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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

MRPS22 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 50
GCID: GC03P138725

mitochondrial ribosomal protein S22

 Explore 7 diseases affiliated with
MRPS22 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for MRPS22
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S221 2     S22mt2 3
C3orf51 2 3 5     COXPD52 5
MRP-S221 2 3     GK0021
GIBT1 2     28S Ribosomal Protein S22, Mitochondrial2
RPMS222 3     

External Ids:    HGNC: 145081   Entrez Gene: 569452   Ensembl: ENSG000001751107   OMIM: 6058105   UniProtKB: P826503   

Export aliases for MRPS22 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC03P136006 GC03P139951 GC03P140383 GC03P140545 GC03P136438


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for MRPS22:
Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the
mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They
have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed.
Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA.
Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in
biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein
that does not seem to have a counterpart in prokaryotic and fungal-mitochondrial ribosomes. This gene lies telomeric
of and is transcribed in the opposite direction from the forkhead box L2 gene. A pseudogene corresponding to this gene
is found on chromosome Xq. (provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008)

Gene Wiki entry for MRPS22


(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000003.11  NC_018914.1  NT_005612.16  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the MRPS22 gene promoter:
         NRSF form 1   NRSF form 2   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmidMRPS22 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for MRPS22

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat MRPS22


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 3q23   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  3q23   HGNC cytogenetic band: 3q23

MRPS22 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
MRPS22 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 3         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC03P138725:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
138,724,648 bp from pter      End:
139,076,065 bp from pter
Size:
351,418 bases      Orientation:
plus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: RT22_HUMAN, P82650 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: 28S ribosomal protein S22, mitochondrial  
Size: 360 amino acids; 41280 Da
Subunit: Component of the mitochondrial ribosome small subunit (28S) which comprises a 12S rRNA and about 30 distinct
proteins
Subcellular location: Mitochondrion

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for MRPS22: NX_P82650

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P82650

  • MRPS22 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins: NP_064576.1  
    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000418008   ENSP00000417104   ENSP00000420482   ENSP00000418233   ENSP00000419920  
     ENSP00000419737   ENSP00000419303   ENSP00000420229   ENSP00000310785  

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    Uscn Proteins for MRPS22

    Gene Ontology (GO): 4 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005739mitochondrion IDA--
    GO:0005761mitochondrial ribosome NAS10938081
    GO:0005763mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit IDA10938081
    GO:0005840ribosome ----


    MRPS22 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    MRPS22 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    1 InterPro domain/family:
     IPR019374 Ribosomal_S22_mit

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P82650

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: P82650


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    miRNA
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    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 molecular function term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0003735structural constituent of ribosome IDA10938081


    MRPS22 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    3 GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for MRPS22:
     Decreased viability with pacli  G0/1 arrest  Increased G1 DNA content 


    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section



    Interactions:

        Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for MRPS22

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 14)

    5/364 Interacting proteins for MRPS22 (P826502, 3 ENSP000003107854) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 364)
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    UBCP0CG482, 3, ENSP000003448184MINT-6489355 I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000344818
    ICT1Q141972, 3, ENSP000003015854MINT-8079030 I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000301585
    ATP5C1P365422MINT-6488590 MINT-6489355 MINT-8079030
    DHX30Q7L2E32MINT-6488590 MINT-6489355 MINT-8079030
    PHBP352322MINT-6488590 MINT-6489355 MINT-8079030
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 biological process term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0008150biological_process ND--


    MRPS22 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for MRPS22
    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about MRPS22 / RT22 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for MRPS22 gene: 
    NM_020191.2  

    Unigene Cluster for MRPS22:

    Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S22
    Hs.75724  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: AL110129
    14 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000495075(uc003etb.3) ENST00000495225 ENST00000489521 ENST00000498505(uc003etc.3)
    ENST00000480938 ENST00000465056 ENST00000465373 ENST00000466690 ENST00000486705
    ENST00000478464 ENST00000483545 ENST00000480644 ENST00000492644 ENST00000310776


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    Browse SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmids
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:
         
    Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for MRPS22 (see all 4)
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    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AB208981.1 AF063603.1 AF226045.1 AF321613.1 AK027204.1 AK292852.1 AL110129.1 BC009296.2 

    18 DOTS entries:

    DT.100733020  DT.100849810  DT.85102808  DT.100673487  DT.120851129  DT.448885  DT.100673478  DT.100644503 
    DT.87017148  DT.318761  DT.100828512  DT.100828513  DT.120851108  DT.100849066  DT.120851057  DT.120851117 
    DT.120851152  DT.120851054 

    24/297 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 297):

    BM354136 CR624297 CA314418 BQ271816 BU508732 AI160707 BM784075 AA506372 
    BG256860 BM765364 BM459877 CB216244 BM843425 AF226045 BG944828 BQ576344 
    CR626182 AF063603 AI581289 BM794100 CR619759 CA434133 AA952910 CR610332 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure

    5/11 Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for MRPS22 (see all 11)    About this scheme

    ExUns: 1a · 1b · 1c ^ 2a · 2b ^ 3a · 3b ^ 4a · 4b · 4c ^ 5 ^ 6a · 6b · 6c · 6d · 6e ^ 7a · 7b · 7c ^ 8 ^ 9 ^ 10a · 10b · 10c
    SP1:                    -     -     -                                                     -     -     -                                             
    SP2:                    -     -     -                             -                       -     -     -                                             
    SP3:                    -     -     -                       -     -     -                 -     -     -                                             
    SP4:                                -                             -                       -     -     -                                             
    SP5:                    -     -     -                             -                       -     -     -                                             


    ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for MRPS22

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    MRPS22 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: --

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)

    About this image
    See MRPS22 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for MRPS22

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.75724
        SABiosciences Custom PCR Arrays for MRPS22
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    In Situ
    Assay Products:
     

     
    Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for MRPS22

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

    Orthologs for MRPS22 gene from 7/21 species (see all 21)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    mouse
    (Mus musculus)
    Mammalia Mrps221 , 5 mitochondrial ribosomal protein S221, 5 83.57(n)1
    79.11(a)1
      9 (51.41 cM)5
    646551  NM_025485.31  NP_079761.11 
     985887335 
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves MRPS221 mitochondrial ribosomal protein S22 65.82(n)
    63.49(a)
      424824  XM_422638.3  XP_422638.2 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia MRPS226
    --
    64(a)
    1 ↔ 1
    3(27525279-27534745)
    African clawed frog
    (Xenopus laevis)
    Amphibia Xl.183372 Xenopus laevis transcribed sequence with weak similarity to protein spP82650 (H.sapiens) RT22_HUMAN Mitochondrial 28S ribosomal protein S22 (MRP-S22) (GK002) less 72.74(n)    CD301940.1 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii Dr.296882 Transcribed sequence with weak similarity to protein spP82650 (H.sapiens) RT22_HUMAN Mitochondrial 28S ribosomal protein S22 (MRP-S22) (GK002) less 69.9(n)    CK353891.1 
    fruit fly
    (Drosophila melanogaster)
    Insecta mRpS221 , 3 protein biosynthesis structural constituent
    of ribosome less3
    mitochondrial ribosomal protein S221
    34(a)3
    46.14(n)1
    34.71(a)1
      98B63
    433451  NM_079813.21  NP_524537.11 
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    Secernentea C14A4.143
    mrps-221
    Protein MRPS-221 33(a)3
    47.17(n)1
    34.66(a)1
      II(10582539-10583985)3
    1746321  NM_063880.31  NP_496281.11 


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for MRPS22 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for MRPS22 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for MRPS22 gene

    MRPS22 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing


    1 Pseudogenes.org Pseudogene for MRPS22
    PGOHUM00000241431


    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/267 NCBI SNPs in MRPS22 are shown (see all 267    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 3 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs1194780591,2
    Cpathogenic246413587(+) GGAGCG/ATTTTA 2 /H /R mis11Minor allele frequency- A:0.00NA 4538
    rs68058191,2
    C,H--136436573(+) TTGGCA/GCAAAT 1 -- us2k14Minor allele frequency- G:0.00NS EA 420
    rs776513851,2
    --136436766(+) CATGCG/AGAATT 1 -- us2k11Minor allele frequency- A:0.01NA 120
    rs76525821,2
    C,H,--136437361(+) GAATCA/GTTTAA 1 -- us2k1 tfbs35Minor allele frequency- G:0.00NS EA WA 538
    rs76306041,2
    C,F,H,--136437422(+) ggctaG/Tgtgat 1 -- us2k18Minor allele frequency- T:0.01NS EA NA 914
    rs796551341,2
    --136437749(+) AGTCTC/GACTCT 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs1134834661,2
    F--136438568(+) ACGCGG/ATAGCC 1 -- int12Minor allele frequency- A:0.50CSA 6
    rs782204111,2
    --136439759(+) TTTTTG/TTAAAA 1 -- int11Minor allele frequency- T:0.50NA 2
    rs785318541,2
    F,--136440190(+) CGTGGC/AAGGAT 1 -- int11Minor allele frequency- A:0.02EA 120
    rs762396641,2
    --136440429(+) ACACAC/TGGCCT 1 -- int11Minor allele frequency- T:0.01WA 118

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for MRPS22 (138724648 - 138974648 bp, first 250kb of MRPS22)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
          Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for MRPS22: --
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): MRPS22

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
    QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing MRPS22
    DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for MRPS22

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    MRPS22 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 605810   
    OMIM disorders: 611719  
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: RT22_HUMAN, P82650
  • Defects in MRPS22 are the cause of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency type 5 (COXPD5) [MIM:611719].
  • COXPD5 is an antenatal mitochondrial disease. Patients show edema, cardiomyopathy, tubulopathy, and hypotonia

    7 diseases for MRPS22:    About MalaCards
    combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency    combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 5    blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome    cornelia de lange syndrome
    blepharophimosis    ptosis    hypotonia

    2 diseases from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for MRPS22:
    Blepharophimosis     Cornelia de Lange syndrome
    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: MRPS22 (1 document)

    Export disorders for MRPS22 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
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    PubMed articles for MRPS22 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 30):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with MRPS22)
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    1. The putative forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 is mutated in blepharophimosis/ptosis/epicanthus inversus syndrome. (PubMed id 11175783)1, 2, 3 Crisponi L....Pilia G. (2001)
    2. Antenatal mitochondrial disease caused by mitochondrial ribosomal protein (MRPS22) mutation. (PubMed id 17873122)1, 2 Saada A.... Elpeleg O. (2007)
    3. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    4. A proteomics approach to the identification of mammalian mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal proteins. (PubMed id 10938081)1, 2 Koc E.C....Spremulli L.L. (2000)
    5. The effect of mutated mitochondrial ribosomal proteins S16 and S22 on the assembly of the small and large ribosomal subunits in human mitochondria. (PubMed id 18539099)1, 9 Emdadul Haque M....Saada A. (2008)
    6. A census of human soluble protein complexes. (PubMed id 22939629)1 Havugimana P.C....Emili A. (2012)
    7. Charting the landscape of tandem BRCT domain-mediated protein interactions. (PubMed id 22990118)1 Woods N.T....Monteiro A.N. (2012)
    8. Genome-wide scan for loci of adolescent obesity and th eir relationship with blood pressure. (PubMed id 22013104)1 Melka M.G....Pausova Z. (2012)
    9. Interactome study suggests multiple cellular functions of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF). (PubMed id 21907836)1 Zhao J....Yang P. (2011)
    10. Initial characterization of the human central proteome. (PubMed id 21269460)2 Burkard T.R.... Colinge J. (2011)

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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    Entrez Gene: 56945 HGNC: 14508 AceView: MRPS22 Ensembl:ENSG00000175110 euGenes: HUgn56945
    ECgene: MRPS22 H-InvDB: MRPS22

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for MRPS22 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
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    Patent Information for MRPS22 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving MRPS22

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



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