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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

IFNA16 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 53
GCID: GC09M021216

interferon, alpha 16

 Explore 11 diseases affiliated with
IFNA16 via our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for IFNA16
    

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section

Aliases
Interferon, Alpha 161 2
IFN-AlphaO1
Interferon Alpha-WA2 3
IFN-Alpha-161
IFN-Alpha-N-Protein1
Interferon Alpha-162

External Ids:    HGNC: 54211   Entrez Gene: 34492   Ensembl: ENSG000001478857   OMIM: 1475805   UniProtKB: P050153   

Export aliases for IFNA16 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC09M021543 GC09M021417 GC09M021206 GC09M021179


(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: IFN16_HUMAN, P05015
Function: Produced by macrophages, IFN-alpha have antiviral activities. Interferon stimulates the production of two
enzymes: a protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase

Gene Wiki entry for IFNA16


(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000009.11  NC_018920.1  NT_008413.18  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the IFNA16 gene promoter:
         Egr-3   Egr-2   C/EBPalpha   Egr-4   
         Other transcription factors

Browse SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for IFNA16

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat IFNA16


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 9p22   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  9p21.3   HGNC cytogenetic band: 9p22

IFNA16 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
IFNA16 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 9         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC09M021216:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
21,216,372 bp from pter      End:
21,217,310 bp from pter
Size:
939 bases      Orientation:
minus strand

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: IFN16_HUMAN, P05015 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Interferon alpha-16 precursor  
Size: 189 amino acids; 21711 Da
Subcellular location: Secreted
Secondary accessions: Q5VV12

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for IFNA16: NX_P05015

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_P05015

  • IFNA16 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins: NP_002164.1  
    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000369564  
    Reactome Protein details: P05015
    Human Recombinant Protein Products: 
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    Novus Biologicals IFNA16 Protein
    Novus Biologicals IFNA16 Lysates
    Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
    Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
    Browse Proteins at Uscn

    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005576extracellular region TAS--
    GO:0005615extracellular space IEA--


    IFNA16 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    IFNA16 Antibody Products: 
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    Browse ELISAs and CLIAs at Uscn


    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section

    IFNA16 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    4 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR012351 4_helix_cytokine_core
     IPR015589 Interferon_alpha
     IPR000471 Interferon_alpha/beta/delta
     IPR009079 4_helix_cytokine-like_core

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry P05015

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: P05015

    1 Blocks protein family: IPB000471 Interferon alpha

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: IFN16_HUMAN, P05015
    Similarity: Belongs to the alpha/beta interferon family


    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section

    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: IFN16_HUMAN, P05015
    Function: Produced by macrophages, IFN-alpha have antiviral activities. Interferon stimulates the production of two
    enzymes: a protein kinase and an oligoadenylate synthetase

         Genatlas biochemistry entry for IFNA16:
    interferon type I,alpha 16,leukocyte

    miRNA
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    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat IFNA16
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    Inhib. RNA
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    Clone
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    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005125cytokine activity IEA--
    GO:0005132interferon-alpha/beta receptor binding TAS6548765


    IFNA16 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for IFNA16:
     Increased gamma-H2AX phosphory 


    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/20 super-pathways (see all 20About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1Regulation of IFNA signaling
    Regulation of IFNA signaling1.00
    TRAF6 mediated IRF7 activation0.33
    Immune response_IFN alpha/beta signaling pathway0.71
    Cytokine Network0.28
    Immune response IFN alpha/beta signaling pathway0.71
    Regulation of autophagy0.26
    Expression of Interferon-alpha and beta0.52
    2Immune response_TLR3 and TLR4 induce TICAM1-specific signaling pathway
    Immune response_TLR3 and TLR4 induce TICAM1-specific signaling pathway1.00
    Immune response Role of TLRs 3 and 4 in cell antiviral response: TICAM1-specific signaling pathways0.91
    3Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
    Cytokine Signaling in Immune system1.00
    Interferon Signaling0.61
    4Immune System
    Immune System1.00
    Innate Immune System0.46
    5Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
    Toll-like receptor signaling pathway1.00
    Toll-like receptor signaling pathway0.97

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways

    2 EMD Millipore Pathways for IFNA16
        Immune response IFN alpha/beta signaling pathway
    Immune response Role of TLRs 3 and 4 in cell antiviral response- TICAM1-specific signaling pathways

    4 Downloadable PowerPoint Slides of QIAGEN Pathway Central Maps for IFNA16
        Cytokine Network
    Interferon Pathway
    JAK-STAT Pathway
    all-trans-Retinoic Acid Mediated Apoptosis

    2 GeneGo (Thomson Reuters) Pathways for IFNA16
        Immune response TLR3 and TLR4 induce TICAM1-specific signaling pathway
    Immune response IFN alpha/beta signaling pathway

    1 BioSystems Pathway for IFNA16 
        Toll-like receptor signaling pathway

    5/11        Reactome Pathways for IFNA16 (see all 11)
        Hemostasis
    Regulation of IFNA signaling
    Interferon alpha/beta signaling
    Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
    RIG-I/MDA5 mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta pathways


    5/12         Kegg Pathways  (Kegg details for IFNA16) (see all 12):
        Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
    Regulation of autophagy
    Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
    RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
    Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway


    IFNA16 for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        Search SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Networks for IFNA16

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 23)

    5/23 Interacting proteins for IFNA16 (P050152, 3 ENSP000003695644) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 23)
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    PARP2Q9UGN52, 3, ENSP000002504164MINT-8202070 I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000250416
    IFNA14ENSP000003695714STRING: ENSP00000369571
    IFNA2ENSP000003695544STRING: ENSP00000369554
    IFNA6ENSP000003695584STRING: ENSP00000369558
    IFNA8ENSP000003695534STRING: ENSP00000369553
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/7 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 7):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0007596blood coagulation TAS--
    GO:0009615response to virus ----
    GO:0019221cytokine-mediated signaling pathway TAS--
    GO:0045087innate immune response TAS--
    GO:0051607defense response to virus IEA--


    IFNA16 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section
    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for IFNA16
    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about IFNA16 / IFN16 

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section

    REFSEQ mRNAs for IFNA16 gene: 
    NM_002173.2  

    Unigene Cluster for IFNA16:

    Interferon, alpha 16
    Hs.56303
    Unigene Representative Sequence: M28585
    1 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000380216(uc003zor.1)

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    Clone
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      QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat IFNA16

    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    M28585.1 X00140.1 

    2 DOTS entries:

    DT.91651716  DT.121210182 

    3 AceView cDNA sequences:

    NM_002173 M28585 X00140 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    IFNA16 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: TGTACCTTTA

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)

    About this image
    See IFNA16 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for IFNA16

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.56303
        SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including IFNA16 (see all 14): 
              Antiviral Response in human mouse rat
              Angiogenic Growth Factors in human mouse rat
              Leukemia in human mouse rat
              Interferons & Receptors in human mouse rat
              Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway in human mouse rat

    Primer
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    In Situ
    Assay Products:
     

     
    Search Advanced Cell Diagnostics for RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for IFNA16

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section

    This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

    Orthologs for IFNA16 gene from 3/10 species (see all 10)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification
    Gene Description Human
    Similarity
    Orthology
    Type
    Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)
    Aves --
    --
    32(a)
    1 → many
    Un(24396419-24396970)
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)
    Reptilia --
    --
    (see all 6)
    --
    26(a)
    26(a)
    (see all 6)
    many ↔ many
    many ↔ many
    (see all 6)
    2(61628582-61629115)
    2(61647787-61648344)
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)
    Actinopterygii ifnphi36
    ifnphi26
    interferon phi 2
    25(a)
    23(a)
    many ↔ many
    many ↔ many
    3(22558521-22560658)
    3(22565711-22572180)


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for IFNA16 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for IFNA16 (if available) 

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for IFNA16 gene
    IFNA72  IFNA22  IFNE2  IFNA42  IFNA142  IFNK2  IFNA52  IFNA12  
    IFNA212  IFNA172  IFNA62  IFNB12  IFNA132  IFNW12  IFNA102  IFNA82  
    18 SIMAP similar genes for IFNA16 using alignment to 1 protein entry:     IFN16_HUMAN:
    IFNA10    IFNA17    IFNA4    IFNA7    IFNA14    IFNA21
    IFNA5    IFN-2    IFNA2    IFNA    IFNA2B    IFNA6
    IFNA8    IFNA1    IFNA13    IFNW1    IFNB1    IFNE

    IFNA16 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/111 NCBI SNPs in IFNA16 are shown (see all 111    About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance
    Chr 9 posSequence#AA
    Chg
    TypeMore#Allele
    freq
    PopTotal
    sample
    More
    ----------
    rs1862137521,2
    --21215873(+) GCTCCC/TCACAT 1 -- ds50010--------
    rs1486222611,2
    --21215911(+) TGCCAA/GTTATG 1 -- ds50010--------
    rs1421122501,2
    --21216004(+) TCAGTA/TTATAG 1 -- ds50010--------
    rs101250101,2
    C,F,A,H,--21216028(+) TTTTAC/TTTGCA 1 -- ds500116Minor allele frequency- T:0.36NS EA NA WA 2100
    rs584641461,2
    C--21216074(+) TTTTT-/TACTTC 1 -- ds50010--------
    rs283681661,2
    C,F,,--21216183(-) AGTTCT/CTGTTG 1 -- ds50011Minor allele frequency- C:0.03NA 120
    rs1918859901,2
    --21216205(+) GTTCAA/CGTTTA 1 -- ds50010--------
    rs1834758581,2
    --21216215(+) ATATCA/CTGAAG 1 -- ds50010--------
    rs283681651,2
    C,,--21216233(-) TACCAG/CGTTAT 1 -- ds50011Minor allele frequency- C:0.50CSA 2
    rs1412895381,2
    --21216245(+) AGAAAA/GATATA 1 -- ds50010--------

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for IFNA16 (21216372 - 21217310 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
          Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for IFNA16: --

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
    QIAGEN SeqTarget long-range PCR primers in human, mouse, rat for resequencing IFNA16
    DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for IFNA16

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section

    IFNA16 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 147580    OMIM disorders: --

    11 diseases for IFNA16:    About MalaCards
    dengue hemorrhagic fever    hemorrhagic fever    autoimmune thyroiditis    hepatitis c
    measles    influenza    thyroiditis    hepatitis
    immunodeficiency    tuberculosis    melanoma

    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: IFNA16 (2 documents)

    Export disorders for IFNA16 gene to outside databases

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for IFNA16 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 55):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with IFNA16)
        Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Mapping of the shortest region of overlap of deletions of the short arm of chromosome 9 associated with human neoplasia. (PubMed id 1385305)1, 3 Olopade O.I....Diaz M.O. (1992)
    2. Structural relationship of human interferon alpha genes and pseudogenes. (PubMed id 4057246)1, 2 Henco K.... Weissmann C. (1985)
    3. Novel human leukocyte interferon subtype and structural comparison of alpha interferon genes. (PubMed id 6548765)1, 2 Gren E....Apsalons U. (1984)
    4. Human genomic library screened with 17-base oligonucleotide probes yields a novel interferon gene. (PubMed id 6387705)1, 2 Torczynski R.M.... Bollon A.P. (1984)
    5. Inhibitory effects of human immunodeficiency virus gp1 20 and Tat on CpG-A-induced inflammatory cytokines in plasmacytoid dendritic cel ls. (PubMed id 22814248)1 Fang M....Yao H. (2012)
    6. HIV-1 Gag-virus-like particles inhibit HIV-1 replicati on in dendritic cells and T cells through IFN-a-dependent upregulation of APOBEC 3G and 3F. (PubMed id 22739040)1 Chang M.O....Takaku H. (2012)
    7. Role of retroviral restriction factors in the interfer on-a-mediated suppression of HIV-1 in vivo. (PubMed id 22315404)1 Pillai S.K....Wong J.K. (2012)
    8. Interactions of pathological hallmark proteins: tubul in polymerization promoting protein/p25, beta-amyloid, and alpha-synuclein. (PubMed id 21832049)1 OlA!h J....OvA!di J. (2011)
    9. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is associated with polymorph isms in JAK1. (PubMed id 20588308)1 Silva L.K....Teixeira M.G. (2010)
    10. Associations of 9p21 variants with cutaneous malignan t melanoma, nevi, and pigmentation phenotypes in melanoma-prone families with a nd without CDKN2A mutations. (PubMed id 20574843)1 Yang X.R....Goldstein A.M. (2010)

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    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 3449 HGNC: 5421 AceView: IFNA16 Ensembl:ENSG00000147885 euGenes: HUgn3449
    ECgene: IFNA16 Kegg: 3449 H-InvDB: IFNA16

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
      --

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for IFNA16 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    Patent Information for IFNA16 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving IFNA16

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



    (Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, SABiosciences, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Uscn, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Cell lines from GenScript and LifeMap BioReagents, PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, and/or Enzo Life Sciences),
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