Aliases for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Aliases for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- NDUFA4, Mitochondrial Complex Associated Like 2 2 3 5
- NADH Dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) 1 Alpha Subcomplex, 4-Like 2 2 3
- NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase MLRQ Subunit Homolog 2 4
- NUOMS 3 4
- NADH Dehydrogenase [Ubiquinone] 1 Alpha Subcomplex Subunit 4-Like 2 3
- NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase MLRQ Subunit Homolog 3
External Ids for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- HGNC: 29836
- Entrez Gene: 56901
- Ensembl: ENSG00000185633
- UniProtKB: Q9NRX3
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- GC12M055915
- GC12M057629
- GC12M054667
Summaries for NDUFA4L2 Gene
GeneCards Summary for NDUFA4L2 Gene
NDUFA4L2 (NDUFA4, Mitochondrial Complex Associated Like 2) is a Protein Coding gene. Among its related pathways are Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. and Metabolism. An important paralog of this gene is NDUFA4.
No data available for Entrez Gene Summary , UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot , Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Genomics for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Regulatory Elements for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Enhancers for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- Elite enhancer and/or Elite enhancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data dump
Enhancers around NDUFA4L2 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Location for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- Chromosome:
- 12
- Start:
- 57,234,903 bp from pter
- End:
- 57,240,762 bp from pter
- Size:
- 5,860 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
Genomic View for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Genes around NDUFA4L2 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 12q13.3 by Ensembl
- 12q13.3 by Entrez Gene
- 12q13.3 by HGNC
NDUFA4L2 Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Proteins for NDUFA4L2 Gene
-
Protein details for NDUFA4L2 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- Q9NRX3-NUA4L_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2
- Protein Accession:
- Q9NRX3
- Q6IAH9
Protein attributes for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- Size:
- 87 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 9966 Da
- Quaternary structure:
- No Data Available
Protein Expression for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Post-translational modifications for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Other Protein References for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- Invitrogen Antibodies for NDUFA4L2
- Search GeneTex for Antibodies for NDUFA4L2
-
St John's Laboratory Antibodies for NDUFA4L2
Protein Products
-
OriGene Purified Proteins for NDUFA4L2
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for NDUFA4L2
- Origene Custom Protein Services for NDUFA4L2
- Novus Biologicals lysates for NDUFA4L2
- Search GeneTex for Proteins for NDUFA4L2
Assay Products
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Domains & Families for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
Q9NRX3- Family:
-
- Belongs to the complex I NDUFA4 subunit family.
No data available for Gene Families for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Function for NDUFA4L2 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0004129 | contributes_to cytochrome-c oxidase activity | IBA | -- |
| GO:0008137 | NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity | IBA | -- |
Phenotypes for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for NDUFA4L2:
-
- Increased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- shRNA abundance <= 50%
- Dynamic nuclei (hole, folded or small irregular)
- Decreased NF-kappaB reporter expression
- Resistant to vaccinia virus (VACV-A4L) infection
- Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2)
- Decreased POU5F1-GFP protein expression
- Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2)
- Decreased OCT4 protein expression
- Decreased NANOG protein expression
- Decreased viability after sindbis virus (SIN) dsTE12Q infection
- Decreased mitophagy mCherry-Parkin protein expression after carbonyl cyanide m-chlorphenylhydrazone (CCCP) stimulation
- Decreased Sindbis virus (SIN) capsid and autophagosome LC3 protein colocalization
- Decreased viability
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
- Cyagen custom Knockout/knockin (KOKI) mouse models for NDUFA4L2
-
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for NDUFA4L2 gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for NDUFA4L2
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for NDUFA4L2
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for NDUFA4L2
miRNA for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target NDUFA4L2
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for NDUFA4L2
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene mouse_rna, siRNA, shRNA, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for NDUFA4L2
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For NDUFA4L2
- Search ViGene Biosciences for NDUFA4L2
Clone Products
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for NDUFA4L2
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for NDUFA4L2
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for NDUFA4L2
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for NDUFA4L2
-
ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for NDUFA4L2 gene
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for NDUFA4L2 gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for NDUFA4L2
Flow Cytometry Products
No data available for Molecular function , Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Human Phenotype Ontology , Animal Models , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Localization for NDUFA4L2 Gene
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| mitochondrion | 5 |
| extracellular | 3 |
| plasma membrane | 2 |
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005751 | mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV | IBA | -- |
| GO:0016020 | membrane | IEA | -- |
| GO:0016021 | integral component of membrane | IEA | -- |
No data available for Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Pathways & Interactions for NDUFA4L2 Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. | ||
| 2 | Metabolism | ||
Pathways by source for NDUFA4L2 Gene
1 BioSystems pathway for NDUFA4L2 Gene
6 KEGG pathways for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Interacting Proteins for NDUFA4L2 Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0055114 | oxidation-reduction process | IEA | -- |
| GO:1902600 | hydrogen ion transmembrane transport | IEA | -- |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Drugs & Compounds for NDUFA4L2 Gene
| Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe2+ |
|
15438-31-0 |
|
|||
| QH2 |
|
56275-39-9 |
|
|||
| Sulfide |
|
18496-25-8 |
|
Transcripts for NDUFA4L2 Gene
mRNA/cDNA for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- (3) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (5) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (232) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (7) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for NDUFA4L2 Gene
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for NDUFA4L2
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for NDUFA4L2
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for NDUFA4L2
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene mouse_rna, siRNA, shRNA, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for NDUFA4L2
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For NDUFA4L2
- Search ViGene Biosciences for NDUFA4L2
Clone Products
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for NDUFA4L2
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for NDUFA4L2
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for NDUFA4L2
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Flow Cytometry Products
| ExUns: | 1 | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3a | · | 3b | · | 3c | · | 3d | · | 3e | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | · | 4c | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6a | · | 6b | · | 6c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: |
Expression for NDUFA4L2 Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
- Bone (Muscoskeletal System)
- Neural Crest (Gastrulation Derivatives)
- Paraxial Mesoderm (Gastrulation Derivatives)
-
Ovary (Reproductive System)
- Cumulus Cells Antral Follicle
- Granulosa Cells Primary Follicle
- Cartilage (Muscoskeletal System)
- Brain (Nervous System)
- Gut Tube (Gastrointestinal Tract)
- Neural Tube (Nervous System)
- Lateral Plate Mesoderm (Gastrulation Derivatives)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for NDUFA4L2 Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Esophagus - Mucosa (x4.5).
This gene is overexpressed in Monocytes (35.8), Tlymphocyte (13.7), and Retina (13.4).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, MaxQB, and MOPED for NDUFA4L2 Gene
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of NDUFA4L2 Gene:
NDUFA4L2SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for NDUFA4L2 Gene:
Hs.75069Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for NDUFA4L2
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for NDUFA4L2
No data available for mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Orthologs for NDUFA4L2 Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | NDUFA4L2 34 35 |
|
||
| dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | NDUFA4L2 34 35 |
|
||
| rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Ndufa4l2 34 |
|
||
| mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Ndufa4l2 34 16 35 |
|
||
| lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | NDUFA4L2 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | ndufa4l2a 34 |
|
||
| ndufa4l2 35 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| NDUFA4L2 (1 of 2) 35 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | CG32230 35 |
|
OneToMany |
- Species where no ortholog for NDUFA4L2 was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
- African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- chicken (Gallus gallus)
- chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- oppossum (Monodelphis domestica)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
- rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- rice (Oryza sativa)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis)
- sea squirt (Ciona savignyi)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- soybean (Glycine max)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis)
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Paralogs for NDUFA4L2 Gene
(3) SIMAP similar genes for NDUFA4L2 Gene using alignment to 2 proteins:
Variants for NDUFA4L2 Gene
| SNP ID | Clin | Chr 12 pos | Sequence Context | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs111261674 | -- | 57,235,579(+) | GCCGG(A/C/T)CCTTC | reference, missense | |
| rs111262127 | -- | 57,239,099(+) | ATCCC(A/G)CTGGG | intron-variant, upstream-variant-2KB | |
| rs11172126 | -- | 57,236,763(+) | GCCCA(A/C)CCCAA | intron-variant | |
| rs11172127 | -- | 57,240,435(+) | GTGAT(G/T)GGAGC | intron-variant | |
| rs111813730 | -- | 57,237,552(+) | GGAGC(C/G)GGTCC | intron-variant, utr-variant-5-prime |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
57% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
0.43;
9.35% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Relevant External Links for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- SNPedia medical, phenotypic, and genealogical associations of SNPs for
- NDUFA4L2
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Disorders for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Relevant External Links for NDUFA4L2
- Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology:
- NDUFA4L2
No disorders were found for NDUFA4L2 Gene.
No data available for MalaCards , UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Genatlas for NDUFA4L2 Gene
Publications for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PMID: 15489334) Gerhard D.S. … Malek J. (Genome Res. 2004) 3 4 64
- Gene expression profiling in the human hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and full-length cDNA cloning. (PMID: 10931946) Hu R.-M. … Chen J.-L. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000) 3 4 64
- Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. (PMID: 25056061) (Nature 2014) 3 64
- A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. (PMID: 16169070) Stelzl U. … Wanker E.E. (Cell 2005) 3 64
- Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. (PMID: 14702039) Ota T. … Sugano S. (Nat. Genet. 2004) 3 64
Products for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- Browse R&D Systems for Antibodies
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- Browse R&D Systems for biochemical assays
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- Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for NDUFA4L2
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- OriGene Purified Proteins for NDUFA4L2
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- OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for NDUFA4L2
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs for NDUFA4L2
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- GenScript: Next-day shipping cDNA clones in your preferred vector
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- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for NDUFA4L2
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- CloneReady with Over 120,000 Genes
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- Novus Biologicals lysates for NDUFA4L2
- Novus Biologicals
- Novus Biologicals Tissue Microarrays
- ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for NDUFA4L2 gene
- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for NDUFA4L2 gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for NDUFA4L2
- Horizon Cell Lines for NDUFA4L2
- Cyagen custom Knockout/knockin (KOKI) mouse models for NDUFA4L2
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for NDUFA4L2
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for NDUFA4L2
- VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Sources for NDUFA4L2 Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
- (12) TrEMBL
- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
- (15) Blocks
- (16) MGI
- (17) IUBMB
- (18) KEGG
- (19) MINT
- (20) STRING
- (21) IntAct
- (22) Novoseek
- (23) PharmGKB
- (24) DrugBank
- (25) HMDB
- (26) UniGene
- (27) AceView
- (28) RNAdb
- (29) ASD
- (30) ECgene
- (31) GeneAnnot
- (32) SAGE
- (33) SOURCE
- (34) HomoloGene
- (35) PanEnsembl
- (36) euGenes
- (37) SGD
- (38) FlyBase
- (39) WormBase
- (40) Pseudogene
- (41) DGV
- (42) dbSNP
- (43) GenAtlas
- (44) GeneTests
- (45) HGMD
- (46) GAD
- (47) LSDB
- (48) BGMUT
- (49) HuGE
- (50) eBioscience
- (51) Atlas
- (52) Cell Signaling Technology
- (53) GenBank
- (54) H-invDB
- (55) HORDE
- (56) HUGE
- (57) IMGT
- (58) Leiden
- (59) MILLIPORE
- (60) miRBase
- (61) DME
- (62) NCBI
- (63) OriGene
- (64) PubMed
- (65) R&D Systems
- (66) TGDB
- (67) Tocris
- (68) Abcam
- (69) Novus
- (70) ProSpec
- (71) Sino Biological
- (72) GenScript
- (73) Qiagen
- (74) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (75) Enzo Life Sciences
- (76) OCA
- (77) Proteopedia
- (78) MOPED
- (79) SPIRE
- (80) neXtProt
- (81) Reactome
- (82) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (83) fRNAdb
- (84) DISEASES
- (85) SIMAP
- (86) GenomeRNAi
- (87) LifeMap
- (88) miRTarBase
- (89) MalaCards
- (90) Invitrogen
- (91) BitterDB
- (92) Vector BioLabs
- (93) ESI-BIO
- (94) RefSeq
- (95) BioSystems
- (96) MaxQB
- (97) IUPHAR
- (98) BioGPS
- (99) Illumina
- (100) COMPARTMENTS
- (101) HOMER
- (102) PaxDb
- (103) ApexBio
- (104) Addgene
- (105) antibodies-online
- (106) CYP
- (107) NONCODE
- (108) SwitchGear Genomics
- (109) TreeFam
- (110) PathCards
- (111) GeneReviews
- (112) GeneTex
- (113) Taconic Biosciences
- (114) GTEx
- (115) ProteomicsDB
- (116) SCBT
- (117) DGIdb
- (118) ClinicalTrials
- (119) FDA Approved Drugs
- (120) RVIS
- (121) SIGNOR
- (122) diseasecard
- (123) NIH Rare Diseases
- (124) Orphanet
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- (126) GTR
- (127) Disease Ontology
- (128) Genetics Home Reference
- (129) MeSH
- (130) MedlinePlus
- (131) CDC
- (132) NINDS
- (133) NCBI Bookshelf
- (134) ClinVar
- (135) Gene Damage Index
- (136) ViGene Biosciences
- (137) HPO
- (138) UDN
- (139) VISTA
- (140) FANTOM5
- (141) ENCODE
- (142) ProSci
- (143) Horizon
- (144) NURSA
- (145) IID
- (146) Cyagen
- (147) VectorBuilder
- (148) SNPedia
- (149) BRCA Exchange
- (150) St John's Lab