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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

KRT74 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 49
GCID: GC12M052959

keratin 74

 Explore 4 diseases affiliated with
KRT74 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for KRT74
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Keratin 741 2     Cytokeratin-743
K6IRS41 2 3 5     Keratin 5c2
KRT6IRS41 2 3 5     Keratin 6 Irs42
KRT5C1 2 3     Keratin, Type II Cytoskeletal 742
Type II Inner Root Sheath-Specific Keratin-K6irs42 3     Keratin-5c3
Type-II Keratin Kb372 3     Keratin-743
CK-742 3     Cytokeratin-743
K5C2 3     KB373
K742 3     Keratin-5c3
HTSS22     Keratin-743

External Ids:    HGNC: 289291   Entrez Gene: 1213912   Ensembl: ENSG000001704847   OMIM: 6082485   UniProtKB: Q7RTS73   

Export aliases for KRT74 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC12M051246 GC12M050003


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

Entrez Gene summary for KRT74:
Keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are
subdivided into epithelial keratins and hair keratins. This protein belongs to a family of keratins that are
specifically expressed in the inner root sheath of hair follicles.(provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: K2C74_HUMAN, Q7RTS7
Function: Has a role in hair formation. Specific component of keratin intermediate filaments in the inner root sheath
(IRS) of the hair follicle (Probable)




(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000012.11  NC_018923.1  NT_029419.12  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the KRT74 gene promoter:
         ER-alpha   FOXF2   AML1a   p53   LCR-F1   E47   GATA-1   POU2F1   POU2F1a   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmidKRT74 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for KRT74

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat KRT74


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 12q13.13   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  12q13.13   HGNC cytogenetic band: 12q13.13

KRT74 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
KRT74 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 12         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC12M052959:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
52,959,566 bp from pter      End:
52,967,609 bp from pter
Size:
8,044 bases      Orientation:
minus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: K2C74_HUMAN, Q7RTS7 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 74  
Size: 529 amino acids; 57865 Da
Subunit: Heterotetramer of two type I and two type II keratins
Miscellaneous: There are two types of cytoskeletal and microfibrillar keratin, I (acidic) and II (neutral to basic)
(40-55 and 56-70 kDa, respectively)
Sequence caution: Sequence=DAA00404.1; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction;
Secondary accessions: B5MD61 Q86Y45

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for KRT74: NX_Q7RTS7

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q7RTS7

  • KRT74 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins: NP_778223.2  
    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000447447   ENSP00000307240  

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    Uscn Proteins for KRT74

    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 cellular component term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0045095keratin filament IEA--


    KRT74 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    KRT74 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    4 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR018039 Intermediate_filament_CS
     IPR001664 IF
     IPR016044 F
     IPR003054 Keratin_II

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q7RTS7

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q7RTS7

    2 Blocks protein families:
    IPB001664 Intermediate filament protein
    IPB003054 Type II keratin signature


    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: K2C74_HUMAN, Q7RTS7
    Similarity: Belongs to the intermediate filament family


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: K2C74_HUMAN, Q7RTS7
    Function: Has a role in hair formation. Specific component of keratin intermediate filaments in the inner root sheath
    (IRS) of the hair follicle (Probable)

    miRNA
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    1 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNA that regulate KRT74:
    hsa-miR-922
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    Inhib. RNA
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    Gene Ontology (GO): 1 molecular function term (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005198structural molecule activity IEA--


    KRT74 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for KRT74:
     Decreased viability with pacli 


    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section



    Interactions:

        Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for KRT74

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 2 interactants - click image to see more details)

    2 Interacting proteins for KRT74 (Q7RTS73 ENSP000003072404) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    ALKQ9UM733, ENSP000003737004I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000373700
    UBCENSP000003448184STRING: ENSP00000344818
    About this table

    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for KRT74
    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about KRT74 / K2C74 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for KRT74 gene: 
    NM_175053.3  

    Unigene Cluster for KRT74:

    Keratin 74
    Hs.660125  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: AJ508777
    3 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000549343 ENST00000305620(uc001sap.1) ENST00000546384

    miRNA
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    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat KRT74
    1 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNA that regulate KRT74:
    hsa-miR-922
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmidKRT74 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
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    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat KRT74
    Clone
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    Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat KRT74 
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      QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat KRT74

    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AF086480.1 AJ508777.1 

    1 DOTS entry:

    DT.111133 

    3 AceView cDNA sequences:

    NM_175053 AF086480 AJ508777 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    KRT74 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: --

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)

    About this image
    See KRT74 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for KRT74

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.660125

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: K2C74_HUMAN, Q7RTS7
    Tissue specificity: Highly expressed in hair follicles from scalp. In hair, it is specifically present in the inner
    root sheath (IRS) of the hair follicle. Present in the IRS Huxley layer, but not in Henle layer or cuticle of the IRS.
    In the IRS Huxley layer, it is expressed in specialized Huxley cells, termed 'Fluegelzellen, along the area of
    differentiated Henle cells (at protein level)

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    In Situ
    Assay Products:
     

     
    Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for KRT74

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals.

    Orthologs for KRT74 gene from 4/14 species (see all 14)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves Q6PVZ5_CHICK6
    KRT86
    --
    49(a)
    38(a)
    possible ortholog
    possible ortholog
    E22C19W28_E50C23(642021-648330)
    E22C19W28_E50C23(508667-511528)
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia --
    --
    (see all 3)
    --

    44(a)
    (see all 3)
    possible ortholog
    possible ortholog
    (see all 3)
    AAWZ02039762(4434-6932)
    2(95689880-95702695)
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii zgc:1369306
    wu:fb15e046
    (see all 3)
    wu:fb15e04
    (see all 3)
    21(a)
    18(a)
    (see all 3)
    possible ortholog
    possible ortholog
    (see all 3)
    2(32498013-32508762)
    21(24464941-24474821)
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)
    Secernentea ifp-16
    ifc-26
    (see all 12)
    Intermediate filament protein ifc-2
    (see all 12)
    8(a)
    6(a)
    (see all 12)
    possible ortholog
    possible ortholog
    (see all 12)
    X(9675786-9680111)
    X(642160-654902)


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for KRT74 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for KRT74 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for KRT74 gene
    KRT772  KRT6B2  KRT832  KRT762  KRT862  KRT32  KRT842  KRT82  
    KRT812  KRT712  KRT8P112  KRT782  KRT72  ENSG000001704422  KRT792  KRT722  
    KRT732  KRT52  KRT6C2  KRT6A2  KRT852  KRT22  KRT752  KRT12  
    KRT822  KRT42  
    18/39 SIMAP similar genes for KRT74 using alignment to 2 protein entries:     K2C74_HUMAN (see all proteins) (see all similar genes):
    KRTHB6    KRT71    KRT79    KRT5    KRT72    KRT1B
    KRT4    KRT6A    KRT7    KRT6B    KRT6C    KRT78
    KRT75    KRT77    KRT73    KRT121P    KRT86    KRT1

    KRT74 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/304 NCBI SNPs in KRT74 are shown (see all 304    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 12 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs2676072051,2
    Cpathogenic50010973(-) CTGAAC/GGACAA 2 N K mis10--------
    rs733183961,2
    C,--50003209(+) TACTAG/ACATTG 1 -- ds50012Minor allele frequency- A:0.07WA 120
    rs118343861,2
    H--50003332(+) GAGTCC/TTGCAC 1 -- ds50014Minor allele frequency- T:0.00NS EA 420
    rs171148831,2
    C,F,H,--50004971(+) GCCTAT/CTACGG 1 -- int121Minor allele frequency- C:0.03NA NS EA WA CSA 1884
    rs38586331,2
    C,F,H,--50005071(-) ATTTGG/CAGAAA 1 -- int1 trp321Minor allele frequency- C:0.10EA NA NS WA CSA 2256
    rs766784101,2
    F,--50005159(+) AGAACA/TTTTCC 1 -- int11Minor allele frequency- T:0.03NA 120
    rs740951431,2
    C,F,--50005172(+) TGAAGC/TCCAGA 1 -- int14Minor allele frequency- T:0.10WA CSA NA 242
    rs128301411,2
    H--50005468(+) ccttcA/Ttctta 1 -- int14Minor allele frequency- T:0.00NS EA 418
    rs128303491,2
    H--50005503(+) agataC/Ttagat 1 -- int14Minor allele frequency- T:0.00NS EA 420
    rs758637741,2
    --50005524(+) GACCAC/TACCAC 1 -- int11Minor allele frequency- T:0.01EA 120

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for KRT74 (52959566 - 52967609 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 1 variation for KRT74
         1 Indel: 66224
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): KRT74

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
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    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    KRT74 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 608248   
    OMIM disorders: 194300  
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: K2C74_HUMAN, Q7RTS7
  • Defects in KRT74 are a cause of woolly hair autosomal dominant (ADWH) [MIM:194300]. A hair shaft disorder
  • characterized by fine and tightly curled hair. Compared to normal curly hair that is observed in some populations,
    woolly hair grows slowly and stops growing after a few inches. Under light microscopy, woolly hair shows some
    structural anomalies, including trichorrhexis nodosa and tapered ends
  • Defects in KRT74 are the cause of hypotrichosis type 3 (HYPT3) [MIM:613981]. A condition characterized by the
  • presence of less than the normal amount of hair. Affected individuals have normal hair in early childhood but
    experience progressive hair loss limited to the scalp beginning in the middle of the first decade and almost complete
    baldness by the third decade. Body hair, beard, eyebrows, axillary hair, teeth, and nails develop normally

    4 diseases for KRT74:    About MalaCards
    woolly hair, autosomal dominant    hypotrichosis    pharyngitis    neuronitis

    1 disease from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for KRT74:
    Hypotrichosis
    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: KRT74 (3 documents)

    Export disorders for KRT74 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for KRT74 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 13):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with KRT74)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. K6irs1, K6irs2, K6irs3, and K6irs4 represent the inner-root-sheath-specific type II epithelial keratins of the human hair follicle. (PubMed id 12648212)1, 2, 3, 9 Langbein L....Schweizer J. (2003)
    2. Novel mutations in the keratin-74 (KRT74) gene underl ie autosomal dominant woolly hair/hypotrichosis in Pakistani families. (PubMed id 21188418)1, 2 Wasif N....Ahmad W. (2011)
    3. Autosomal-dominant woolly hair resulting from disrupt ion of keratin 74 (KRT74), a potential determinant of human hair texture. (PubMed id 20346438)1, 2 Shimomura Y....Christiano A.M. (2010)
    4. New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins. (PubMed id 16831889)1, 3 Schweizer J....Wright M.W. (2006)
    5. Genes for intermediate filament proteins and the draft sequence of the human genome: novel keratin genes and a surprisingly high number of pseudogenes related to keratin genes 8 and 18. (PubMed id 11683385)1, 2 Hesse M.... Weber K. (2001)
    6. Systematic and quantitative assessment of the ubiquiti n-modified proteome. (PubMed id 21906983)1 Kim W....Gygi S.P. (2011)
    7. Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score. (PubMed id 20379614)1 Rose J.E....Uhl G.R. (2010)
    8. Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis. (PubMed id 20068231)2 Olsen J.V....Mann M. (2010)
    9. Gene variants associated with ischemic stroke: the cardiovascular health study. (PubMed id 19023099)1 Luke M.M....Psaty B.M. (2009)
    10. Association of gene variants with incident myocardial infarction in the Cardiovascular Health Study. (PubMed id 17975119)1 Shiffman D....Psaty B.M. (2008)

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 121391 HGNC: 28929 AceView: K6IRS4 Ensembl:ENSG00000170484 euGenes: HUgn121391
    ECgene: KRT74 H-InvDB: KRT74

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for KRT74 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
    Human Intermediate Filament Mutation Databasehttp://www.interfil.org

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    Patent Information for KRT74 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving KRT74

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



    (Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, SABiosciences, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Uscn, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Cell lines from GenScript and LifeMap BioReagents, PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, and/or Enzo Life Sciences),
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