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Category Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21

GIFtS
-

PARP1 Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 71
GCID: GC01M226548

poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1

(Previous names: ADP-ribosyltransferase (NAD+; poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase),...)
(Previous symbols: PPOL, ADPRT)

Explore 211 diseases affiliated with
PARP1 via

MalaCards

our new
Human Malady Compendium

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1¹ ²		NAD(+) ADP-Ribosyltransferase 1² ³
ADPRT¹ ² ³ ⁵		EC 2.4.2.30³ ⁸
PPOL¹ ² ³ ⁵		ADPRT1²
PARP¹ ² ⁵		ADP-Ribosyltransferase NAD(+)²
ADP-Ribosyltransferase (NAD+; Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase)¹ ²		PADPRT-1¹
Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Family, Member 1¹ ²		Poly [ADP-Ribose] Polymerase 1²
Poly[ADP-Ribose] Synthase 1² ³		Poly(ADP-Ribosyl)Transferase¹
ARTD1² ³		Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase²
PARP-1² ³		Poly(ADP-Ribose) Synthetase²
ADP-Ribosyltransferase Diphtheria Toxin-Like 1² ³		EC 2.4.2⁸
ADPRT 1² ³

External Ids:	HGNC: 270¹	Entrez Gene: 142²	Ensembl: ENSG00000143799⁷	OMIM: 173870⁵	UniProtKB: P09874³

Export aliases for PARP1 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC01M222855 GC01M224615 GC01M197065 GC01M224102

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for PARP1:

This gene encodes a chromatin-associated enzyme, poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase, which modifies various nuclear proteins

by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. The modification is dependent on DNA and is involved in the regulation of various important

cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and tumor transformation and also in the regulation of the

molecular events involved in the recovery of cell from DNA damage. In addition, this enzyme may be the site of

mutation in Fanconi anemia, and may participate in the pathophysiology of type I diabetes. (provided by RefSeq, Jul

2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PARP1_HUMAN, P09874

Function: Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited

number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA

damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand

breaks. Mediates the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of APLF and CHFR. Positively regulates the transcription of MTUS1 and

negatively regulates the transcription of MTUS2/TIP150. With EEF1A1 and TXK, forms a complex that acts as a T-helper 1

(Th1) cell-specific transcription factor and binds the promoter of IFN-gamma to directly regulate its transcription,

and is thus involved importantly in Th1 cytokine production

summary for PARP1:

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) catalyzes the post-translational modification of proteins by the

addition of multiple ADP-ribose moieties. PARP transfers ADP-ribose from nicotinamide dinucleotide (NAD) to

glu/asp residues on the substrate protein, and also polymerizes ADP-ribose to form long/branched chain

polymers. PARP-1, one of 5 confirmed PARPs, is the most abundant and highly expressed enzyme. PARP1 detects

and relocates to single strand breaks or nicks in chromosomal DNA. PARP-1 is thought to play an important

role in the initiation of the DNA repair pathway, although high levels of activation are also associated

with increased apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress. In addition, PARP-1 may also operate downstream of

the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway through direct interaction with ERK2 in the nucleus in a mechanism DNA damage. PARP

inhibitors are being developed for use in a number of pathologies including cancer, diabetes, stroke and

cardiovascular disease.

Gene Wiki entry for PARP1

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section

RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000001.10 NC_018912.1 NT_167186.1

Regulatory elements:

SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PARP1 gene promoter:
Sp1 AP-2alpha isoform 3 AP-1 ATF-2 AP-2alpha isoform 2 C/EBPalpha c-Jun AP-2alpha isoform 4 AP-2alpha AP-2alphaA
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: PARP1 promoter sequence

Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PARP1

Epigenetics:

QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PARP1

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 1q41-q42 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 1q42.12 HGNC cytogenetic band: 1q41-q42

PARP1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PARP1 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 1 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC01M226548: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	226,548,392 bp from pter	End:	226,595,801 bp from pter
Size:	47,410 bases	Orientation:	minus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to ²PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PARP1_HUMAN, P09874 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1

Size: 1014 amino acids; 113084 Da

Subunit: Component of a base excision repair (BER) complex, containing at least XRCC1, PARP2, POLB and LRIG3. Homo- and

heterodimer with PARP2. Interacts with PARP3, APTX and SRY. The SWAP complex consists of NPM1, NCL, PARP1 and SWAP70.

Interacts with TIAM2 (By similarity). Interacts (when poly-ADP-ribosylated) with CHD1L. Interacts with the DNA

polymerase alpha catalytic subunit POLA1; this interaction functions as part of the control of replication fork

progression. Interacts with EEF1A1, RNF4 and TXK. Interacts with RNF146. Interacts with ZNF423. Interacts with SNAI1

(via zinc fingers); the interaction requires SNAI1 to be poly-ADP-ribosylated and non-phosphorylated (active) by GSK3B

Subcellular location: Nucleus. Nucleus, nucleolus

Miscellaneous: The ADP-D-ribosyl group of NAD(+) is transferred to an acceptor carboxyl group on a histone or the

enzyme itself, and further ADP-ribosyl groups are transferred to the 2'-position of the terminal adenosine moiety,

building up a polymer with an average chain length of 20-30 units

6/23 PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for PARP1 (see all 23):

1UK0 (3D)

1UK1 (3D)

1WOK (3D)

2COK (3D)

2CR9 (3D)

2CS2 (3D)

Secondary accessions: B1ANJ4 Q8IUZ9

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PARP1: NX_P09874

Post-translational modifications:

Phosphorylated by PRKDC and TXK¹

Poly-ADP-ribosylated by PARP2. Poly-ADP-ribosylation mediates the recruitment of CHD1L to DNA damage sites¹

S-nitrosylated, leading to inhibit transcription regulation activity (By similarity)¹

View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus²

View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P09874

4/37 DME Specific Peptides for PARP1 (P09874) (see all 37)

MIEKLGG

YNEYIVY

YVKNTHA

KTDIKVV

PARP1 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb: About this image

REFSEQ proteins: NP_001609.2

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000355759 ENSP00000355757 ENSP00000355755 ENSP00000355756

Reactome Protein details: P09874
Human Recombinant Protein Products:

	Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
	Browse R&D Systems for human recombinant proteins
	Enzo Life Sciences proteins for PARP1
	OriGene Purified Protein: PARP1 Browse OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysates OriGene Custom Protein Services for PARP1
	GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for PARP1
	Novus Biologicals PARP1 Proteins
	Sino Biological Recombinant Protein for PARP1
	ProSpec Recombinant Protein for PARP1
	Uscn Proteins for PARP1

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/6 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 6): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005634	nucleus	IDA	--
GO:0005635	nuclear envelope	IDA	9518481
GO:0005654	nucleoplasm	TAS	--
GO:0005667	transcription factor complex	IDA	19303849
GO:0005730	nucleolus	IDA	9518481

PARP1 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

PARP1 Antibody Products:

	EMD Millipore Mono- and Polyclonal Antibodies for the study of PARP1
	R&D Systems Antibodies for PARP1 (PARP)
	Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Antibodies for PARP1
	OriGene Antibodies: PARP1 OriGene Custom Antibody Services for PARP1
	GenScript Custom Superior Antibodies Services for PARP1
	Novus Biologicals PARP1 Antibodies
	Abcam antibodies for PARP1
	Uscn Antibodies for PARP1
	ThermoFisher Antibody for PARP1

Assay Products for PARP1:

	EMD Millipore Kits and Assays for the Analysis of PARP1
	OriGene Custom Immunoassay Development Browse OriGene Fluorogenic Cell Assay Kits
	R&D Systems Apoptosis Detection Kits & Reagents for PARP1 (PARP) (see all)
	GenScript Custom Assay Services for PARP1
	Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Sandwich ELISA Kits for PARP1
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for PARP1

(According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
About This Section

PARP1 for domains About GeneDecksing

5/7 InterPro domains/families (see all 7):

IPR012982 PADR1

IPR008288 NAD_ADPRT

IPR004102 Poly(ADP-ribose)pol_reg_dom

IPR012317 Poly(ADP-ribose)pol_cat_dom

IPR001510 Znf_PARP

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P09874

ProtoNet protein and cluster: P09874

5 Blocks protein families:

IPB001357 BRCT domain

IPB001510 Zn-finger

IPB004102 Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase

IPB008893 WGR

IPB012982 PADR1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PARP1_HUMAN, P09874

Similarity: Contains 1 BRCT domain

Similarity: Contains 1 PARP alpha-helical domain

Similarity: Contains 1 PARP catalytic domain

Similarity: Contains 2 PARP-type zinc fingers

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
About This Section

Function Summary:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PARP1_HUMAN, P09874

Function: Involved in the base excision repair (BER) pathway, by catalyzing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a limited

number of acceptor proteins involved in chromatin architecture and in DNA metabolism. This modification follows DNA

damages and appears as an obligatory step in a detection/signaling pathway leading to the reparation of DNA strand

breaks. Mediates the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of APLF and CHFR. Positively regulates the transcription of MTUS1 and

negatively regulates the transcription of MTUS2/TIP150. With EEF1A1 and TXK, forms a complex that acts as a T-helper 1

(Th1) cell-specific transcription factor and binds the promoter of IFN-gamma to directly regulate its transcription,

and is thus involved importantly in Th1 cytokine production

Catalytic activity: NAD(+) + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n)-acceptor = nicotinamide + (ADP-D-ribosyl)(n+1)-acceptor

Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB): EC 2.4.2.30¹ ² EC 2.4.2²

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone: PARP1 Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PARP1
		8/9 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PARP1 (see all 9):
		hsa-miR-548o hsa-miR-551b* hsa-miR-7 hsa-miR-500a hsa-miR-223 hsa-miR-1323 hsa-miR-3143 hsa-miR-129-3p

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PARP1 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PARP1 (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: PARP1 OriGene siRNA: PARP1
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PARP1

Gene Editing
Products:

DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for PARP1

Clone Products:		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
		OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PARP1 (see all 3) OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for PARP1 OriGene custom cloning services � gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: PARP1 (NM_001618)
		Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for PARP1
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for PARP1
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat PARP1

Cell Line Products:		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for PARP1
		Search LifeMap BioReagents cell lines for PARP1

In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PARP1

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/7 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 7): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0003677	DNA binding	IEA	--
GO:0003950	NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity	TAS	--
GO:0005515	protein binding	IPI	--
GO:0008134	transcription factor binding	IPI	19303849
GO:0008270	zinc ion binding	IEA	--

PARP1 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

2 GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for PARP1:

G0/1 arrest

Increased G1 DNA content

Animal Models:
Mouse knock-outs for PARP1: Parp1^tm1Jmdm Parp1^tm1Hsmm Parp1^tm1Zqw
12 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 6 alleles) (MGI details for Parp1):

cellular	embryogenesis	growth/size	hearing/vestibular/ear	homeostasis/metabolism
immune system	integument	mortality/aging	nervous system	no phenotypic analysis
renal/urinary system	reproductive system

PARP1 for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

(Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
About This Section

Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/9 super-pathways (see all 9) About this table

See pathways by source

Super-pathway

contained gene-specific pathways

Apoptosis and survival_Caspase cascade

Apoptosis and survival Caspase cascade	1.00	Apoptosis and survival FAS signaling cascades	0.44
Apoptosis and survival_Caspase cascade	1.00	Caspase cascade in apoptosis	0.42
Apoptosis and survival_FAS signaling cascades	0.44	FAS pathway and Stress induction of HSP regulation	0.33

Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer

	Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer	1.00			Downregulation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 transcriptional activity	0.56
	Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex	0.61

Generic Transcription Pathway

Generic Transcription Pathway

1.00

Gene Expression

0.46

NAD metabolism

NAD metabolism

1.00

NAD metabolism

1.00

Apoptosis and Autophagy

Apoptosis and Autophagy

1.00

Pathway sources
See GeneCards unified pathways
Show all pathways

4 EMD Millipore Pathways for PARP1

	NAD metabolism
	Selected targets of Oct-3/4
	Apoptosis and survival Caspase cascade
	Apoptosis and survival FAS signaling cascades

1 Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Pathway for PARP1

Apoptosis and Autophagy

3 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathways for PARP1

	NAD metabolism
	Apoptosis and survival Caspase cascade
	Apoptosis and survival FAS signaling cascades

3 BioSystems Pathways for PARP1

	FAS pathway and Stress induction of HSP regulation
	Notch-mediated HES/HEY network
	Caspase cascade in apoptosis

5/6 Reactome Pathways for PARP1 (see all 6)

	Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex
	Downregulation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 transcriptional activity
	Generic Transcription Pathway
	Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer
	Signal Transduction

1 Kegg Pathway (Kegg details for PARP1):

Base excision repair

PARP1 for pathways About GeneDecksing

Interactions:

SABiosciences Gene Network Central^TM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for PARP1

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

5/839 Interacting proteins for PARP1 (P09874^{1, 2, 3} ENSP00000355759⁴) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 839)

Interactant		Interaction Details
GeneCard	External ID(s)	Interaction Details
HIST1H4C	P62805³, ENSP00000367034⁴	I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000367034
HIST1H4A	P62805³	I2D: score=3
HIST1H4B	P62805³	I2D: score=3
HIST1H4D	P62805³	I2D: score=3
HIST1H4E	P62805³	I2D: score=3

About this table

Gene Ontology (GO): 5/17 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 17): About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0000122	negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	TAS	--
GO:0000723	telomere maintenance	IEA	--
GO:0006259	DNA metabolic process	--	--
GO:0006281	DNA repair	TAS	17396150
GO:0006284	base-excision repair	IEA	--

PARP1 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
About This Section

PARP1 for compounds About GeneDecksing

EMD Millipore small molecules for PARP1:
Small Molecule - inhibitor

Enzo Life Sciences drugs & compounds for PARP1

Compounds for PARP1 available from Tocris Bioscience About this table

Compound	Action	CAS #
DR 2313	Potent PARP inhibitor	[284028-90-6]
3-Aminobenzamide	PARP inhibitor	[3544-24-9]
NU 1025	Potent PARP inhibitor	[90417-38-2]
BYK 49187	PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor	[163120-31-8]
PJ 34 hydrochloride	Potent PARP inhibitor	[344458-15-7]

3 HMDB Compounds for PARP1 About this table

Compound	Synonyms	CAS #	PubMed Ids
NAD	3-Carbamoyl-1-D-ribofuranosylpyridinium hydroxide 5'-ester with adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate (see all 28)	53-84-9	--
NADH	1,4-Dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (see all 17)	58-68-4	--
Niacinamide	3-Carbamoylpyridine (see all 77)	98-92-0	--

10/12 DrugBank Compounds for PARP1 (see all 12) About this table

Compound	Synonyms	CAS #	Type	Actions	PubMed Ids
2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-5-Quinoxalinecarboxamide	--	--	target	--	17139284 17016423 10592235
2-{3-[4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-3,6-Dihydro-1(2h)-Pyridinyl]Propyl}-8-Methyl-4(3h)-Quinazolinone	--	--	target	--	17139284 17016423 10592235
3,4-Dihydro-5-Methyl-Isoquinolinone	--	--	target	--	17139284 17016423 10592235
3-Methoxybenzamide	--	--	target	--	17139284 17016423 10592235
Carba-Nicotinamide-Adenine-Dinucleotide	--	--	target	--	17139284 17016423 10592235
(2R)-2-(7-carbamoyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-methylpyrrolidinium	--	--	target	--	10592235
2-(3'-Methoxyphenyl) Benzimidazole-4-Carboxamide	--	--	target	--	10592235
5-FLUORO-1-[4-(4-PHENYL-3,6-DIHYDROPYRIDIN-1(2H)-YL)BUTYL]QUINAZOLINE-2,4(1H,3H)-DIONE	--	--	target	--	10592235
6-AMINO-BENZO[DE]ISOQUINOLINE-1,3-DIONE	--	--	target	--	10592235
NU1025	--	90417-38-2	target	--	10592235

10/134 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for PARP1 gene (see all 134) About this table

Compound	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
adpribose	97	638	16391829 (3), 8657188 (3), 7578422 (3), 11185961 (3) (see all 99)
3-aminobenzamide	90.1	212	19699512 (3), 17444865 (2), 11996891 (2), 17217379 (2) (see all 99)
nad+	85.2	289	14769338 (5), 20181594 (4), 18239155 (4), 14594650 (4) (see all 99)
nu1025	83.2	30	11139322 (5), 20067769 (4), 9823965 (2), 19401788 (2) (see all 14)
polyadenosine diphosphate ribose	82.1	29	18440520 (2), 12854754 (1), 14645003 (1), 15388586 (1) (see all 25)
1,5-isoquinolinediol	80.2	26	9041562 (1), 15855340 (1), 15604259 (1), 17187679 (1) (see all 11)
nicotinamide	76.2	93	18600553 (3), 16021911 (3), 12519385 (2), 19127863 (2) (see all 58)
6 (5h)-phenanthridinone	75.5	14	11062748 (2), 12519385 (1), 9453543 (1), 10746948 (1) (see all 9)
sp 600125	72.7	11	14724571 (1), 16151469 (1), 16923120 (1), 19248828 (1) (see all 8)
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide	66.1	11	18695944 (1), 15729291 (1), 9972795 (1), 16546970 (1) (see all 6)

Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about PARP1

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
About This Section

REFSEQ mRNAs for PARP1 gene:

NM_001618.3

Unigene Cluster for PARP1:

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1

Hs.177766 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_001618

10 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000366794(uc001hqd.4) ENST00000490921 ENST00000463968 ENST00000491816

ENST00000468608 ENST00000498787 ENST00000469663 ENST00000366792 ENST00000366790

ENST00000366791

miRNA Products:		OriGene 3'-UTR Clone: PARP1 Browse OriGene MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
		QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat PARP1
		8/9 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PARP1 (see all 9):
		hsa-miR-548o hsa-miR-551b* hsa-miR-7 hsa-miR-500a hsa-miR-223 hsa-miR-1323 hsa-miR-3143 hsa-miR-129-3p

		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: PARP1 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
		OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for PARP1 (see all 7) OriGene shRNA RFP: PARP1 OriGene siRNA: PARP1
		QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PARP1

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Additional cDNA sequence:

AF401218.1 AK125650.1 AK225654.1 AK303340.1 AK312339.1 BC008660.1 BC014206.2 BC018620.1

BC021045.1 BC037545.1 J03473.1 M17081.1 M18112.1 M32721.1

24/30 DOTS entries (see all 30):

DT.100031860 DT.92459767 DT.95162798 DT.319999 DT.101966196 DT.121396081 DT.100039042 DT.99930369

DT.95162803 DT.100769656 DT.120774472 DT.121396123 DT.95257379 DT.87078950 DT.95162805 DT.95280602

DT.100638345 DT.100708068 DT.100774247 DT.100807045 DT.100844538 DT.120769781 DT.121396064 DT.121396074

24/742 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 742):

BQ786773 AA364693 BM700422 AW327805 BM761634 BE088480 BQ231548 BM759479

BQ694974 BU192831 AA826597 BG828480 BP870579 BE385657 BM478605 BU149272

AA478488 BM842322 AL046772 CR604398 BM480162 BG655856 BU168794 BM984251

GeneLoc Exon Structure

5/7 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for PARP1 (see all 7) About this scheme

ExUns:	1a	·	1b	·	1c	^	2a	·	2b	^	3	^	4a	·	4b	^	5a	·	5b	^	6	^	7	^	8	^	9	^	10	^	11	^	12	^	13	^	14	^	15	^	16a	·	16b	^	17a	·	17b	^	18a	·	18b	^
SP1:									-		-																														-
SP2:																																																			-
SP3:
SP4:					-				-		-
SP5:									-

ExUns:	19a	·	19b	^	20a	·	20b	^	21a	·	21b	^	22	^	23	^	24a	·	24b
SP1:									-
SP2:	-								-
SP3:
SP4:
SP5:

ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for PARP1

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
About This Section

PARP1 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS
CGAP TAG: GGAGCTCTTG

About this image
See PARP1 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
Genevestigator expression for PARP1

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.177766

SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including PARP1 (see all 11):

DNA Damage Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

Lymphoma in human mouse rat

Diabetes in human mouse rat

Stress & Toxicity PathwayFinder in human mouse rat

Cancer Drug Targets in human mouse rat

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In Situ
Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PARP1

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
About This Section

This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.

Orthologs for PARP1 gene from 8/28 species (see all 28) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
chicken (Gallus gallus)	Aves	PARP1¹	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1	75.17(n) 79.54(a)		396199 NM_205263.1 NP_990594.1
lizard (Anolis carolinensis)	Reptilia	PARP1⁶	--	77(a)	1 ↔ 1	1(251429659-251466915)
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	Amphibia	PARP²	NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase	77.05(n)		D14667.1
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	parp1¹	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1	69.45(n) 72.14(a)		560788 NM_001044942.1 NP_001038407.1
fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	Insecta	Parp¹	Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase	49.59(n) 43.8(a)		3355109 NM_001110982.2 NP_001104452.1
worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)	Secernentea	pme-1¹	Protein PME-1	48.33(n) 41.02(a)		266823 NM_058671.6 NP_491072.1
thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)	eudicotyledons	PARP1¹	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1	49.72(n) 42.02(a)		817690 NM_179834.1 NP_850165.1
rice (Oryza sativa)	Liliopsida	Os.31900²	Oryza sativa (japonica cultivar-group) cDNA clone0 more	71.35(n)		AK103479.1

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PARP1 (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for PARP1 (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
About This Section

Paralogs for PARP1 gene

PARP2² PARP3²

2 SIMAP similar genes for PARP1 using alignment to 5 protein entries: PARP1_HUMAN (see all proteins):

PARP2 LIG3

PARP1 for paralogs About GeneDecksing

1 Pseudogenes.org Pseudogene for PARP1
PGOHUM00000248684

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
About This Section

SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 1 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs3835704^1,2	C,	--	197076859(-)	`ATTTT-/TAGTCT`	1	--	int¹		1		NA	2
rs115924607^1,2	F,	--	226548011(+)	`CCTTCC/TGTAAA`	1	--	ds500¹		1		WA	118
rs185349917^1,2		--	226548065(+)	`TGAAAC/TGTAAA`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs76313876^1,2	F,	--	226548148(+)	`GAGCAG/AGATGA`	1	--	ds500¹		1		WA	118
rs111264055^1,2	C	--	226548184(+)	`AGCCG-/AAAAAA`	1	--	ds500¹		1		CSA	2
rs190997907^1,2		--	226548274(+)	`GGCACA/GTTCTG`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs3219150^1,2	C,F,	--	226548313(-)	`CTTTGG/CGGGGA`	1	--	ds500¹		2		NS WA	292
rs56232840^1,2	C,	--	226548359(+)	`TCTGTA/GGTCAG`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs3219149^1,2	C,F,H,	--	226548417(-)	`TACTCG/TATTAA`	1	--	ut3¹ ese³		10		NS MN EA	978
rs183554484^1,2		--	226548447(+)	`AAGTAC/TATTTG`	1	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PARP1 (226548392 - 226595801 bp)
Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for PARP1: --
Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PARP1

SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays

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(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
About This Section

PARP1 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

OMIM gene information: 173870    OMIM disorders: --

20/211 diseases for PARP1 (see all 211):    About MalaCards

fanconi's anemia spinal cord injury open-angle glaucoma estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer

diphtheria oculomotor apraxia spinal muscular atrophy anemia

primary open angle glaucoma age related macular degeneration dna topoisomerase i graft versus host disease

bladder transitional cell papilloma non-small cell lung carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma brain injury

pre-eclampsia acoustic neuroma traumatic brain injury anaplastic large cell lymphoma

7 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for PARP1:

Cholera Diphtheria Breast cancer Pertussis

Cerebrovascular accident Leukemia Toxic encephalopathy

10/92 Novoseek disease relationships for PARP1 gene (see all 92) About this table

Disease	-log (P-Val)	Hits	PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
cancer	71	197	1837923 (3), 19934756 (3), 18221025 (3), 19362586 (3) (see all 99)
leukemia	68.1	26	16323285 (3), 15142883 (2), 11807010 (2), 9013854 (1) (see all 21)
tumors	63.9	238	19823047 (5), 15142883 (4), 11935214 (3), 19383921 (3) (see all 99)
necrosis	62.2	147	10373561 (4), 10868778 (3), 19529948 (3), 11907276 (3) (see all 99)
promyelocytic leukemia	60.2	6	15246875 (1), 2121532 (1), 15375593 (1), 11456129 (1) (see all 6)
colon cancer	59.8	16	10100720 (4), 16809434 (2), 11494135 (1), 16157217 (1) (see all 8)
breast cancer	56.4	77	16906222 (6), 17560163 (4), 16810332 (3), 20164690 (3) (see all 51)
myeloid leukemia	53.6	4	19407318 (1), 15756438 (1), 12382020 (1), 17156654 (1)
prostate cancer	52.6	11	15252149 (1), 15868402 (1), 17295209 (1), 18377872 (1) (see all 11)
ovarian cancer	50.4	13	18837894 (2), 1904797 (1), 12520732 (1), 20124459 (1) (see all 12)

Genetic Association Database (GAD): PARP1
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PARP1 (82 documents)

Export disorders for PARP1 gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
About This Section

PubMed articles for PARP1 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 2503):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PARP1)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

PARP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by sumoy lation upon heat shock. (PubMed id 19779455)^{1, 2, 9} Martin N....Dejean A. (2009)
A novel human AP endonuclease with conserved zinc-finger-like motifs involved in DNA strand break responses. (PubMed id 17396150)^{1, 2, 9} Kanno S....Yasui A. (2007)
A dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene is not associated with predisposition to type 1 diabetes in French Caucasians. (PubMed id 11591122)^{1, 4, 9} Delrieu O....Caillat-Zucman S. (2001)
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in the nervous system. (PubMed id 10964595)^{1, 3, 9} Ha H.C. and Snyder S.H. (2000)
Suppression of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity by DNA- dependent protein kinase in vitro. (PubMed id 10467406)^{1, 2, 9} Ariumi Y.... Noda M. (1999)
Poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent regulation of Snail1 prote in stability. (PubMed id 21577210)^{1, 2} RodrA-guez M.I....Oliver F.J. (2011)
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) transcriptionally regulates angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) and AT2R binding protein (ATBP) genes. (PubMed id 19344625)^{1, 2} Reinemund J.... Funke-Kaiser H. (2009)
Poly(ADP-ribose)-dependent regulation of DNA repair by the chromatin remodeling enzyme ALC1. (PubMed id 19661379)^{1, 2} Ahel D....Boulton S.J. (2009)
Poly(ADP-ribose)-binding zinc finger motifs in DNA repair/checkpoint proteins. (PubMed id 18172500)^{1, 2} Ahel I....West S.C. (2008)
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 interacts with Sry and modulates its biological functions. (PubMed id 16904257)^{1, 2} Li Y.... Lau Y.-F.C. (2006)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
About This Section

		AND	OR
Aliases
Disorders
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
	(Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
About This Section

Entrez Gene: 142	HGNC: 270	AceView: PARP1	Ensembl:ENSG00000143799	euGenes: HUgn142
ECgene: PARP1	Kegg: 142	H-InvDB: PARP1

(According to HUGE)
About This Section

(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
About This Section

Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for PARP1	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for PARP1	Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
NIEHS-SNPs	http://egp.gs.washington.edu/data/adprt/

Intellectual Property for PARP1 gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for PARP1 gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving PARP1

GeneCards and IP:
Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards Improving the IP Search

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In Situ Hybridization Assays from
Advanced Cell Diagnostics
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poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1

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PARP1 (Gene Symbol)
Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1
ADPRT
PPOL
PARP
ADP-Ribosyltransferase (NAD+; Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase)
Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Family, Member 1
Poly[ADP-Ribose] Synthase 1
ARTD1
PARP-1
ADP-Ribosyltransferase Diphtheria Toxin-Like 1
ADPRT 1
NAD(+) ADP-Ribosyltransferase 1
EC 2.4.2.30
ADPRT1
ADP-Ribosyltransferase NAD(+)
PADPRT-1
Poly [ADP-Ribose] Polymerase 1
Poly(ADP-Ribosyl)Transferase
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase
Poly(ADP-Ribose) Synthetase
EC 2.4.2

Lymphoblastic Leukemia Acute Childhood
Lymphoma Large Cell
Retinoblastoma
Acute myocardial infarction
ADENOCARCINOMA LUNG
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Shock Traumatic
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PARP1 Gene

poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1

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for PARP1 gene

Drugs & Compounds
for PARP1 gene

Transcripts
for PARP1 gene

Expression
for PARP1 gene

Orthologs
for PARP1 gene

Paralogs
for PARP1 gene

Genomic Variants
for PARP1 gene

Disorders / Diseases
for PARP1 gene

Publications
for PARP1 gene

Intellectual Property
for PARP1 gene

Products
for PARP1 gene