENK for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    Genomic Variants
    for PENK gene

    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/199 NCBI SNPs in PENK are shown (see all 199)     About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance    		Chr 8 posSequence#AA
    Chg    		TypeMore#Allele
    freq    		PopTotal
    sample    		More
    ----------
    rs1900570491,2
    		C--57353019(+) ATCCTA/GTTTTT 2 -- int10--------
    rs1445291961,2
    		--57353024(+) ATTTTC/TGTCCT 2 -- int10--------
    rs125481791,2
    		C,H--57353110(+) AATTAT/CCTTTA 2 -- int12Minor allele frequency- C:0.32NA EA 122
    rs1496096881,2
    		C--57353184(+) AAGTA-/TGTGTGT 2 -- int10--------
    rs1474190601,2
    		--57353195(+) GTGTGC/TGTGTG 2 -- int10--------
    rs712585141,2
    		C--57353211(+) TGTGTGT/-TTAAT 2 -- int11Minor allele frequency- -:0.00NA 2
    rs1826697001,2
    		--57353221(+) TGGGGA/GCATAG 2 -- int10--------
    rs1854623711,2
    		--57353347(+) AGGAAC/TTAAAT 2 -- int10--------
    rs1399053671,2
    		C--57353384(+) AGGAG-/AAGAAA 2 -- int10--------
    rs1396799161,2
    		--57353460(+) TGATGC/TGGAAA 2 -- int10--------

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PENK (57349233 - 57359293 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 3 variations for PENK
         3 CNVs: 95447 95446 82613
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PENK

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
    QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing PENK
    DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for PENK

    Disorders / Diseases
    for PENK gene

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section
    PENK for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 131330    OMIM disorders: --

    20/36 diseases for PENK (see all 36):    About MalaCards
    herpes simplex    drug dependence    squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck    squamous cell carcinoma
    pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma    radiculopathy    chronic pain    keratopathy
    parkinson's disease    diabetic neuropathy    was-related disorders    pheochromocytoma
    bipolar disorder    endometrial adenocarcinoma    bone cancer    colon cancer
    huntington's disease    neuropathy    pancreatic cancer    pancreatitis

    3 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for PENK:
    Parkinson's disease     Pain agnosia     Huntington's disease

    10/15 Novoseek disease relationships for PENK gene (see all 15)    About this table

    Disease   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    carcinoma squamous cell 41.6 18 9121309 (3), 14654962 (2), 12969794 (2), 15703840 (2) (see all 9)
    pancreatic cancer 41 27 10975710 (6), 15014352 (5), 10024694 (3), 10601579 (3) (see all 7)
    herpes simplex 33 8 12402268 (2), 14601516 (1), 19058913 (1), 16778687 (1) (see all 7)
    pancreatic tumor 22.4 2 9066724 (1), 10601579 (1)
    pheochromocytoma 17.1 6 7819329 (3), 8206338 (3)
    herpes 16.9 1 12402268 (1)
    colon tumor 12.2 1 8853403 (1)
    parkinsonism 10.5 1 17203488 (1)
    cancer 9.99 36 11029512 (2), 12747939 (2), 19675283 (2), 17910895 (2) (see all 17)
    colon cancer 9.02 16 8853370 (4), 8853403 (3), 8760211 (2), 16820893 (1) (see all 5)

    Genetic Association Database (GAD): PENK
    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PENK (10 documents)

    Export disorders for PENK gene to outside databases

    Publications
    for PENK gene

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for PENK gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 216):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PENK)    		    Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin gene. (PubMed id 6281660)1, 2, 3 Noda M.... Numa S. (1982)
    2. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    3. The structure of synenkephalin (pro-enkephalin 1-73) is dictated by three disulfide bonds. (PubMed id 9126357)1, 2 Lecchi P.... Pannell L.K. (1997)
    4. Primary structure of the human Met- and Leu-enkephalin precursor and its mRNA. (PubMed id 7057924)1, 2 Comb M.... Herbert E. (1982)
    5. Posttranslational processing of proenkephalin in SK-N-MC cells: evidence for phosphorylation. (PubMed id 1729392)1, 9 Lindberg I. and Shaw E. (1992)
    6. Opioid neuropeptide genotypes in relation to heroin abuse: dopamine tone contributes to reversed mesolimbic proenkephalin expression. (PubMed id 18184800)1, 9 Nikoshkov A....Hurd Y.L. (2008)
    7. Proenkephalin assists stress-activated apoptosis through transcriptional repression of NF-kappaB- and p53-regulated gene targets. (PubMed id 17599100)1, 9 McTavish N....Spruce B.A. (2007)
    8. Proenkephalin is a nuclear protein responsive to growth arrest and differentiation signals. (PubMed id 7559749)1, 9 Bottger A. and Spruce B.A. (1995)
    9. Association and linkage studies of CRH and PENK genes in bipolar disorder: a collaborative IGSLI study. (PubMed id 10893493)4, 9 Alda M....Rouleau G.A. (2000)
    10. The opioid system in alcohol and drug dependence: family-based association study. (PubMed id 17503481)1, 9 Xuei X....Edenberg H.J. (2007)

    External Searches for PENK gene

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
    About This Section
     ANDOR
    Aliases
    Disorders
    Free Text  
      Query String
    		PubMed
    OMIM
    NCBI Bookshelf
      (Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

    Genome Databases showing PENK gene

    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 5179 HGNC: 8831 AceView: PENK Ensembl:ENSG00000181195 euGenes: HUgn5179
    ECgene: PENK H-InvDB: PENK

    Other Databases showing PENK gene

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
    		   --

    Specialized Databases showing PENK gene

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for PENK Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    Intellectual Property
    for PENK gene

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    		Patent Information for PENK gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving PENK

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



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    About This Section

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