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IDO1 Gene(Protein Coding)

Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1

GCID:
GC08P039891
GIFtS:
68
Genes Participants
UDN Logo

Aliases for IDO1 Gene

Aliases for IDO1 Gene

  • Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 2 3 5
  • Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3-Dioxygenase 3 4
  • IDO-1 3 4
  • INDO 3 4
  • IDO 3 4
  • Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3 Dioxygenase 2
  • Indolamine 2,3 Dioxygenase 3
  • Indole 2,3-Dioxygenase 3
  • EC 1.13.11.52 4

External Ids for IDO1 Gene

Previous HGNC Symbols for IDO1 Gene

  • IDO
  • INDO

Previous GeneCards Identifiers for IDO1 Gene

  • GC08P039771
  • GC08P038304

Summaries for IDO1 Gene

Entrez Gene Summary for IDO1 Gene

  • This gene encodes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) - a heme enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in tryptophan catabolism to N-formyl-kynurenine. This enzyme acts on multiple tryptophan substrates including D-tryptophan, L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxy-tryptophan, tryptamine, and serotonin. This enzyme is thought to play a role in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as antimicrobial and antitumor defense, neuropathology, immunoregulation, and antioxidant activity. Through its expression in dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages this enzyme modulates T-cell behavior by its peri-cellular catabolization of the essential amino acid tryptophan.[provided by RefSeq, Feb 2011]

GeneCards Summary for IDO1 Gene

IDO1 (Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with IDO1 include Listeriosis and Toxic Oil Syndrome. Among its related pathways are Glucose / Energy Metabolism and NF-kappaB Signaling. GO annotations related to this gene include heme binding and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity. An important paralog of this gene is IDO2.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for IDO1 Gene

  • Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step of the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway (PubMed:17671174). Involved in the peripheral immune tolerance, contributing to maintain homeostasis by preventing autoimmunity or immunopathology that would result from uncontrolled and overreacting immune responses (PubMed:25691885). Tryptophan shortage inhibits T lymphocytes division and accumulation of tryptophan catabolites induces T-cell apoptosis and differentiation of regulatory T-cells (PubMed:25691885). Acts as a suppressor of anti-tumor immunity (PubMed:23103127, PubMed:25157255, PubMed:14502282, PubMed:25691885). Limits the growth of intracellular pathogens by depriving tryptophan (PubMed:25691885). Protects the fetus from maternal immune rejection (PubMed:25691885).

Gene Wiki entry for IDO1 Gene

No data available for Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for IDO1 Gene

Genomics for IDO1 Gene

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  1. Regulatory Element

Regulatory Elements for IDO1 Gene

Enhancers for IDO1 Gene
GeneHancer Identifier Score Enhancer Sources TSS distance (kb) Number of Genes Away Size (kb) Transcription Factor Binding Sites within enhancer Other Gene Targets for Enhancer

Enhancers around IDO1 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the IDO1 gene promoter:

Genomic Location for IDO1 Gene

Chromosome:
8
Start:
39,902,275 bp from pter
End:
39,928,790 bp from pter
Size:
26,516 bases
Orientation:
Plus strand

Genomic View for IDO1 Gene

Genes around IDO1 on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Cytogenetic band:
IDO1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Location for IDO1 Gene
GeneLoc Logo Genomic Neighborhood • Exon Structure • Gene Density

RefSeq DNA sequence for IDO1 Gene

Proteins for IDO1 Gene

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  3. Assay

  • Protein details for IDO1 Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)

    Protein Symbol:
    P14902-I23O1_HUMAN
    Recommended name:
    Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1
    Protein Accession:
    P14902
    Secondary Accessions:
    • E5RGR8
    • F6M9T7
    • Q540B4

    Protein attributes for IDO1 Gene

    Size:
    403 amino acids
    Molecular mass:
    45326 Da
    Cofactor:
    Name=heme; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:30413;
    Quaternary structure:
    • Monomer.
    Miscellaneous:
    • Elevated IDO1 expression is a hallmark of major viral infections including HIV, HBV, HCV or influenza and also of major bacteria infections, such as Tb, CAP, listeriosis and sepsis. Depletion of tryptophan and production of tryptophan metabolites with bactericidal activity are important as direct anti-pathogen mechanisms. Pathogens are able to highjack the immunosuppressive effects of IDO1 and make use of them to facilitate their own life cycle.
    • IDO1 and IDO2 are 2 distinct enzymes which catalyze the same reaction. IDO2 affinity for tryptophan is much lower than that of IDO1. 50% of Caucasians harbor polymorphisms which abolish IDO2 enzymatic activity. IDO2 is expressed in human tumors in an inactive form: tryptophan degradation is entirely provided by IDO1 in these cells (PubMed:18418598). IDO2 may play a role as a negative regulator of IDO1 by competing for heme-binding with IDO1 (PubMed:25394548). Low efficiency IDO2 enzymes have been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, whereas higher efficiency IDO1 enzymes are dispensable in many lower vertebrate lineages (PubMed:25950090). IDO1 may have arisen by gene duplication of a more ancient proto-IDO gene before the divergence of marsupial and eutherian (placental) mammals.
    • IDO1 is the target for therapy in a range of clinical settings, including cancer, chronic infections, autoimmune and allergic syndromes, and transplantation.
    SequenceCaution:
    • Sequence=AC007991; Type=Erroneous gene model prediction; Evidence={ECO:0000305};

    Three dimensional structures from OCA and Proteopedia for IDO1 Gene

neXtProt entry for IDO1 Gene

Proteomics data for IDO1 Gene at MOPED

Protein Expression for IDO1 Gene

See protein expression from ProteomicsDB, MOPED, PaxDb, and MaxQB

Post-translational modifications for IDO1 Gene

  • Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
  • Modification sites at neXtProt

Other Protein References for IDO1 Gene

ENSEMBL proteins:
REFSEQ proteins:

Antibody Products

  • R&D Systems Antibodies for IDO1 ("Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase/IDO")
  • Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Antibodies for IDO1 (INDO)

No data available for DME Specific Peptides for IDO1 Gene

Domains & Families for IDO1 Gene

Protein Domains for IDO1 Gene

InterPro:
Blocks:
ProtoNet:

Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for IDO1 Gene

GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry

P14902

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:

I23O1_HUMAN :
  • Belongs to the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase family.
Family:
  • Belongs to the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase family.
genes like me logo Genes that share domains with IDO1: view

No data available for Gene Families for IDO1 Gene

Function for IDO1 Gene

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  7. Flow Cytometry

Molecular function for IDO1 Gene

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot BiophysicochemicalProperties:
Kinetic parameters: KM=21.23 uM for L-tryptophan {ECO:0000269 PubMed:18026683}; KM=4.6 mM for D-tryptophan {ECO:0000269 PubMed:18026683}; Note=Catalytic efficiency for L-tryptophan is 150 times higher than for D-tryptophan.;
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
D-tryptophan + O(2) = N-formyl-D-kynurenine.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
L-tryptophan + O(2) = N-formyl-L-kynurenine.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot EnzymeRegulation:
Activity is inhibited by and MTH-trp (methylthiohydantoin-DL-tryptophan), modestly inhibited by L-1MT (1-methyl-L-tryptophan) but not D-1MT (1-methyl-D-tryptophan).
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step of the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway (PubMed:17671174). Involved in the peripheral immune tolerance, contributing to maintain homeostasis by preventing autoimmunity or immunopathology that would result from uncontrolled and overreacting immune responses (PubMed:25691885). Tryptophan shortage inhibits T lymphocytes division and accumulation of tryptophan catabolites induces T-cell apoptosis and differentiation of regulatory T-cells (PubMed:25691885). Acts as a suppressor of anti-tumor immunity (PubMed:23103127, PubMed:25157255, PubMed:14502282, PubMed:25691885). Limits the growth of intracellular pathogens by depriving tryptophan (PubMed:25691885). Protects the fetus from maternal immune rejection (PubMed:25691885).
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Induction:
By IFNG/IFN-gamma in most cells (PubMed:2109605, PubMed:1907934). Exogenous inflammatory stimuli induce the expression of IDO1 in antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells (PubMed:25157255).

Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for IDO1 Gene

Gene Ontology (GO) - Molecular Function for IDO1 Gene

GO ID Qualified GO term Evidence PubMed IDs
GO:0005515 protein binding IEA --
genes like me logo Genes that share ontologies with IDO1: view

Phenotypes for IDO1 Gene

MGI mutant phenotypes for IDO1:
inferred from 2 alleles
GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for IDO1:
genes like me logo Genes that share phenotypes with IDO1: view

Animal Models for IDO1 Gene

MGI Knock Outs for IDO1:

Animal Model Products

Inhibitory RNA Products

Flow Cytometry Products

No data available for Human Phenotype Ontology , miRNA , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for IDO1 Gene

Localization for IDO1 Gene

Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for IDO1 Gene

Cytoplasm, cytosol.

Subcellular locations from

COMPARTMENTS
Jensen Localization Image for IDO1 Gene COMPARTMENTS Subcellular localization image for IDO1 gene
Compartment Confidence
cytosol 5
mitochondrion 3
nucleus 3
cytoskeleton 2
extracellular 2
peroxisome 1
plasma membrane 1

Gene Ontology (GO) - Cellular Components for IDO1 Gene

GO ID Qualified GO term Evidence PubMed IDs
GO:0005829 cytosol TAS --
genes like me logo Genes that share ontologies with IDO1: view

Pathways & Interactions for IDO1 Gene

genes like me logo Genes that share pathways with IDO1: view

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot P14902-I23O1_HUMAN

  • Pathway: Amino-acid degradation; L-tryptophan degradation via kynurenine pathway; L-kynurenine from L-tryptophan: step 1/2.

Interacting Proteins for IDO1 Gene

STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)
http://string-db.org/version_10/api/image/networkList?limit=0&targetmode=proteins&caller_identity=gene_cards&network_flavor=evidence&identifiers=9606.ENSP00000430505%0d%0a9606.ENSP00000264170%0d%0a9606.ENSP00000370639%0d%0a9606.ENSP00000367309%0d%0a9606.ENSP00000342007%0d%0a9606.ENSP00000340684%0d%0a
Selected Interacting proteins: P14902-I23O1_HUMAN ENSP00000430505 for IDO1 Gene via MINT STRING I2D

Gene Ontology (GO) - Biological Process for IDO1 Gene

GO ID Qualified GO term Evidence PubMed IDs
GO:0002534 cytokine production involved in inflammatory response IEA --
GO:0002666 positive regulation of T cell tolerance induction IEA --
GO:0002678 positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response IEA --
GO:0002830 positive regulation of type 2 immune response IEA --
GO:0006569 tryptophan catabolic process TAS --
genes like me logo Genes that share ontologies with IDO1: view

No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for IDO1 Gene

Drugs & Compounds for IDO1 Gene

Products:

  1. Drug

(37) Drugs for IDO1 Gene - From: DrugBank, PharmGKB, ApexBio, DGIdb, HMDB, and Novoseek

Name Status Disease Links Group Role Mechanism of Action Clinical Trials
L-Tryptophan Approved Nutra Positive, Allosteric regulator, Enzyme, substrate 0
Melatonin Approved Nutra Antagonist, Enzyme, substrate Melatonin receptors MT inhibitor 239
Interferon Alfa-2a, Recombinant Approved Pharma 0
Peginterferon alfa-2b Approved Pharma 300
Oxitriptan Approved Nutra Inhibition, Inhibitor 0

(36) Additional Compounds for IDO1 Gene - From: Novoseek and HMDB

Name Synonyms Role CAS Number PubChem IDs PubMed IDs
oxygen
  • Dioxygen
  • Molecular oxygen
  • O2
  • Oxygen
  • Oxygen molecule
 7782-44-7
5-Hydroxy-N-formylkynurenine
Acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine
  • AFMK
  • Formyl-N-acetyl-5-methoxykynurenamine
  • N-Acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine
  • N-[3-(2-Formamido-5-methoxy-phenyl)-3-oxo-propyl]acetamide
 52450-38-1
L-Formylkynurenine
N'-Formylkynurenine
  • 3-(N-Formylanthraniloyl)-Alanine
  • alpha-Amino-2-(formylamino)-gamma-oxo-Benzenebutanoate
  • alpha-Amino-2-(formylamino)-gamma-oxo-Benzenebutanoic acid
  • Formylkynurenine
  • N'-Formyl-Kynurenine
 1022-31-7

(4) ApexBio Compounds for IDO1 Gene

Compound Action Cas Number
IDO inhibitor 1 Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase inhibitor 1204669-37-3
INCB024360 Potent IDO1 inhibitor 914471-09-3
Indoximod (NLG-8189) Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway inhibitor Potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor 110117-83-4
NLG919 Potent IDO pathway inhibitor 1402836-58-1
genes like me logo Genes that share compounds with IDO1: view

Transcripts for IDO1 Gene

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mRNA/cDNA for IDO1 Gene

(1) REFSEQ mRNAs :
(6) Additional mRNA sequences :
(86) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
(9) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :

Unigene Clusters for IDO1 Gene

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1:
Representative Sequences:

Inhibitory RNA Products

Flow Cytometry Products

Alternative Splicing Database (ASD) splice patterns (SP) for IDO1 Gene

No ASD Table

Relevant External Links for IDO1 Gene

GeneLoc Exon Structure for
IDO1
ECgene alternative splicing isoforms for
IDO1

Expression for IDO1 Gene

Products:

  1. Primer

mRNA expression in normal human tissues for IDO1 Gene

mRNA expression in normal human tissues for IDO1 Gene
mRNA expression by BioGPS for IDO1 GenemRNA expression by GTEx for IDO1 Gene

mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery

mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for IDO1 Gene

This gene is overexpressed in Lung (x10.6), Brain - Substantia nigra (x5.8), Adipose - Visceral (Omentum) (x5.2), Cervix - Endocervix (x4.3), and Small Intestine - Terminal Ileum (x4.2).

Protein differential expression in normal tissues from HIPED for IDO1 Gene

This gene is overexpressed in Nasopharynx (50.5) and Ovary (10.1).

Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, and MOPED for IDO1 Gene



SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for IDO1 Gene Hs.840

mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for IDO1 Gene

P14902-I23O1_HUMAN
Tissue specificity: Expressed in mature dendritic cells located in lymphoid organs (including lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyerss patches, the gut lamina propria, and the thymic medulla), in some epithelial cells of the female genital tract, as well as in endothelial cells of term placenta and in lung parenchyma (PubMed:25691885). Weakly or not expressed in most normal tissues, but mostly inducible in most tissues (PubMed:25691885). Expressed in more than 50% of tumors, either by tumoral, stromal, or endothelial cells (expression in tumor is associated with a worse clinical outcome) (PubMed:18418598). Not overexpressed in tumor-draining lymph nodes (PubMed:26155395, PubMed:25691885).
genes like me logo Genes that share expression patterns with IDO1: view

Primer Products

No data available for Protein tissue co-expression partners for IDO1 Gene

Orthologs for IDO1 Gene

This gene was present in the common ancestor of animals and fungi.

Orthologs for IDO1 Gene

Organism Taxonomy Gene Similarity Type Details
cow
(Bos Taurus)
 Mammalia IDO1 35
  • 78.89 (n)
  • 70.1 (a)
IDO1 36
  • 68 (a)
 OneToOne
dog
(Canis familiaris)
 Mammalia IDO1 35
  • 78.62 (n)
  • 68.18 (a)
IDO1 36
  • 66 (a)
 OneToOne
mouse
(Mus musculus)
 Mammalia Ido1 35
  • 72.24 (n)
  • 62.53 (a)
Ido1 16
Ido1 36
  • 60 (a)
 OneToOne
chimpanzee
(Pan troglodytes)
 Mammalia IDO1 35
  • 99.26 (n)
  • 99.01 (a)
IDO1 36
  • 98 (a)
 OneToOne
rat
(Rattus norvegicus)
 Mammalia Ido1 35
  • 72.41 (n)
  • 63.8 (a)
oppossum
(Monodelphis domestica)
 Mammalia IDO1 36
  • 57 (a)
 OneToOne
platypus
(Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
 Mammalia IDO1 36
  • 49 (a)
 OneToOne
A. gosspyii yeast
(Ashbya gossypii)
 Saccharomycetes AGOS_ACR188C 35
  • 44.79 (n)
  • 34.38 (a)
baker's yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
 Saccharomycetes BNA2 35
  • 45 (n)
  • 35.29 (a)
BNA2 36
  • 27 (a)
 OneToMany
BNA2 38
bread mold
(Neurospora crassa)
 Ascomycetes NCU05752 35
  • 45.38 (n)
  • 37.47 (a)
Species with no ortholog for IDO1:
  • Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
  • African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
  • African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae)
  • Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
  • alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
  • amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
  • Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
  • barley (Hordeum vulgare)
  • beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
  • chicken (Gallus gallus)
  • Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
  • common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
  • corn (Zea mays)
  • E. coli (Escherichia coli)
  • filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
  • Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
  • fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
  • fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
  • green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
  • honey bee (Apis mellifera)
  • K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
  • lizard (Anolis carolinensis)
  • loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
  • malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
  • medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
  • moss (Physcomitrella patens)
  • orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
  • pig (Sus scrofa)
  • rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
  • rice (Oryza sativa)
  • rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
  • schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
  • sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
  • sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis)
  • sea squirt (Ciona savignyi)
  • sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
  • sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
  • soybean (Glycine max)
  • stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
  • sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
  • thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  • tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
  • toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
  • Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
  • tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis)
  • wheat (Triticum aestivum)
  • worm (Caenorhabditis elegans)
  • zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Evolution for IDO1 Gene

ENSEMBL:
Gene Tree for IDO1 (if available)
TreeFam:
Gene Tree for IDO1 (if available)

Paralogs for IDO1 Gene

Paralogs for IDO1 Gene

(1) SIMAP similar genes for IDO1 Gene using alignment to 6 proteins:

genes like me logo Genes that share paralogs with IDO1: view

Variants for IDO1 Gene

Sequence variations from dbSNP and Humsavar for IDO1 Gene

SNP ID Clin Chr 08 pos Sequence Context AA Info Type
rs35059413 - 39,913,932(-) CATAG(C/T)GTGTG reference, missense
rs2302843 -- 39,925,135(+) CTTCT(A/G)TTCAG intron-variant
rs7840765 -- 39,919,403(+) GTCTT(G/T)GAGAT intron-variant
rs9298585 -- 39,912,216(+) TCTCG(A/G)GCTCA upstream-variant-2KB
rs9298586 -- 39,924,888(+) AAAAT(G/T)CACAT intron-variant

Structural Variations from Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) for IDO1 Gene

Variant ID Type Subtype PubMed ID
nsv508505 CNV Loss 20534489
esv2658388 CNV Deletion 23128226

Variation tolerance for IDO1 Gene

Residual Variation Intolerance Score: 70.9% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score: 2.03; 37.38% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)

Relevant External Links for IDO1 Gene

Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD)
IDO1

No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for IDO1 Gene

Disorders for IDO1 Gene

MalaCards: The human disease database

(15) MalaCards diseases for IDO1 Gene - From: DISEASES, Novoseek, and GeneCards

Disorder Aliases PubMed IDs
listeriosis
  • infection by listeria monocytogenes
toxic oil syndrome
trypanosomiasis
typhus
  • epidemic typhus
scrub typhus
  • chigger-borne rickettsiosis
- elite association - COSMIC cancer census association via MalaCards
Search IDO1 in MalaCards View complete list of genes associated with diseases

Relevant External Links for IDO1

Genetic Association Database (GAD)
IDO1
Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator
IDO1
Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology:
IDO1
genes like me logo Genes that share disorders with IDO1: view

No data available for UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Genatlas for IDO1 Gene

Publications for IDO1 Gene

  1. Low serum tryptophan levels, reduced macrophage IDO activity and high frequency of psychopathology in HCV patients. (PMID: 16842443) Cozzi A. … Moroni F. (J. Viral Hepat. 2006) 3 23 25 26
  2. Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of human interferon- gamma-inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase cDNA. (PMID: 2109605) Dai W. … Gupta S.L. (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1990) 2 3 4 67
  3. 1-Methyl-tryptophan can interfere with TLR signaling in dendritic cells independently of IDO activity. (PMID: 16887964) AgauguAc S. … Lotteau V. (J. Immunol. 2006) 23 25 26
  4. Increased serum kynurenine/tryptophan ratio correlates with disease progression in lung cancer. (PMID: 19487045) Suzuki Y. … Chida K. (Lung Cancer 2010) 3 23
  5. The role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in retinal pigment epithelial cell-mediated immune modulation. (PMID: 20128646) Park C.Y. … Park C.G. (Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 2010) 3 23

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