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HCAR1 Gene

protein-coding GIFtS: 50
GCID: GC12M123104

Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1

(Previous names: G protein-coupled receptor 104, G protein-coupled receptor...)
(Previous symbols: GPR104, GPR81)

See related disease
at

MalaCards

(According to ¹HGNC, ²Entrez Gene,
³UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ⁴UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁵OMIM, ⁶GeneLoc, ⁷Ensembl, ⁸DME, ⁹miRBase, ¹⁰fRNAdb, ¹²H-InvDB, ¹³NCBI, ¹⁴NONCODE, and/or ¹⁵RNAdb)
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Aliases
Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1¹ ²		G-Protein Coupled Receptor 104² ³
GPR81¹ ² ³ ⁵		G-Protein Coupled Receptor 81² ³
GPR104¹ ² ³		LACR1²
G Protein-Coupled Receptor 104¹ ²		TA-GPCR²
G Protein-Coupled Receptor 81¹ ²		Hydroxy-Carboxylic Acid Receptor 1²
Lactate Receptor 1¹ ²		T-Cell Activation G Protein-Coupled Receptor²
HCA1² ³

External Ids:	HGNC: 4532¹	Entrez Gene: 27198²	Ensembl: ENSG00000196917⁷	OMIM: 606923⁵	UniProtKB: Q9BXC0³

Export aliases for HCAR1 gene to outside databases

(According to Entrez Gene, GeneCards, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
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Entrez Gene summary for HCAR1 Gene:

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs, or GPRs), such as GPR81, contain 7 transmembrane domains and transduce

extracellular signals through heterotrimeric G proteins.(supplied by OMIM, Feb 2005)

GeneCards Summary for HCAR1 Gene:

HCAR1 (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1) is a protein-coding gene. Diseases associated with HCAR1 include breast cancer. GO annotations related to this gene include G-protein coupled receptor activity. An important paralog of this gene is OXER1.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: HCAR1_HUMAN, Q9BXC0

Function: Acts as a receptor for L-lactate and mediates its anti-lipolytic effect through a G(i)-protein-mediated

pathway

Gene Wiki entry for HCAR1 (GPR81) Gene

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 75), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
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RefSeq DNA sequence:

NC_000012.12 NC_018923.2 NT_029419.13

Regulatory elements:

Search for regulatory transcription factor binding sites for HCAR1
Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: HCAR1 promoter sequence

Search Chromatin IP Primers for HCAR1

Epigenetics:

DNA Methylation CpG Assay Predesigned for Pyrosequencing in human, mouse, rat HCAR1

Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 12q24.31 Ensembl cytogenetic band: 12q24.31 HGNC cytogenetic band: 12q24.31

HCAR1 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
HCAR1 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 12 GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC12M123104: view genomic region (about GC identifiers)

Start:	123,104,824 bp from pter	End:	123,215,390 bp from pter
Size:	110,567 bases	Orientation:	minus strand

(According to ¹UniProtKB, HORDE, ²neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Cloud-Clone Corp.,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Cloud-Clone Corp., Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, LSBio, Abcam, and/or Cloud-Clone Corp.)
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UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: HCAR1_HUMAN, Q9BXC0 (See protein sequence)

Recommended Name: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1

Size: 346 amino acids; 39295 Da

Secondary accessions: B2R9X4 Q3Y5J3 Q4VBN1 Q6NXU5

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for HCAR1: NX_Q9BXC0

Explore proteomics data for HCAR1 at MOPED

Post-translational modifications:

Glycosylation² at Asn3

Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus

See HCAR1 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED, PaxDB, and MaxQB

REFSEQ proteins: NP_115943.1

ENSEMBL proteins:

ENSP00000409980 ENSP00000349478 ENSP00000389255

Reactome Protein details: Q9BXC0

HCAR1 Human Recombinant Protein Products:

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HCAR1 Antibody Products:

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	Search for Antibodies for HCAR1 at Abcam
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	ThermoFisher Antibodies for HCAR1
	LSBio Antibodies in human, mouse, rat for HCAR1

HCAR1 Assay Products:

	Browse Kits and Assays available from EMD Millipore
	OriGene Custom Assay Services for HCAR1
	Browse R&D Systems for biochemical assays
	GenScript Custom Assay Services for HCAR1
	Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
	Browse ELISAs at Cloud-Clone Corp. Browse CLIAs at Cloud-Clone Corp.

(According to HGNC, IUPHAR, InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
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HGNC Gene Families:

HCAR: GPCR / Class A : Hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptors

IUPHAR Guide to PHARMACOLOGY protein family classification: HCA₁ receptor

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors

3 InterPro protein domains:

IPR017452 GPCR_Rhodpsn_7TM

IPR028016 HCAR1_rcpt

IPR000276 GPCR_Rhodpsn

Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q9BXC0

ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q9BXC0

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: HCAR1_HUMAN, Q9BXC0

Similarity: Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family

HCAR1 for domains About GeneDecksing

(According to ¹UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or ²DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013, inGenious Targeting Laboratory, genOway,
transcription factor targeting from QIAGEN and/or HOMER, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase, shRNA from OriGene, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, ESI BIO, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Molecular Function:

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: HCAR1_HUMAN, Q9BXC0

Function: Acts as a receptor for L-lactate and mediates its anti-lipolytic effect through a G(i)-protein-mediated

pathway

Gene Ontology (GO): 1 molecular function term: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0004930	G-protein coupled receptor activity	IEA	--

HCAR1 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

Phenotypes:
1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for HCAR1:

Synthetic lethal with Ras

1 MGI mutant phenotype (inferred from 1 allele) (MGI details for Gpr81):

homeostasis/metabolism

HCAR1 for phenotypes About GeneDecksing

Animal Models:

inGenious Targeting Laboratory: Let us create your new Knockout/Knockin mouse model for HCAR1

inGenious Targeting Laboratory: Contact us about creating complex and humanized mouse models for HCAR1

genOway customized KO model: permanent, tissue-specific or time-controlled inactivation for HCAR1

genOway customized Knockin model: humanization, point mutation, expression monitoring, etc. for HCAR1

miRNA Products:		miRTarBase miRNAs that target HCAR1: hsa-mir-335-5p (MIRT017279)

		Block miRNA regulation of human, mouse, rat HCAR1 using miScript Target Protectors
		7 qRT-PCR Assays for microRNAs that regulate HCAR1:
		hsa-miR-890 hsa-miR-1276 hsa-miR-3065-3p hsa-miR-1248 hsa-miR-635 hsa-miR-3680 hsa-miR-1305
		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: HCAR1 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		OriGene RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for HCAR1
		Predesigned siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat HCAR1

Gene Editing
Products:

DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for HCAR1

Clone Products:		OriGene clones in human, mouse for HCAR1 (see all 6) OriGene ORF clones in mouse, rat for HCAR1 OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
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In Situ Assay
Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for HCAR1

(According to UniProtKB, COMPARTMENTS Subcellular localization database, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene.)
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Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

HCAR1_HUMAN, Q9BXC0: Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0005886	plasma membrane	TAS	--
GO:0016021	integral component of membrane	IEA	--

HCAR1 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(SuperPaths according to PathCards, Pathways according to R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Sino Biological, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to QIAGEN, and/or STRING, Interactions according to ¹UniProtKB, ²MINT, ³I2D, and/or ⁴STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Apr 2014 via Entrez Gene).
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SuperPaths for HCAR1 About

See pathways by source

SuperPath

Contained pathways About

Peptide ligand-binding receptors

	Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)	0.71			G alpha (i) signalling events	0.44
	GPCR ligand binding	0.71			GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like	0.43

Signaling by GPCR

	Signaling by GPCR	0.90			Signal Transduction	0.58
	GPCR downstream signaling	0.90

Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors

Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors

Pathways by source See SuperPaths
Show all pathways

1 BioSystems Pathway for HCAR1

GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like

2 Reactome Pathways for HCAR1

	G alpha (i) signalling events
	Hydroxycarboxylic acid-binding receptors

HCAR1 for pathways About GeneDecksing

Pathway & Disease-focused RT² Profiler PCR Array including HCAR1:

G Protein Coupled Receptors 384HT in human mouse rat

Interactions:

Search GeneGlobe Interaction Network for HCAR1

Gene Ontology (GO): 2 biological process terms: About this table

GO ID	Qualified GO term	Evidence	PubMed IDs
GO:0007186	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	--	--
GO:0032355	response to estradiol	IDA	15831516

HCAR1 for ontologies About GeneDecksing

(Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, ApexBio, HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, Ligands according to IUPHAR, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB)
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Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore

Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

Browse compounds at ApexBio

Compounds for HCAR1 available from Tocris Bioscience About this table

Compound	Action	CAS #
Grifolic acid	Selective partial GPR120 agonist	[80557-12-6]
26RFa	Ligand of GPR103; orexigenic neuropeptide	[881640-56-8]
PF9 tetrasodium salt	Potent GPR17 agonist	[851265-78-6]
TC-O 9311	Potent and selective GPR139 agonist	[444932-31-4]
TUG 891	Potent and selective GPR120 agonist	[1374516-07-0]

5 IUPHAR Ligands for HCAR1 (HCA₁ receptor) About this table

Ligand	Type	Action	Affinity	Pubmed IDs
3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid	Agonist	Full agonist	3.72	22434674
L-lactic acid	Agonist	Full agonist	1.3 - 2.89	20374963 18952058 19047060 23396314
D-lactic ?aeacid	Agonist	Partial agonist	2.52	18952058
gamma-hydroxybutyric acid	Agonist	Full agonist	1.82	19047060
nicotinic acid	Agonist	Unknown	1.82	12522134

(Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
Unigene (Build 236 Homo sapiens; Apr 25 2013) or GenBank,
RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
Conferences by KenesGroup, exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN, SwitchGear Genomics,
Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN )
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REFSEQ mRNAs for HCAR1 gene:

NM_032554.3

Unigene Cluster for HCAR1:

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1

Hs.610873 [show with all ESTs]

Unigene Representative Sequence: NM_032554

3 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:

ENST00000436083(uc001ucz.3) ENST00000356987(uc001ucw.1) ENST00000432564

miRNA Products:		Block miRNA regulation of human, mouse, rat HCAR1 using miScript Target Protectors
		7 qRT-PCR Assays for microRNAs that regulate HCAR1:
		hsa-miR-890 hsa-miR-1276 hsa-miR-3065-3p hsa-miR-1248 hsa-miR-635 hsa-miR-3680 hsa-miR-1305
		SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: HCAR1 3' UTR sequence

Inhib. RNA Products:		OriGene RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for HCAR1
		Predesigned siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat HCAR1

Clone Products:		OriGene clones in human, mouse for HCAR1 (see all 6) OriGene ORF clones in mouse, rat for HCAR1 OriGene custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
		GenScript Custom all cDNA clones Services for HCAR1
		DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for HCAR1
		Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat HCAR1

Primer Products:		OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for HCAR1 OriGene qSTAR qPCR primer pairs in human, mouse for HCAR1
		Pre-validated RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat HCAR1
		QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat HCAR1
		QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat HCAR1

Additional mRNA sequence:

AF345568.1 AK313955.1 AY507143.1 BC066881.1 BC066882.1 BC066883.1 BC067484.1 BC095506.1

EU809458.1

2 DOTS entries:

DT.100019050 DT.91958104

3 AceView cDNA sequences:

AK122659 AW848381 BG212812

GeneLoc Exon Structure

(RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE ¹MOPED, ²PaxDb, and ³MaxQB, plus additional links to SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Primers from OriGene, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
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HCAR1 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
About this imageBioGPS <intensity>^2/3
CGAP TAG: ACATATGCTT

About this image

HCAR1 Protein expression data from MOPED¹, PaxDb² and MaxQB³:

About this image

HCAR1 Protein Expression

SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.610873

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: HCAR1_HUMAN, Q9BXC0

Tissue specificity: Expressed abundantly in brown and white fat. It also detectable at lower levels in liver,

kidney, skeletal muscle, brain and pituitary. Not detected in frontal, temporal and occipital lobes of the

cortex, basal forebrain, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus

Pathway & Disease-focused RT² Profiler PCR Array including HCAR1:

G Protein Coupled Receptors 384HT in human mouse rat

Primer Products:		OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for HCAR1 OriGene qSTAR qPCR primer pairs in human, mouse for HCAR1
		Pre-validated RT² qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat HCAR1
		QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat HCAR1
		QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat HCAR1

In Situ
Assay Products:

Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for HCAR1

(Orthologs according to ^1,2HomoloGene (²older version, for species not in ¹newer version), ³euGenes, ⁴SGD , ⁵MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or ⁶Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
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This gene was present in the common ancestor of chordates.

Orthologs for HCAR1 gene from Selected species (see all 8) About this table

Organism	Taxonomic classification	Gene	Description	Human Similarity	Orthology Type	Details
mouse (Mus musculus)	Mammalia	Gpr81^{1 , 5}	G protein-coupled receptor 81^{1, 5}	81.48(n)¹ 80.7(a)¹		5 (63.24 cM)⁵ 243270¹ NM_175520.4¹ NP_780729.2¹ 123876736⁵
zebrafish (Danio rerio)	Actinopterygii	hcar1-1⁶	hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1-1	39(a)	many ↔ many	10(45675902-45676888) ENSDARG00000086066

ENSEMBL Gene Tree for HCAR1 (if available)
TreeFam Gene Tree for HCAR1 (if available)

(Paralogs according to ¹HomoloGene,
²Ensembl, and ³SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to ⁴Pseudogene.org Build 68)
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Paralogs for HCAR1 gene

OXER1² GPR31² HCAR3² HCAR2²

9 SIMAP similar genes for HCAR1 using alignment to 1 protein entry: HCAR1_HUMAN:

HCAR2 HCAR3 OXER1 GPR31 CYSLTR2 KPG_011

LPAR4 GPR35 GPR17

HCAR1 for paralogs About GeneDecksing

(SNPs/Variants according to the ¹NCBI SNP Database, ²Ensembl, ³PupaSUITE, ⁴UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD), the Human Cytochrome P450 Allele Nomenclature Database, and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays, and Copy Number PCR Arrays from QIAGEN)
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SNP ID	Valid	Clinical significance	Chr 12 pos	Sequence	#	AA Chg	Type	More	#	Allele freq	Pop	Total sample	More
Genomic Data					Transcription Related Data				Allele Frequencies
				--	--	--		--	--
rs75445873^1,2	C,F	--	123211660(+)	`CTCTAT/GAAAAA`	1	--	ds500¹		2		WA	120
rs143148174^1,2		--	123211709(+)	`TACTCA/CCAGCT`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs1696348^1,2	C	--	123211817(-)	`AATCTC/TGCTCT`	1	--	ds500¹		12		NA WA CSA EA	374
rs116296332^1,2	C	--	123211892(+)	`AACTTC/TGATGC`	1	--	ds500¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs7307192^1,2	C,F,A	--	123212108(+)	`ctcctC/Gggttc`	1	--	ds500¹		5		NS NA WA	94
rs7131790^1,2	C,F,A	--	123212123(+)	`gattcT/Gcctgc`	1	--	ds500¹		6		NA NS	92
rs150695532^1,2		--	123212195(+)	`TTTTAG/TTAGAG`	1	--	ut3¹		0	--	--	--	--
rs7313367^1,2	C,F,A	--	123212236(+)	`CTAGAG/ACTCCT`	1	--	ut3¹		6		NS NA WA CSA	91
rs61955053^1,2	F	--	123212364(+)	`AGAGAG/ATATAA`	1	--	ut3¹		1		NA	2
rs11613775^1,2	C,H	--	123212385(+)	`TGAGAA/CCCATG`	1	--	ut3¹ ese³		5		NS EA NA	422

HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for HCAR1 (123104824 - 123215390 bp)

Structural Variations
Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) 1 variation for HCAR1: About this table

Variant ID	Type	Subtype	PubMed ID
nsv913	CNV	Insertion	18451855

Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): HCAR1

Site Specific Mutation Identification with PCR Assays

SeqTarget long-range PCR primers for resequencing HCAR1

DNA2.0 Custom Variant and Variant Library Synthesis for HCAR1

(in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Conferences by KenesGroup, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
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OMIM gene information: 606923 OMIM disorders: --

1 disease for HCAR1:
About MalaCards

breast cancer

HCAR1 for disorders About GeneDecksing

Export disorders for HCAR1 gene to outside databases

(in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via ¹Entrez Gene, ²UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, ³HGNC, ⁴GAD, ⁵PharmGKB, ⁶HMDB, ⁷DrugBank, ⁸UniProtKB/TrEMBL, ⁹ Novoseek, and/or ¹⁰fRNAdb)
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PubMed articles for HCAR1 gene, integrated from 10 sources (see all 17):
(articles sorted by number of sources associating them with HCAR1)

Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
world of online information

International union of basic and clinical pharmacology. LXXXII: nomenclature and classification of hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptors (GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B). (PubMed id 21454438)^{1, 2, 3} Offermanns S....Ijzerman A.P. (Pharmacol. Rev. 2011)
Lactate inhibits lipolysis in fat cells through activation of an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR81. (PubMed id 19047060)^{1, 2, 3} Liu C.... Lovenberg T.W. (J. Biol. Chem. 2009)
Discovery and mapping of ten novel G protein-coupled receptor genes. (PubMed id 11574155)^{1, 2, 3} Lee D.K.... O'Dowd B.F. (Gene 2001)
Role of GPR81 in lactate-mediated reduction of adipose lipolysis. (PubMed id 18952058)^{1, 3} Cai T.Q....Waters M.G. (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008)
The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)^{1, 2} Gerhard D.S.... Malek J. (Genome Res. 2004)
Identification of G protein-coupled receptor genes from the human genome sequence. (PubMed id 12044878)^{1, 2} Takeda S.... Mitaku S. (FEBS Lett. 2002)
Biological and pharmacological roles of HCA receptors. (PubMed id 21907911)¹ Blad C.C....Offermanns S. (Adv. Pharmacol. 2011)
Study of GPR81, the lactate receptor, from distant species identifies residues and motifs critical for GPR81 functions. (PubMed id 21862690)¹ Kuei C....Liu C. (Mol. Pharmacol. 2011)
Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of thiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study. (PubMed id 20628086)¹ Bailey S.D....Anand S. (Diabetes Care 2010)
Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip. (PubMed id 19913121)¹ Talmud P.J.... . (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2009)

(in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
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		AND	OR
Aliases
Free Text

Query String		PubMed OMIM NCBI Bookshelf
	(Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

(According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
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Entrez Gene: 27198	HGNC: 4532	AceView: GPR81	Ensembl:ENSG00000196917	euGenes: HUgn27198
ECgene: HCAR1	H-InvDB: HCAR1

(According to HUGE)
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(According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, and/or others, e.g. Wikipedia and GeneReviews, via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
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Name	Description
PharmGKB entry for HCAR1	Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
SeattleSNPs	http://pga.gs.washington.edu/data/gpr81/

Intellectual Property for HCAR1 gene
(Patent information from GeneIP, Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts, IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)

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Patent Information for HCAR1 gene:
Search GeneIP for patents involving HCAR1

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(Antibodies, recombinant proteins, and assays from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, QIAGEN, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, Enzo Life Sciences, Abcam, ProSpec, Cloud-Clone Corp., Thermo Fisher Scientific, LSBio, Gene Editing from DNA2.0. Clones from OriGene, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, SwitchGear Genomics, Vector BioLabs, Cell lines from GenScript, and ESI BIO, PCR Arrays from QIAGEN, Drugs and/or compounds from EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or ApexBio, In Situ Hybridization Assays from
Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Animal models from inGenious Targeting Laboratory, genOway)
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HCAR1 Gene

Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1

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HCAR1 Gene

Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 1

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for HCAR1 gene

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for HCAR1 gene

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for HCAR1 gene

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for HCAR1 gene