Aliases for GLUL Gene
Aliases for GLUL Gene
External Ids for GLUL Gene
- HGNC: 4341
- Entrez Gene: 2752
- Ensembl: ENSG00000135821
- OMIM: 138290
- UniProtKB: P15104
Previous HGNC Symbols for GLUL Gene
- GLNS
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for GLUL Gene
- GC01M179878
- GC01M177780
- GC01M178872
- GC01M179592
- GC01M179593
- GC01M179083
- GC01M180617
- GC01M153587
Summaries for GLUL Gene
-
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]
GeneCards Summary for GLUL Gene
GLUL (Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with GLUL include Glutamine Deficiency, Congenital and Hepatocellular Adenoma. Among its related pathways are Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) and Arginine biosynthesis. GO annotations related to this gene include identical protein binding and manganese ion binding.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
-
This enzyme has 2 functions: it catalyzes the production of glutamine and 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA), the latter in a pyridoxal phosphate-independent manner (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts.
No data available for CIViC summary , Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for GLUL Gene
Genomics for GLUL Gene
Regulatory Elements for GLUL Gene
Enhancers for GLUL Gene
- Elite enhancer and/or Elite enhancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data dump
Enhancers around GLUL on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the GLUL gene promoter:
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Location for GLUL Gene
- Chromosome:
- 1
- Start:
- 182,378,093 bp from pter
- End:
- 182,392,206 bp from pter
- Size:
- 14,114 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
Genomic View for GLUL Gene
Genes around GLUL on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 1q25.3 by Ensembl
- 1q25.3 by Entrez Gene
- 1q25.3 by HGNC
GLUL Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for GLUL Gene
Proteins for GLUL Gene
-
Protein details for GLUL Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P15104-GLNA_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Glutamine synthetase
- Protein Accession:
- P15104
- Q499Y9
- Q5T9Z1
- Q7Z3W4
- Q8IZ17
Protein attributes for GLUL Gene
- Size:
- 373 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 42064 Da
- Cofactor:
- Name=biotin; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:57586;
- Cofactor:
- Name=Mg(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420; Name=Mn(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29035;
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Homooctamer and homotetramer. Interacts with PALMD (By similarity).
Protein Expression for GLUL Gene
Selected DME Specific Peptides for GLUL Gene
- P15104:
-
- DFGVIATFD
- HETSNIN
- WNGAGCHTN
- PSANCDP
- TSASSHLNKGIKQ
- YIWIDGT
- WIDGTGE
- AQWEFQIGPCEGI
- GYFEDRRP
- NRSASIRIP
- GFPGPQG
- RTCLLNETG
- GTNAEVM
- RDIVEAHY
- LPQGEKVQ
- WNFDGSST
- RCKTRTLD
- SNSDMYL
- RFILHRVCEDFG
- PQGPYYC
- HTNFSTK
- PWFGMEQEY
- GTDGHPFGWPS
- FDPKPIPG
Post-translational modifications for GLUL Gene
- Ubiquitinated by ZNRF1.
- Ubiquitination at Lys14, Lys25, Lys91, isoforms=95, Lys103, isoforms=259, isoforms=268, Lys276, Lys291, Lys334, and Lys372
- Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
Other Protein References for GLUL Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- EMD Millipore top GLUL Antibody
- EMD Millipore Complete listing of Mono and Polychlonal Antibodies for GLUL
-
Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for GLUL
-
Cloud-Clone Corp. Antibodies for GLUL
- Invitrogen Antibodies for GLUL
- antibodies-online Antibodies for GLUL: See all 85
- GeneTex GLUL antibody for GLUL
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for GLUL
Protein Products
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for GLUL
- Origene Custom Protein Services for GLUL
- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for GLUL
-
Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for GLUL
- antibodies-online Proteins for GLUL: See all 53
- Search antibodies-online for peptides
- GeneTex Proteins for GLUL
-
ProSci Proteins for GLUL
Domains & Families for GLUL Gene
Protein Domains for GLUL Gene
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for GLUL Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P15104- Family:
-
- Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
No data available for Gene Families for GLUL Gene
Function for GLUL Gene
Molecular function for GLUL Gene
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- L-glutamine synthetase
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- ATP + L-glutamate + NH(3) = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO(2).
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- This enzyme has 2 functions: it catalyzes the production of glutamine and 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA), the latter in a pyridoxal phosphate-independent manner (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Induction:
- By glucocorticoids. Vitamin D and the Wnt signaling pathway inhibit its expression and activity.
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for GLUL Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0000287 | magnesium ion binding | IEA | -- |
| GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0004351 | glutamate decarboxylase activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0004356 | glutamate-ammonia ligase activity | EXP | 18005987 |
| GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 21994455 |
Phenotypes for GLUL Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for GLUL:
- inferred from 4 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for GLUL:
-
- Increased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- Decreased viability in esophageal squamous lineage
- Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2)
- Decreased viability after Maraba virus infection
- Increased G1 DNA content
- Decreased shRNA abundance
- Increased cell death HMECs cells
- Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2)
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
- Cyagen custom Knockout/knockin (KOKI) mouse models for GLUL
-
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for GLUL
miRNA for GLUL Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target GLUL
-
- hsa-mir-29a-3p (MIRT004021)
- hsa-mir-186-5p (MIRT021141)
- hsa-mir-183-5p (MIRT025018)
- hsa-mir-24-3p (MIRT030540)
- hsa-mir-320b (MIRT036244)
- hsa-mir-937-3p (MIRT036638)
- hsa-mir-877-3p (MIRT036966)
- hsa-mir-877-5p (MIRT037273)
- hsa-mir-423-5p (MIRT038153)
- hsa-mir-296-3p (MIRT038394)
- hsa-mir-125a-3p (MIRT038640)
- hsa-mir-615-3p (MIRT040016)
- hsa-mir-484 (MIRT041957)
- hsa-mir-320a (MIRT044856)
- hsa-mir-185-5p (MIRT045330)
- hsa-mir-149-5p (MIRT045626)
- hsa-mir-196a-5p (MIRT048155)
- hsa-let-7f-5p (MIRT051362)
- hsa-let-7e-5p (MIRT051664)
- hsa-let-7a-5p (MIRT052399)
- hsa-mir-6728-5p (MIRT523509)
- hsa-mir-6788-5p (MIRT523510)
- hsa-mir-30c-2-3p (MIRT523511)
- hsa-mir-30c-1-3p (MIRT523512)
- hsa-mir-4309 (MIRT523513)
- hsa-mir-3198 (MIRT523514)
- hsa-mir-4769-5p (MIRT523515)
- hsa-mir-4654 (MIRT523516)
- hsa-mir-625-5p (MIRT523517)
- hsa-mir-6780b-5p (MIRT523518)
- hsa-mir-4725-3p (MIRT523519)
- hsa-mir-4271 (MIRT523520)
- hsa-mir-5187-5p (MIRT523521)
- hsa-mir-8085 (MIRT523522)
- hsa-mir-6731-5p (MIRT523523)
- hsa-mir-6878-5p (MIRT523524)
- hsa-mir-122-5p (MIRT523525)
- hsa-mir-504-3p (MIRT523526)
- hsa-mir-571 (MIRT523527)
- hsa-mir-4745-5p (MIRT523528)
- hsa-mir-4481 (MIRT523529)
- hsa-mir-549a (MIRT523530)
- hsa-mir-3185 (MIRT523531)
- hsa-mir-3192-5p (MIRT523532)
- hsa-mir-6794-5p (MIRT523533)
- hsa-mir-4716-3p (MIRT523534)
- hsa-mir-4511 (MIRT523535)
- hsa-mir-5047 (MIRT663719)
- hsa-mir-1301-3p (MIRT663720)
- hsa-mir-653-3p (MIRT663721)
- hsa-mir-4420 (MIRT663722)
- hsa-mir-181b-3p (MIRT663723)
- hsa-mir-181b-2-3p (MIRT663724)
- hsa-mir-4660 (MIRT663725)
- hsa-mir-1184 (MIRT663726)
- hsa-mir-6890-3p (MIRT663727)
- hsa-mir-509-5p (MIRT663728)
- hsa-mir-509-3-5p (MIRT663729)
- hsa-mir-4418 (MIRT663730)
- hsa-mir-548s (MIRT688044)
- hsa-mir-3926 (MIRT688045)
- hsa-mir-4683 (MIRT688046)
- hsa-mir-4772-5p (MIRT688047)
- hsa-mir-3190-5p (MIRT688048)
- hsa-mir-6849-3p (MIRT688049)
- hsa-mir-4433a-3p (MIRT688050)
- hsa-mir-4459 (MIRT688051)
- hsa-mir-4768-3p (MIRT688052)
- hsa-mir-383-5p (MIRT688053)
- hsa-mir-6771-3p (MIRT688054)
- hsa-mir-665 (MIRT688055)
- hsa-mir-6516-5p (MIRT688056)
- hsa-mir-6780a-5p (MIRT688057)
- hsa-mir-6779-5p (MIRT688058)
- hsa-mir-3689c (MIRT688059)
- hsa-mir-3689b-3p (MIRT688060)
- hsa-mir-3689a-3p (MIRT688061)
- hsa-mir-30b-3p (MIRT688062)
- hsa-mir-1273h-5p (MIRT688063)
- hsa-mir-455-3p (MIRT688064)
- hsa-mir-4314 (MIRT688065)
- hsa-mir-6799-5p (MIRT688066)
- hsa-mir-6883-5p (MIRT688067)
- hsa-mir-6785-5p (MIRT688068)
- hsa-mir-4728-5p (MIRT688069)
- hsa-mir-149-3p (MIRT688070)
- hsa-mir-7106-5p (MIRT688071)
- hsa-mir-650 (MIRT688072)
- hsa-mir-3612 (MIRT688073)
- hsa-mir-7160-5p (MIRT688074)
- hsa-mir-4722-5p (MIRT688075)
- hsa-mir-298 (MIRT688076)
- hsa-mir-6884-5p (MIRT688077)
- hsa-mir-485-5p (MIRT688078)
- hsa-mir-1827 (MIRT688079)
- hsa-mir-4646-5p (MIRT688080)
- hsa-mir-204-3p (MIRT688081)
- hsa-mir-4649-3p (MIRT688082)
- hsa-mir-1298-3p (MIRT688083)
- hsa-mir-4478 (MIRT688084)
- hsa-mir-4419b (MIRT688085)
- hsa-mir-3929 (MIRT688086)
- hsa-mir-940 (MIRT688087)
- hsa-mir-6893-5p (MIRT688088)
- hsa-mir-6808-5p (MIRT688089)
- hsa-mir-6511a-5p (MIRT688090)
- hsa-mir-1910-3p (MIRT688091)
- hsa-mir-495-5p (MIRT688092)
- hsa-mir-129-5p (MIRT710637)
- hsa-mir-8055 (MIRT710638)
- hsa-mir-4446-5p (MIRT710639)
- hsa-mir-5006-3p (MIRT710640)
- hsa-mir-4755-5p (MIRT710641)
- hsa-mir-744-3p (MIRT710642)
- hsa-mir-642a-5p (MIRT710643)
- hsa-mir-4653-3p (MIRT710644)
- hsa-mir-8082 (MIRT710645)
- hsa-mir-4534 (MIRT710646)
- hsa-mir-1273f (MIRT710647)
- hsa-mir-4708-5p (MIRT710648)
- hsa-mir-6088 (MIRT710649)
- hsa-mir-4770 (MIRT710650)
- hsa-mir-143-3p (MIRT710651)
- hsa-mir-2276-5p (MIRT710652)
- hsa-mir-6892-3p (MIRT710653)
- hsa-mir-6514-5p (MIRT710654)
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene RNAi, siRNA, and shRNA products in human, mouse, rat for GLUL
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For GLUL
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
Clone Products
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for GLUL
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for GLUL
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for GLUL
-
ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
Flow Cytometry Products
No data available for Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for GLUL Gene
Localization for GLUL Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
- Cytoplasm. Mitochondrion.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| extracellular | 5 |
| mitochondrion | 5 |
| nucleus | 5 |
| cytosol | 5 |
| cytoskeleton | 2 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 2 |
| plasma membrane | 1 |
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005634 | nucleus | IDA | 21630459 |
| GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005739 | mitochondrion | IEA,IDA | -- |
| GO:0005791 | rough endoplasmic reticulum | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005829 | cytosol | TAS | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for GLUL Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Metabolism |
.37
|
|
| 2 | Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism | ||
| 3 | Transmission across Chemical Synapses |
.62
|
|
| 4 | glutamine biosynthesis | ||
| 5 | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | ||
Pathways by source for GLUL Gene
5 BioSystems pathways for GLUL Gene
8 KEGG pathways for GLUL Gene
Interacting Proteins for GLUL Gene
Selected Interacting proteins:
ENSP00000307900
P15104-GLNA_HUMAN
for GLUL Gene via
STRING
MINT
UniProtKB
IID
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001504 | neurotransmitter uptake | TAS | -- |
| GO:0006536 | glutamate metabolic process | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006538 | glutamate catabolic process | TAS | 21757002 |
| GO:0006542 | glutamine biosynthetic process | TAS | 21757002 |
| GO:0006807 | nitrogen compound metabolic process | IEA | -- |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for GLUL Gene
Drugs & Compounds for GLUL Gene
| Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceftriaxone | Approved | Pharma | Enzyme, inducer | 119 | ||
| Diazoxide | Approved | Pharma | Activator, Enzyme, inhibitor | 22 | ||
| L-Glutamine | Approved, Investigational | Nutra | Full agonist, Agonist, Target, product of | 0 | ||
| L-Methionine | Approved | Nutra | Enzyme, inhibitor | 0 | ||
| Capsaicin | Approved | Pharma | Potentiation, Activator, Enzyme, inducer | TRPV1 receptor agonist | 176 |
| Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADP |
|
Full agonist, Agonist | 58-64-0 | |||
| Ammonia |
|
7664-41-7 |
|
|||
| Phosphate |
|
14265-44-2 |
|
Transcripts for GLUL Gene
mRNA/cDNA for GLUL Gene
- (4) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (16) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (1446) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (12) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for GLUL Gene
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for GLUL
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene RNAi, siRNA, and shRNA products in human, mouse, rat for GLUL
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For GLUL
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
Clone Products
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for GLUL
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for GLUL
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Flow Cytometry Products
| ExUns: | 1a | · | 1b | · | 1c | · | 1d | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3 | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6a | · | 6b | ^ | 7 | ^ | 8a | · | 8b | · | 8c | · | 8d | ^ | 9 | ^ | 10a | · | 10b | ^ | 11a | · | 11b | ^ | 12a | · | 12b | · | 12c | ^ | 13a | · | 13b | · |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP14: | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP15: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP16: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP17: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP18: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP19: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP20: | - | - |
| ExUns: | 13c | · | 13d | · | 13e | · | 13f | ^ | 14a | · | 14b | · | 14c | ^ | 15a | · | 15b | · | 15c | · | 15d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP14: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP15: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP16: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP17: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP18: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP19: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP20: |
Expression for GLUL Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Glial Cells
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Forebrain White Matter
- Bergmann Glia Purkinje Cell Layer
- Mature Muller Glia Cells Inner Nuclear Layer
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA2 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
-
Spinal Cord (Nervous System)
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA2 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA3 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA1 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- Protoplasmic Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord Grey Matter
-
Brain (Nervous System)
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Forebrain White Matter
- Bergmann Glia Purkinje Cell Layer
- Astrocyte-like cells(Bahat-Stroomza M et. al. 2009)
-
Eye (Sensory Organs)
- Mature Muller Glia Cells Inner Nuclear Layer
-
Liver (Hepatobiliary System)
- Perivenous Hepatocytes Liver Lobule
- Astrocytes (Nervous System)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for GLUL Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Muscle - Skeletal (x5.1).
This gene is overexpressed in Retina (28.0), Frontal cortex (10.4), Cervix (6.8), and Brain (6.5).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, MaxQB, and MOPED for GLUL Gene
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of GLUL Gene:
GLULSOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for GLUL Gene:
Hs.518525Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for GLUL Gene
- Eye(5)
- Nervous system(5)
- Liver(4.8)
- Intestine(4.6)
- Muscle(4.6)
- Lung(4.3)
- Blood(3.9)
- Spleen(2.8)
- Stomach(2.8)
- Kidney(2.6)
- Thyroid gland(2.6)
- Bone marrow(2.5)
- Heart(2.4)
- Gall bladder(2.3)
- Pancreas(2.3)
- Adrenal gland(2.1)
- Lymph node(2.1)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for GLUL Gene
Germ Layers:
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
Systems:
- cardiovascular
- integumentary
- nervous
- respiratory
- skeletal muscle
- skeleton
Organs:
Head and neck:
- brain
- cerebellum
- ear
- face
- head
- nose
- outer ear
- skull
Thorax:
- heart
- heart valve
- lung
General:
- blood
- blood vessel
- skin
- spinal cord
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for GLUL
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for GLUL
No data available for mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for GLUL Gene
Orthologs for GLUL Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | GLUL 34 35 |
|
||
| platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | GLUL 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | GLUL 34 35 |
|
||
| -- 35 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| -- 35 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | GLUL 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | GLUL 34 35 |
|
||
| mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Glul 34 16 35 |
|
||
| rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Glul 34 |
|
||
| chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | GLUL 34 35 |
|
||
| lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | GLUL 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | glul 34 |
|
||
| LOC394904 34 |
|
||||
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) |
Amphibia | glul-prov 34 |
|
||
| zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | glula 35 |
|
OneToMany | |
| glulb 34 35 |
|
||||
| rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
Actinopterygii | Omy.11265 34 |
|
||
| fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | Gs1 36 34 35 |
|
||
| Gs2 36 35 |
|
||||
| African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | AgaP_AGAP008988 34 |
|
||
| worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | Y105C5B.28 36 |
|
|
|
| F26D10.10 36 |
|
|
|||
| gln-1 34 35 |
|
||||
| qrs-1 36 |
|
|
|||
| gln-3 35 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| qrs-2 36 |
|
|
|||
| C28D4.3 36 |
|
|
|||
| gln-5 35 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| gln-2 35 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| gln-6 35 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii) |
Saccharomycetes | AGOS_ACR182C 34 |
|
||
| baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | GLN1 34 35 37 |
|
||
| K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis) |
Saccharomycetes | KLLA0E06293g 34 |
|
||
| thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) |
eudicotyledons | GSR2 34 |
|
||
| soybean (Glycine max) |
eudicotyledons | Gma.3518 34 |
|
||
| Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera) |
eudicotyledons | Vvi.1208 34 |
|
||
| rice (Oryza sativa) |
Liliopsida | Os03g0223400 34 |
|
||
| Os.7879 34 |
|
||||
| barley (Hordeum vulgare) |
Liliopsida | Hv.331 34 |
|
||
| wheat (Triticum aestivum) |
Liliopsida | Ta.24508 34 |
|
||
| corn (Zea mays) |
Liliopsida | Zm.45 34 |
|
||
| sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | CSA.392 35 |
|
OneToOne | |
| bread mold (Neurospora crassa) |
Ascomycetes | NCU06724 34 |
|
||
| fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) |
Schizosaccharomycetes | gln1 34 |
|
- Species where no ortholog for GLUL was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
Paralogs for GLUL Gene
(3) SIMAP similar genes for GLUL Gene using alignment to 2 proteins:
Pseudogenes.org Pseudogenes for GLUL Gene
No data available for Paralogs for GLUL Gene
Variants for GLUL Gene
| SNP ID | Clin | Chr 01 pos | Sequence Context | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs80358214 | Pathogenic, Congenital systemic glutamine deficiency (CSGD) [MIM:610015] | 182,384,557(-) | GCATA(A/C/T)GCATT | reference, missense | |
| rs80358215 | Pathogenic, Congenital systemic glutamine deficiency (CSGD) [MIM:610015] | 182,384,506(-) | ATCGT(C/T)GCCCC | reference, missense | |
| rs1058806 | Likely benign | 182,382,994(-) | AACTT(C/T)TAATT | utr-variant-3-prime | |
| rs112448103 | Likely benign | 182,391,790(+) | GACTC(C/T)GCAGA | upstream-variant-2KB, utr-variant-5-prime | |
| rs115448180 | Likely benign | 182,383,041(+) | GCCAA(C/T)ACAAG | utr-variant-3-prime |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
13.6% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
0.53;
11.42% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Relevant External Links for GLUL Gene
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
Disorders for GLUL Gene
(13) MalaCards diseases for GLUL Gene - From: OMIM, ClinVar, GeneTests, Orphanet, Swiss-Prot, DISEASES, Novoseek, and GeneCards
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| glutamine deficiency, congenital |
|
|
| hepatocellular adenoma |
|
|
| hepatic encephalopathy |
|
|
| glutathione synthetase deficiency |
|
|
| hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome |
|
|
Search GLUL in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
GLNA_HUMAN- Congenital systemic glutamine deficiency (CSGD) [MIM:610015]: Rare developmental disorder with severe brain malformation resulting in multi-organ failure and neonatal death. Glutamine is largely absent from affected patients serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:16267323}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Relevant External Links for GLUL
No data available for Genatlas for GLUL Gene
Publications for GLUL Gene
- Wnt and steroid pathways control glutamate signalling by regulating glutamine synthetase activity in osteoblastic cells. (PMID: 18555765) Olkku A. … Mahonen A. (Bone 2008) 3 4 22 64
- Glutamine synthetase is essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts. (PMID: 18662667) Vermeulen T. … Haeberle J. (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2008) 3 4 22 64
- An association study between polymorphisms in five genes in glutamate and GABA pathway and paranoid schizophrenia. (PMID: 15642443) Zhang B. … Shen Y. (Eur. Psychiatry 2005) 3 22 46 64
- Glutamine synthetase isolated from human brain: octameric structure and homology of partial primary structure with human liver glutamine synthetase. (PMID: 12387715) Boksha I.S. … Burbaeva G.S.H. (Biokhimiia 2002) 3 4 22 64
- Overexpression of glutamine synthetase in human primary liver cancer. (PMID: 7909780) Christa L. … Lasserre C. (Gastroenterology 1994) 3 4 22 64
Products for GLUL Gene
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- Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for GLUL
- Browse OriGene ELISA Kits
- Custom Assay Services
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- Origene Custom Protein Services for GLUL
- Origene shRNA, siRNA, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for GLUL
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- OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for GLUL
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs for GLUL
- OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
- OriGene ORF clones in human for GLUL
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
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- GenScript: Next-day shipping cDNA ORF clone for GLUL in any vector
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- CloneReady with Over 120,000 Genes
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- Gene Mutant Library, Variants up to 10^11
- Plasmid Preparation
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- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
- Browse Sino Biological Cell Lysates
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- Sino Biological Antibodies
- Sino Biological ELISA Kits and Pair Sets
- Sino Biological Cell Lysates
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- Sino Biological CRO Services for Proteins, Antibodies and Genes
- Sino Biological Transfection Reagents
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals proteins and lysates for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals
- Novus Biologicals Tissue Microarrays
- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for GLUL
- Cloud-Clone Corp. Antibodies for GLUL
- Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for GLUL
- Cloud-Clone Corp Assay Kits for GLUL
- antibodies-online Antibodies for GLUL: See all 85
- antibodies-online Kits for GLUL: See all 15
- antibodies-online Proteins for GLUL: See all 53
- Search antibodies-online for peptides
- GeneTex GLUL antibody for GLUL
- GeneTex Proteins for GLUL
- ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for GLUL
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for GLUL siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
- Search for GLUL Antibodies at ProSci
- Custom Antibody Services
- ProSci Proteins for GLUL
- Horizon Cell Lines for GLUL
- Cyagen custom Knockout/knockin (KOKI) mouse models for GLUL
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for GLUL
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for GLUL
- VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
Sources for GLUL Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
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- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
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- (24) DrugBank
- (25) HMDB
- (26) UniGene
- (27) AceView
- (28) RNAdb
- (29) ASD
- (30) ECgene
- (31) GeneAnnot
- (32) CGAP SAGE
- (33) SOURCE
- (34) HomoloGene
- (35) PanEnsembl
- (36) euGenes
- (37) SGD
- (38) FlyBase
- (39) WormBase
- (40) Pseudogene
- (41) DGV
- (42) dbSNP
- (43) GenAtlas
- (44) GeneTests
- (45) HGMD
- (46) GAD
- (47) LSDB
- (48) BGMUT
- (49) HuGE
- (50) eBioscience
- (51) Atlas
- (52) Cell Signaling Technology
- (53) GenBank
- (54) H-invDB
- (55) HORDE
- (56) HUGE
- (57) IMGT
- (58) Leiden
- (59) MILLIPORE
- (60) miRBase
- (61) DME
- (62) NCBI
- (63) OriGene
- (64) PubMed
- (65) R&D Systems
- (66) TGDB
- (67) Tocris
- (68) Abcam
- (69) Novus
- (70) ProSpec
- (71) Sino Biological
- (72) GenScript
- (73) Qiagen
- (74) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (75) Enzo Life Sciences
- (76) OCA
- (77) Proteopedia
- (78) MOPED
- (79) SPIRE
- (80) neXtProt
- (81) Reactome
- (82) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (83) fRNAdb
- (84) DISEASES
- (85) SIMAP
- (86) GenomeRNAi
- (87) LifeMap
- (88) miRTarBase
- (89) MalaCards
- (90) Invitrogen
- (91) BitterDB
- (92) Vector BioLabs
- (93) ESI-BIO
- (94) RefSeq
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- (100) COMPARTMENTS
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- (153) dbSUPER
- (154) TISSUES
- (155) Gene ORGANizer