Aliases for HIRA Gene
Aliases for HIRA Gene
External Ids for HIRA Gene
- HGNC: 4916
- Entrez Gene: 7290
- Ensembl: ENSG00000100084
- OMIM: 600237
- UniProtKB: P54198
Previous HGNC Symbols for HIRA Gene
- TUPLE1
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for HIRA Gene
- GC22M016258
- GC22M017692
- GC22M002938
Summaries for HIRA Gene
-
This gene encodes a histone chaperone that preferentially places the variant histone H3.3 in nucleosomes. Orthologs of this gene in yeast, flies, and plants are necessary for the formation of transcriptionally silent heterochomatin. This gene plays an important role in the formation of the senescence-associated heterochromatin foci. These foci likely mediate the irreversible cell cycle changes that occur in senescent cells. It is considered the primary candidate gene in some haploinsufficiency syndromes such as DiGeorge syndrome, and insufficient production of the gene may disrupt normal embryonic development. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
GeneCards Summary for HIRA Gene
HIRA (Histone Cell Cycle Regulator) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with HIRA include Digeorge Syndrome and Velocardiofacial Syndrome. Among its related pathways are Cellular Senescence and DNA Damage/Telomere Stress Induced Senescence. GO annotations related to this gene include transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding and transcription corepressor activity.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for HIRA Gene
-
Cooperates with ASF1A to promote replication-independent chromatin assembly. Required for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle. Required for the formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) and efficient senescence-associated cell cycle exit.
No data available for CIViC summary , Tocris Summary , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for HIRA Gene
Genomics for HIRA Gene
Regulatory Elements for HIRA Gene
| GeneHancer Identifier | Enhancer Score | Enhancer Sources | Gene-Enhancer Score | TSS distance (kb) | Number of Genes Away | Size (kb) | Transcription Factor Binding Sites within enhancer | Gene Targets for Enhancer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GH22G019396 | 1.3 | ENCODE dbSUPER | 12.2 | +49.8 | 49766 | 2.1 | HDGF PKNOX1 CREB3L1 ARNT SIN3A YY1 ZNF766 CBX5 SMARCB1 ZNF592 | UFD1 E2F6P1 HIRA C22orf39 LOC105372860 TBX1 CLTCL1 RN7SL168P MRPL40 |
| GH22G019213 | 0.8 | ENCODE | 12.1 | +233.4 | 233358 | 1.0 | HDAC1 ATF1 ZBTB40 GATA2 ETV6 KLF13 ZHX1 MIER1 USF2 REST | CLTCL1 C22orf39 LOC105372860 HIRA PIR49429 RPL34P35 |
| GH22G019418 | 2 | FANTOM5 Ensembl ENCODE dbSUPER | 1.8 | +26.3 | 26347 | 6.2 | HDGF HNRNPUL1 PKNOX1 CREB3L1 ARNT FEZF1 YY1 ZNF766 KLF13 ZNF263 | UFD1 RPL7AP70 CLTCL1 HIRA MRPL40 RN7SL168P |
| GH22G019446 | 1.1 | ENCODE | 0.7 | -0.3 | -262 | 2.6 | HDGF PKNOX1 CREB3L1 ARNT AGO1 ARID4B SIN3A FEZF1 DMAP1 ZNF2 | LINC01311 E2F6P1 TBX1 DGCR8 RPL7AP70 UFD1 SLC25A1 HIRA LOC105372860 |
- Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the HIRA gene promoter:
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Location for HIRA Gene
- Chromosome:
- 22
- Start:
- 19,330,698 bp from pter
- End:
- 19,447,450 bp from pter
- Size:
- 116,753 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
Genomic View for HIRA Gene
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 22q11.21 by Ensembl
- 22q11.21 by Entrez Gene
- 22q11.21 by HGNC
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for HIRA Gene
Proteins for HIRA Gene
-
Protein details for HIRA Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P54198-HIRA_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Protein HIRA
- Protein Accession:
- P54198
- Q05BU9
- Q8IXN2
Protein attributes for HIRA Gene
- Size:
- 1017 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 111835 Da
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Interacts with histone H3F3B, PAX3 and PAX7 (By similarity). Interacts with CCNA1, HIRIP3, NFU1/HIRIP5 and histone H2B. Part of a complex which includes ASF1A, CABIN1, histone H3.3, histone H4 and UBN1.
- SequenceCaution:
-
- Sequence=CAA53044.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Evidence={ECO:0000305}; Sequence=CAA54721.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Evidence={ECO:0000305}; Sequence=CAA57436.1; Type=Erroneous initiation; Evidence={ECO:0000305};
Protein Expression for HIRA Gene
Post-translational modifications for HIRA Gene
- Phosphorylated by CDK2/CCNA1 and CDK2/CCNE1 on Thr-555 in vitro. Also phosphorylated on Thr-555 and Ser-687 in vivo.
- Sumoylated.
- Ubiquitination at isoforms=227, isoforms=2178, posLast=187187, posLast=381381, and posLast=416416
- Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
Other Protein References for HIRA Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- EMD Millipore Complete listing of Mono and Polychlonal Antibodies for HIRA
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-
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Protein Products
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Abcam proteins for HIRA
Assay Products
No data available for DME Specific Peptides for HIRA Gene
Domains & Families for HIRA Gene
Gene Families for HIRA Gene
Protein Domains for HIRA Gene
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for HIRA Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P54198- Family:
-
- Belongs to the WD repeat HIR1 family.
Function for HIRA Gene
Molecular function for HIRA Gene
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- histone cell cycle regulation defective,nuclear localization,S cerevisiae,homolog A,expressed in the neural crest,transcriptional repressors HIR1,HIR2,interacting with core histones H2B and H4,histone binding proteins and PAX1,required for cardiac outflow tract septation,commonly deleted in DiGeorge syndrome (see DGCR,TUPLE1)
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- Cooperates with ASF1A to promote replication-independent chromatin assembly. Required for the periodic repression of histone gene transcription during the cell cycle. Required for the formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) and efficient senescence-associated cell cycle exit.
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0003700 | transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding | TAS | 9731536 |
| GO:0003714 | transcription corepressor activity | TAS | 9731536 |
| GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 9710638 |
| GO:0031491 | nucleosome binding | IBA | -- |
Phenotypes for HIRA Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for HIRA:
-
inferred from 7 alleles
- mortality/aging
- cellular phenotype
- growth/size/body region phenotype
- immune system phenotype
- muscle phenotype
- nervous system phenotype
- homeostasis/metabolism phenotype
- cardiovascular system phenotype
- skeleton phenotype
- embryo phenotype
- hematopoietic system phenotype
- craniofacial phenotype
- no phenotypic analysis
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for HIRA:
Animal Models for HIRA Gene
Animal Model Products
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CRISPR Products
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miRNA for HIRA Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target HIRA
miRNA Products
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Inhibitory RNA Products
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Flow Cytometry Products
No data available for Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) , Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for HIRA Gene
Localization for HIRA Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for HIRA Gene
- Nucleus. Nucleus, PML body. Note=Primarily, though not exclusively, localized to the nucleus. Localizes to PML bodies immediately prior to onset of senescence.
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0000790 | nuclear chromatin | IDA | 14718166 |
| GO:0005634 | nucleus | IDA,TAS | -- |
| GO:0005654 | nucleoplasm | TAS | -- |
| GO:0016605 | PML body | IEA | -- |
| GO:0043234 | protein complex | IDA | 14718166 |
Pathways & Interactions for HIRA Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cellular Senescence | ||
| 2 | DNA Damage/Telomere Stress Induced Senescence | ||
| 3 | Chromatin Regulation / Acetylation | ||
Pathways by source for HIRA Gene
1 Cell Signaling Technology pathway for HIRA Gene
Interacting Proteins for HIRA Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001649 | osteoblast differentiation | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006325 | chromatin organization | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006336 | DNA replication-independent nucleosome assembly | IDA | 14718166 |
| GO:0006351 | transcription, DNA-templated | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006355 | regulation of transcription, DNA-templated | IEA | -- |
Transcripts for HIRA Gene
mRNA/cDNA for HIRA Gene
- (1) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (12) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (158) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (4) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for HIRA Gene
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for HIRA
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miRNA Products
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Inhibitory RNA Products
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Flow Cytometry Products
| ExUns: | 1 | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3a | · | 3b | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | · | 4c | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6a | · | 6b | · | 6c | ^ | 7 | ^ | 8 | ^ | 9 | ^ | 10 | ^ | 11 | ^ | 12 | ^ | 13 | ^ | 14 | ^ | 15a | · | 15b | · | 15c | ^ | 16a | · | 16b | · | 16c | ^ | 17a | · |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: |
| ExUns: | 17b | ^ | 18a | · | 18b | ^ | 19 | ^ | 20a | · | 20b | ^ | 21 | ^ | 22a | · | 22b | · | 22c | ^ | 23 | ^ | 24 | ^ | 25 | ^ | 26a | · | 26b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: |
Expression for HIRA Gene
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, MaxQB, and MOPED for HIRA Gene
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of HIRA Gene:
HIRASOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for HIRA Gene:
Hs.474206mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for HIRA Gene:
P54198-HIRA_HUMANEvidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for HIRA Gene
- Eye(4)
- Nervous system(4)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for HIRA Gene
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- cardiovascular
- digestive
- endocrine
- immune
- integumentary
- lymphatic
- nervous
- reproductive
- respiratory
- skeletal muscle
- skeleton
- urinary
- brain
- cheek
- chin
- cranial nerve
- ear
- eye
- eyelid
- face
- head
- hypothalamus
- jaw
- larynx
- lip
- mandible
- maxilla
- middle ear
- mouth
- neck
- nose
- outer ear
- parathyroid
- pharynx
- pituitary gland
- skull
- thyroid
- tongue
- tooth
- vocal cord
- aorta
- chest wall
- clavicle
- heart
- heart valve
- lung
- rib
- rib cage
- scapula
- sternum
- thymus
- abdominal wall
- biliary tract
- gallbladder
- intestine
- kidney
- large intestine
- liver
- pancreas
- small intestine
- pelvis
- rectum
- ureter
- uterus
- ankle
- arm
- digit
- elbow
- femur
- fibula
- finger
- foot
- forearm
- hand
- hip
- humerus
- knee
- lower limb
- radius
- shin
- shoulder
- thigh
- tibia
- toe
- ulna
- upper limb
- wrist
- blood
- blood vessel
- bone marrow
- coagulation system
- hair
- peripheral nerve
- peripheral nervous system
- red blood cell
- skin
- spinal column
- vertebrae
- white blood cell
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for HIRA
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for HIRA
No data available for mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery and mRNA differential expression in normal tissues for HIRA Gene
Orthologs for HIRA Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | HIRA 34 35 |
|
||
| dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | HIRA 34 35 |
|
||
| mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Hira 34 16 35 |
|
||
| cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | HIRA 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| LOC101906870 34 |
|
||||
| rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Hira 34 |
|
||
| oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | HIRA 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | HIRA 34 35 |
|
||
| lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | HIRA 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | LOC100495450 34 |
|
||
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) |
Amphibia | hira 34 |
|
||
| zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | hira 34 35 |
|
||
| wufb97b07 34 |
|
||||
| fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | Hira 36 34 35 |
|
||
| African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | AgaP_AGAP009488 34 |
|
||
| worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | K10D2.1 34 35 |
|
||
| baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | HIR1 35 37 |
|
OneToOne | |
| thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) |
eudicotyledons | HIRA 34 |
|
||
| rice (Oryza sativa) |
Liliopsida | Os09g0567700 34 |
|
||
| sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | -- 35 |
|
OneToOne |
- Species where no ortholog for HIRA was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii)
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- bread mold (Neurospora crassa)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- corn (Zea mays)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
- rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- soybean (Glycine max)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Paralogs for HIRA Gene
(2) SIMAP similar genes for HIRA Gene using alignment to 4 proteins:
Pseudogenes.org Pseudogenes for HIRA Gene
No data available for Paralogs for HIRA Gene
Variants for HIRA Gene
| SNP ID | Clin | Chr 22 pos | Sequence Context | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs193920856 | Uncertain significance | 19,394,344(-) | CTGTC(A/G)TGGTG | reference, missense | |
| rs1000008427 | -- | 19,384,281(+) | ATTGC(A/G)CCACT | intron-variant | |
| rs1000109352 | -- | 19,331,118(+) | GGGGC(A/C/T)AGTGT | intron-variant, utr-variant-3-prime | |
| rs1000115528 | -- | 19,334,225(+) | CCGCC(C/T)TGGCC | intron-variant, downstream-variant-500B | |
| rs1000124048 | -- | 19,373,468(+) | TGCTT(C/T)ATCAG | intron-variant |
| Variant ID | Type | Subtype | PubMed ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| esv1126765 | CNV | insertion | 17803354 |
| esv28972 | CNV | gain | 19812545 |
| esv3303776 | CNV | mobile element insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3382059 | CNV | insertion | 20981092 |
| esv3410502 | CNV | duplication | 20981092 |
| esv3575418 | CNV | gain | 25503493 |
| esv3647270 | CNV | gain | 21293372 |
| nsv1160727 | CNV | duplication | 26073780 |
| nsv3557 | CNV | insertion | 18451855 |
| nsv476314 | CNV | novel sequence insertion | 20440878 |
| nsv479571 | CNV | novel sequence insertion | 20440878 |
| nsv588216 | CNV | gain | 21841781 |
| nsv588218 | CNV | loss | 21841781 |
| nsv834123 | CNV | loss | 17160897 |
| nsv834124 | CNV | loss | 17160897 |
| nsv834125 | CNV | loss | 17160897 |
| nsv834127 | CNV | loss | 17160897 |
Relevant External Links for HIRA Gene
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for HIRA Gene
Disorders for HIRA Gene
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| digeorge syndrome |
|
|
| velocardiofacial syndrome |
|
|
| chromosomal deletion syndrome |
|
|
| tetralogy of fallot |
|
|
| chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome |
|
|
Relevant External Links for HIRA
No data available for UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and Genatlas for HIRA Gene
Publications for HIRA Gene
- A human homolog of the S. cerevisiae HIR1 and HIR2 transcriptional repressors cloned from the DiGeorge syndrome critical region. (PMID: 7633437) Lamour V. … Lipinski M. (Hum. Mol. Genet. 1995) 2 3 4 22 64
- Human UBN1 is an ortholog of yeast Hpc2p and has an essential role in the HIRA/ASF1a chromatin-remodeling pathway in senescent cells. (PMID: 19029251) Banumathy G. … Adams P.D. (Mol. Cell. Biol. 2009) 3 4 22 64
- Structure of a human ASF1a-HIRA complex and insights into specificity of histone chaperone complex assembly. (PMID: 16980972) Tang Y. … Marmorstein R. (Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2006) 3 4 22 64
- Formation of MacroH2A-containing senescence-associated heterochromatin foci and senescence driven by ASF1a and HIRA. (PMID: 15621527) Zhang R. … Adams P.D. (Dev. Cell 2005) 3 4 22 64
- Histone H3.1 and H3.3 complexes mediate nucleosome assembly pathways dependent or independent of DNA synthesis. (PMID: 14718166) Tagami H. … Nakatani Y. (Cell 2004) 3 4 22 64
Products for HIRA Gene
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- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for HIRA gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for HIRA gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for HIRA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for HIRA
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for HIRA siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for HIRA
- Cyagen custom Knockout/knockin (KOKI) mouse models for HIRA
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for HIRA
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for HIRA
- VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Sources for HIRA Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
- (12) TrEMBL
- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
- (15) Blocks
- (16) MGI
- (17) IUBMB
- (18) KEGG
- (19) MINT
- (20) STRING
- (21) IntAct
- (22) Novoseek
- (23) PharmGKB
- (24) DrugBank
- (25) HMDB
- (26) UniGene
- (27) AceView
- (28) RNAdb
- (29) ASD
- (30) ECgene
- (31) GeneAnnot
- (32) CGAP SAGE
- (33) SOURCE
- (34) HomoloGene
- (35) PanEnsembl
- (36) euGenes
- (37) SGD
- (38) FlyBase
- (39) WormBase
- (40) Pseudogene
- (41) DGV
- (42) dbSNP
- (43) GenAtlas
- (44) GeneTests
- (45) HGMD
- (46) GAD
- (47) LSDB
- (48) BGMUT
- (49) HuGE
- (50) eBioscience
- (51) Atlas
- (52) Cell Signaling Technology
- (53) GenBank
- (54) H-invDB
- (55) HORDE
- (56) HUGE
- (57) IMGT
- (58) Leiden
- (59) MILLIPORE
- (60) miRBase
- (61) DME
- (62) NCBI
- (63) OriGene
- (64) PubMed
- (65) R&D Systems
- (66) TGDB
- (67) Tocris
- (68) Abcam
- (69) Novus
- (70) ProSpec
- (71) Sino Biological
- (72) GenScript
- (73) Qiagen
- (74) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (75) Enzo Life Sciences
- (76) OCA
- (77) Proteopedia
- (78) MOPED
- (79) SPIRE
- (80) neXtProt
- (81) Reactome
- (82) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (83) fRNAdb
- (84) DISEASES
- (85) SIMAP
- (86) GenomeRNAi
- (87) LifeMap
- (88) miRTarBase
- (89) MalaCards
- (90) Invitrogen
- (91) BitterDB
- (92) Vector BioLabs
- (93) ESI-BIO
- (94) RefSeq
- (95) BioSystems
- (96) MaxQB
- (97) IUPHAR
- (98) BioGPS
- (99) Illumina
- (100) COMPARTMENTS
- (101) HOMER
- (102) PaxDb
- (103) ApexBio
- (104) Addgene
- (105) antibodies-online
- (106) CYP
- (107) NONCODE
- (108) SwitchGear Genomics
- (109) TreeFam
- (110) PathCards
- (111) GeneReviews
- (112) GeneTex
- (113) Taconic Biosciences
- (114) GTEx
- (115) ProteomicsDB
- (116) SCBT
- (117) DGIdb
- (118) ClinicalTrials
- (119) FDA Approved Drugs
- (120) RVIS
- (121) SIGNOR
- (122) diseasecard
- (123) NIH Rare Diseases
- (124) Orphanet
- (125) UMLS
- (126) GTR
- (127) Disease Ontology
- (128) Genetics Home Reference
- (129) MeSH
- (130) MedlinePlus
- (131) CDC
- (132) NINDS
- (133) NCBI Bookshelf
- (134) ClinVar
- (135) Gene Damage Index
- (136) ViGene Biosciences
- (137) HPO
- (138) UDN
- (139) VISTA
- (140) FANTOM5
- (141) ENCODE
- (142) ProSci
- (143) Horizon
- (144) NURSA
- (145) IID
- (146) Cyagen
- (147) VectorBuilder
- (148) SNPedia
- (149) BRCA Exchange
- (150) St John's Lab
- (151) CIViC
- (152) ProteoGenix
- (153) dbSUPER
- (154) TISSUES
- (155) Gene ORGANizer




