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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

PACRG Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 51
GCID: GC06P163118

PARK2 co-regulated

 Explore 17 diseases affiliated with
PACRG via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for PACRG
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
PARK2 Co-Regulated1 2     Glup1
HAK0057711 2     RP3-495O10.22
PARK2CRG1 2     Parkin Co-Regulated Gene Protein2
Molecular Chaperone/Chaperonin-Binding Protein2 3     Parkin Coregulated Gene Protein2
GLUP2 3     PARK2 Coregulated Gene Protein3
FLJ327241     

External Ids:    HGNC: 191521   Entrez Gene: 1351382   Ensembl: ENSG000001125307   OMIM: 6084275   UniProtKB: Q96M983   

Export aliases for PACRG gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC06P162502 GC06P163021 GC06P163057 GC06P160600


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for PACRG:
This gene encodes a protein that is conserved across metazoans. In vertebrates, this gene is linked in a head-to-head
arrangement with the adjacent parkin gene, which is associated with autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease.
These genes are co-regulated in various tissues and they share a bi-directional promoter. Both genes are associated
with susceptibility to leprosy. The parkin co-regulated gene protein forms a large molecular complex with chaperones,
including heat shock proteins 70 and 90, and chaperonin components. This protein is also a component of Lewy bodies in
Parkinson's disease patients, and it suppresses unfolded Pael receptor-induced neuronal cell death. Multiple
transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. (provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PACRG_HUMAN, Q96M98
Function: Suppresses cell death induced by accumulation of unfolded Pael receptor (Pael-R, a substrate of Parkin).
Facilitates the formation of inclusions consisting of Pael-R, molecular chaperones, protein degradation molecules and
itself when proteasome is inhibited. May play an important role in the formation of Lewy bodies and protection of
dopaminergic neurons against Parkinson disease

Gene Wiki entry for PACRG


(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000006.11  NC_018917.1  NT_025741.15  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the PACRG gene promoter:
         GR   GR-alpha   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmidPACRG promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for PACRG

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat PACRG


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 6q26   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  6q26   HGNC cytogenetic band: 6q26

PACRG Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
PACRG gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 6         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC06P163118:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
163,148,164 bp from pter      End:
163,736,524 bp from pter
Size:
588,361 bases      Orientation:
plus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PACRG_HUMAN, Q96M98 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Parkin coregulated gene protein  
Size: 296 amino acids; 33342 Da
Subunit: Forms a large molecular chaperone complex containing heat shock proteins 70 and 90 and chaperonin components.
Interacts with STIP1, PARK2, GPR37, HSPA8, TCP1/CCT1, CCT2, CCT3, CCT4, CCT5, CCT6A, CCT7, CCT8. Interacts with MEIG1
(By similarity)
Miscellaneous: Linked to PARK2 in a head-to-head arrangement on opposite DNA strands and share a common 5'-flanking
promoter region
Secondary accessions: E1P5B5 Q6IMB8 Q8IZM1 Q8NHP5 Q9H1V9
Alternative splicing: 2 isoforms:  Q96M98-1   Q96M98-2   (May be due to exon skipping)

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for PACRG: NX_Q96M98

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q96M98

  • PACRG Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins (3 alternative transcripts): 
    NP_001073847.1  NP_001073848.1  NP_689623.2  

    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000337946   ENSP00000355855   ENSP00000355854   ENSP00000440706   ENSP00000442879  
     ENSP00000438242  

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    Uscn Proteins for PACRG

    Gene Ontology (GO): 4 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005739mitochondrion IEA--
    GO:0005929cilium ----
    GO:0044297cell body IEA--
    GO:0097225sperm midpiece IEA--


    PACRG for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    PACRG for domains           About GeneDecksing

    1 InterPro domain/family:
     IPR019399 Parkin_co-regulated_protein

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q96M98

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q96M98


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PACRG_HUMAN, Q96M98
    Function: Suppresses cell death induced by accumulation of unfolded Pael receptor (Pael-R, a substrate of Parkin).
    Facilitates the formation of inclusions consisting of Pael-R, molecular chaperones, protein degradation molecules and
    itself when proteasome is inhibited. May play an important role in the formation of Lewy bodies and protection of
    dopaminergic neurons against Parkinson disease

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    hsa-miR-374b* hsa-miR-448 hsa-miR-499-3p hsa-miR-3924 hsa-miR-3647-3p hsa-miR-340 hsa-miR-3133 hsa-miR-1284
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    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section



    Interactions:

        SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for PACRG

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 1 interactants - click image to see more details)

    1 Interacting protein for PACRG (ENSP000003379464) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    MEIG1ENSP000003674864STRING: ENSP00000367486
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 biological process term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0007286spermatid development IEA--


    PACRG for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for PACRG
    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about PACRG 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for PACRG gene (3 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_001080378.1  NM_001080379.1  NM_152410.2  

    Unigene Cluster for PACRG:

    PARK2 co-regulated
    Hs.25791  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_152410
    9 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000337019(uc003qua.3) ENST00000366889(uc003qub.3) ENST00000366888(uc003quc.3)
    ENST00000542669 ENST00000544266 ENST00000541974 ENST00000534958 ENST00000545186
    ENST00000542936

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    8/13 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate PACRG (see all 13):
    hsa-miR-374b* hsa-miR-448 hsa-miR-499-3p hsa-miR-3924 hsa-miR-3647-3p hsa-miR-340 hsa-miR-3133 hsa-miR-1284
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidPACRG 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
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    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat PACRG
    Clone
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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AF546872.1 AK057286.1 BC030642.2 BC044227.1 

    6 DOTS entries:

    DT.97840033  DT.100749673  DT.99943065  DT.86846739  DT.95266722  DT.91898239 

    24/64 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 64):

    AW205586 BU624957 AA398695 BK001670 BM980788 AF546872 AA776722 BC044227 
    BM708518 BE501088 BX282726 AI188068 BG221533 BC030642 AA916760 NM_152410 
    AI347899 BM552762 AI830880 BE672396 AA393483 AA932585 BI599952 BI912716 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure

    3 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for PACRG    About this scheme

    ExUns: 1a · 1b ^ 2a · 2b ^ 3 ^ 4 ^ 5 ^ 6 ^ 7a · 7b
    SP1:              -                                             
    SP2:              -                             -               
    SP3:                                            -               


    ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for PACRG

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    PACRG expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: CTGGAACACG

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)

    About this image
    See PACRG Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for PACRG

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.25791

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PACRG_HUMAN, Q96M98
    Tissue specificity: Expressed in all immune tissues, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, leukocyte and bone marrow.
    Expressed also in heart, brain, skeletal muscle, kidney, lung and pancreas. Expressed in primary Schwann cells and
    very weakly by monocyte-derived macrophages the primary host cells of Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of
    leprosy. Component of Lewy bodies, intraneuronal inclusions found in the brain of Parkinson disease patients

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    In Situ
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    Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for PACRG

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

    Orthologs for PACRG gene from 5/23 species (see all 23)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves PACRG1 PARK2 co-regulated 81.9(n)
    88.36(a)
      421576  XM_419614.3  XP_419614.2 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia PACRG6
    --
    89(a)
    1 ↔ 1
    1(210426699-210435741)
    tropical clawed frog
    (Xenopus tropicalis)
    Amphibia Str.164552 Transcribed sequence with weak similarity to protein more 81.24(n)    BX699883.1 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii Dr.90812 Transcribed sequence with weak similarity to protein more 79.75(n)    57071368 
    fruit fly
    (Drosophila melanogaster)
    Insecta CG151201 CG15120 61.63(n)
    59.9(a)
      37248  NM_137584.2  NP_611428.1 


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for PACRG (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for PACRG (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for PACRG gene
    PACRGL2  
    7 SIMAP similar genes for PACRG using alignment to 5 protein entries:     PACRG_HUMAN (see all proteins):
    PFKFB3    TUBA1C    NCKAP1L    AURA2    COQ5    C21orf37
    C12orf76

    PACRG for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: PACRG_HUMAN, Q96M98
    Polymorphism: Involved in susceptibility to leprosy (LPRS2) [MIM:607572]. LPRS2 is associated with polymorphisms in the
    5'-regulatory region shared by the PARK2 gene


    10/10443 NCBI SNPs in PACRG are shown (see all 10443    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 6 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs104559171,2
    H,--160606120(+) CTGTTC/TTCATT 3 -- int14Minor allele frequency- T:0.00NS EA 388
    rs1123313141,2
    --160606831(+) TGTGTG/CATCTG 3 -- int12Minor allele frequency- C:0.04CSA WA 120
    rs593493651,2
    C,--160607116(+) ATTTAG/TTTGAG 3 -- int11Minor allele frequency- T:0.50WA 2
    rs744699601,2
    --160608142(+) TCACCC/TGTTTT 3 -- int10--------
    rs608989211,2
    F,--160608202(+) TTTCTT/GTCATC 3 -- int11Minor allele frequency- G:0.13EA 120
    rs736019151,2
    C,--160608217(+) TTCTGT/GTTGTG 3 -- int12Minor allele frequency- G:0.25WA 120
    rs1129503551,2
    C,--160608798(+) TTGTAA/GTACTT 3 -- int10--------
    rs41297851,2
    C,F,--160611045(+) GTATAC/TATTTT 3 -- int17Minor allele frequency- T:0.09NA WA 382
    rs614893551,2
    C,--160611433(+) GAGATA/GTAGAG 3 -- int12Minor allele frequency- G:0.04WA 120
    rs1135901741,2
    --160611565(+) TGTACG/ATAAGA 3 -- int11Minor allele frequency- A:0.50CSA 2

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for PACRG (163148164 - 163398164 bp, first 250kb of PACRG)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 2 variations for PACRG
         2 CNVs: 2665 4515
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): PACRG

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    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    PACRG for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 608427    OMIM disorders: --

    17 diseases for PACRG:    About MalaCards
    parkinson's disease    autosomal recessive juvenile parkinson disease    leprosy    paratyphoid fever
    male infertility    acute lymphoblastic leukemia    chronic myeloid leukemia    lymphoblastic leukemia
    neuronitis    myeloid leukemia    hydrocephalus    pulmonary tuberculosis
    infertility    tonsillitis    leukemia    tuberculosis
    hypertension

    2 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for PACRG:
    Leprosy     Parkinson's disease

    2 Novoseek disease relationships for PACRG gene    About this table

    Disease   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    parkinsonism 53.4 4 15925106 (2), 17590346 (1), 17068781 (1)
    parkinson disease 50.8 4 17590346 (2), 19196541 (1), 15301585 (1)

    Genetic Association Database (GAD): PACRG
    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: PACRG (8 documents)

    Export disorders for PACRG gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for PACRG gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 35):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with PACRG)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Identification of a novel gene linked to parkin via a bi-directional promoter. (PubMed id 12547187)1, 2, 3, 9 West A.B.... Farrer M.J. (2003)
    2. Susceptibility to leprosy is associated with PARK2 and PACRG. (PubMed id 14737177)1, 2, 4 Mira M.T.... Schurr E. (2004)
    3. Genetic analysis of parkin co-regulated gene (PACRG) in patients with early-onset parkinsonism. (PubMed id 15925106)1, 4, 9 Deng H....Jankovic J. (2005)
    4. Association study of major risk single nucleotide polymorphisms in the common regulatory region of PARK2 and PACRG genes with leprosy in an Indian population. (PubMed id 16391553)1, 4 Malhotra D....Bamezai R.N. (2006)
    5. Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PubMed id 14702039)1, 2 Ota T.... Sugano S. (2004)
    6. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    7. A product of the human gene adjacent to parkin is a component of Lewy bodies and suppresses Pael receptor-induced cell death. (PubMed id 14532270)1, 2 Imai Y.... Takahashi R. (2003)
    8. The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. (PubMed id 14574404)1, 2 Mungall A.J.... Beck S. (2003)
    9. Abnormal methylation of the common PARK2 and PACRG promoter is associated with downregulation of gene expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia. (PubMed id 16287063)1, 9 Agirre X....Prosper F. (2006)
    10. Parkin Co-Regulated Gene (PACRG) is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasomal system and is present in the pathological features of Parkinsonian diseases. (PubMed id 17590346)1, 9 Taylor J.M....Lockhart P.J. (2007)

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    Entrez Gene: 135138 HGNC: 19152 AceView: PACRG Ensembl:ENSG00000112530 euGenes: HUgn135138
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