Aliases for GLUL Gene
Aliases for GLUL Gene
External Ids for GLUL Gene
- HGNC: 4341
- Entrez Gene: 2752
- Ensembl: ENSG00000135821
- OMIM: 138290
- UniProtKB: P15104
Previous HGNC Symbols for GLUL Gene
- GLNS
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for GLUL Gene
- GC01M179878
- GC01M177780
- GC01M178872
- GC01M179592
- GC01M179593
- GC01M179083
- GC01M180617
- GC01M153587
Summaries for GLUL Gene
-
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]
GeneCards Summary for GLUL Gene
GLUL (Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with GLUL include Glutamine Deficiency, Congenital and Hepatocellular Adenoma. Among its related pathways are Circadian entrainment and Transmission across Chemical Synapses. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include identical protein binding and manganese ion binding.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
-
This enzyme has 2 functions: it catalyzes the production of glutamine and 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA), the latter in a pyridoxal phosphate-independent manner (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts.
Additional gene information for GLUL Gene
- Monarch Initiative
- Search for GLUL at DataMed
- Search for GLUL at HumanCyc
No data available for CIViC summary , Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for GLUL Gene
Genomics for GLUL Gene
GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements for GLUL Gene
Promoters and enhancers for GLUL Gene
- Elite GeneHancer and/or Elite GeneHancer-gene association
Download GeneHancer data dump
GeneHancers around GLUL on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Locations for GLUL Gene
Genomic Locations for GLUL Gene
- chr1:182,378,093-182,392,206
- (GRCh38/hg38)
- Size:
- 14,114 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
- chr1:182,350,839-182,361,341
- (GRCh37/hg19)
Genomic View for GLUL Gene
Genes around GLUL on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 1q25.3 by Ensembl
- 1q25.3 by Entrez Gene
- 1q25.3 by HGNC
GLUL Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for GLUL Gene
Proteins for GLUL Gene
-
Protein details for GLUL Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P15104-GLNA_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Glutamine synthetase
- Protein Accession:
- P15104
- Q499Y9
- Q5T9Z1
- Q7Z3W4
- Q8IZ17
Protein attributes for GLUL Gene
- Size:
- 373 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 42064 Da
- Cofactor:
- Name=biotin; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:57586;
- Cofactor:
- Name=Mg(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420; Name=Mn(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29035;
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Homooctamer and homotetramer. Interacts with PALMD (By similarity).
Protein Expression for GLUL Gene
Selected DME Specific Peptides for GLUL Gene
- P15104:
-
- DFGVIATFD
- HETSNIN
- WNGAGCHTN
- PSANCDP
- TSASSHLNKGIKQ
- YIWIDGT
- WIDGTGE
- AQWEFQIGPCEGI
- GYFEDRRP
- NRSASIRIP
- GFPGPQG
- RTCLLNETG
- GTNAEVM
- RDIVEAHY
- LPQGEKVQ
- WNFDGSST
- RCKTRTLD
- SNSDMYL
- RFILHRVCEDFG
- PQGPYYC
- HTNFSTK
- PWFGMEQEY
- GTDGHPFGWPS
- FDPKPIPG
Post-translational modifications for GLUL Gene
- Ubiquitinated by ZNRF1.
- Ubiquitination at posLast=1414, posLast=2525, posLast=9191, posLast=9595, posLast=103103, isoforms=259, isoforms=268, posLast=276276, posLast=291291, isoforms=334, and isoforms=372
Other Protein References for GLUL Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Antibodies for GLUL (GLUL)
-
Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for GLUL
-
Abcam antibodies for GLUL
-
Cloud-Clone Corp. Antibodies for GLUL
- Invitrogen Antibodies for GLUL
- GeneTex GLUL antibody for GLUL
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for GLUL
- Sino Biological Antibodies for GLUL
Protein Products
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for GLUL
- Origene Custom Protein Services for GLUL
- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for GLUL
-
Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for GLUL
- GeneTex Proteins for GLUL
-
ProSci Proteins for GLUL
-
Abcam proteins for GLUL
Assay Products
-
Cloud-Clone Corp. Assay Kits for GLUL
- antibodies-online: Search results for 27 available GLUL Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top GLUL Elisa Kits
-
Recommended
- 1 Chicken ELISA Kit
- 2 Cow (Bovine) ELISA Kits
- 1 Dog (Canine) ELISA Kit
- 8 Human ELISA Kits
- 6 Mouse (Murine) ELISA Kits
- 2 Pig (Porcine) ELISA Kits
- 7 Rat (Rattus) ELISA Kits
- 1 Chicken ELISA Kit
- 2 Cow (Bovine) ELISA Kits
- 1 Dog (Canine) ELISA Kit
- 8 Human ELISA Kits
- 6 Mouse (Murine) ELISA Kits
- 2 Pig (Porcine) ELISA Kits
- 7 Rat (Rattus) ELISA Kits
Domains & Families for GLUL Gene
Gene Families for GLUL Gene
- Human Protein Atlas (HPA):
-
- Disease related genes
- Enzymes
- Plasma proteins
- Potential drug targets
- Predicted intracellular proteins
Protein Domains for GLUL Gene
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for GLUL Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P15104- Family:
-
- Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
Function for GLUL Gene
Molecular function for GLUL Gene
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- L-glutamine synthetase
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- ATP + L-glutamate + NH(3) = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO(2).
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- This enzyme has 2 functions: it catalyzes the production of glutamine and 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA), the latter in a pyridoxal phosphate-independent manner (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Induction:
- By glucocorticoids. Vitamin D and the Wnt signaling pathway inhibit its expression and activity.
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for GLUL Gene
Phenotypes From GWAS Catalog for GLUL Gene
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0000287 | magnesium ion binding | IEA | -- |
| GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0004351 | glutamate decarboxylase activity | IEA | -- |
| GO:0004356 | glutamate-ammonia ligase activity | EXP | 18005987 |
| GO:0005515 | protein binding | IPI | 21994455 |
Phenotypes for GLUL Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for GLUL:
- inferred from 4 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for GLUL:
-
- Increased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- Decreased viability in esophageal squamous lineage
- Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2)
- Decreased viability after Maraba virus infection
- Increased G1 DNA content
- Decreased shRNA abundance
- Increased cell death HMECs cells
- Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2)
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
- Cyagen custom Knockout/knockin (KOKI) mouse models for GLUL
-
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for available GLN1 gene related products
- Applied Biological Materials CRISPR for GLUL
-
Vectors and viruses for KO, Activation, Repression, and more
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for GLUL
miRNA for GLUL Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target GLUL
-
- hsa-mir-29a-3p (MIRT004021)
- hsa-mir-186-5p (MIRT021141)
- hsa-mir-183-5p (MIRT025018)
- hsa-mir-24-3p (MIRT030540)
- hsa-mir-320b (MIRT036244)
- hsa-mir-937-3p (MIRT036638)
- hsa-mir-877-3p (MIRT036966)
- hsa-mir-877-5p (MIRT037273)
- hsa-mir-423-5p (MIRT038153)
- hsa-mir-296-3p (MIRT038394)
- hsa-mir-125a-3p (MIRT038640)
- hsa-mir-615-3p (MIRT040016)
- hsa-mir-484 (MIRT041957)
- hsa-mir-320a (MIRT044856)
- hsa-mir-185-5p (MIRT045330)
- hsa-mir-149-5p (MIRT045626)
- hsa-mir-196a-5p (MIRT048155)
- hsa-let-7f-5p (MIRT051362)
- hsa-let-7e-5p (MIRT051664)
- hsa-let-7a-5p (MIRT052399)
- hsa-mir-6728-5p (MIRT523509)
- hsa-mir-6788-5p (MIRT523510)
- hsa-mir-30c-2-3p (MIRT523511)
- hsa-mir-30c-1-3p (MIRT523512)
- hsa-mir-4309 (MIRT523513)
- hsa-mir-3198 (MIRT523514)
- hsa-mir-4769-5p (MIRT523515)
- hsa-mir-4654 (MIRT523516)
- hsa-mir-625-5p (MIRT523517)
- hsa-mir-6780b-5p (MIRT523518)
- hsa-mir-4725-3p (MIRT523519)
- hsa-mir-4271 (MIRT523520)
- hsa-mir-5187-5p (MIRT523521)
- hsa-mir-8085 (MIRT523522)
- hsa-mir-6731-5p (MIRT523523)
- hsa-mir-6878-5p (MIRT523524)
- hsa-mir-122-5p (MIRT523525)
- hsa-mir-504-3p (MIRT523526)
- hsa-mir-571 (MIRT523527)
- hsa-mir-4745-5p (MIRT523528)
- hsa-mir-4481 (MIRT523529)
- hsa-mir-549a (MIRT523530)
- hsa-mir-3185 (MIRT523531)
- hsa-mir-3192-5p (MIRT523532)
- hsa-mir-6794-5p (MIRT523533)
- hsa-mir-4716-3p (MIRT523534)
- hsa-mir-4511 (MIRT523535)
- hsa-mir-5047 (MIRT663719)
- hsa-mir-1301-3p (MIRT663720)
- hsa-mir-653-3p (MIRT663721)
- hsa-mir-4420 (MIRT663722)
- hsa-mir-181b-3p (MIRT663723)
- hsa-mir-181b-2-3p (MIRT663724)
- hsa-mir-4660 (MIRT663725)
- hsa-mir-1184 (MIRT663726)
- hsa-mir-6890-3p (MIRT663727)
- hsa-mir-509-5p (MIRT663728)
- hsa-mir-509-3-5p (MIRT663729)
- hsa-mir-4418 (MIRT663730)
- hsa-mir-548s (MIRT688044)
- hsa-mir-3926 (MIRT688045)
- hsa-mir-4683 (MIRT688046)
- hsa-mir-4772-5p (MIRT688047)
- hsa-mir-3190-5p (MIRT688048)
- hsa-mir-6849-3p (MIRT688049)
- hsa-mir-4433a-3p (MIRT688050)
- hsa-mir-4459 (MIRT688051)
- hsa-mir-4768-3p (MIRT688052)
- hsa-mir-383-5p (MIRT688053)
- hsa-mir-6771-3p (MIRT688054)
- hsa-mir-665 (MIRT688055)
- hsa-mir-6516-5p (MIRT688056)
- hsa-mir-6780a-5p (MIRT688057)
- hsa-mir-6779-5p (MIRT688058)
- hsa-mir-3689c (MIRT688059)
- hsa-mir-3689b-3p (MIRT688060)
- hsa-mir-3689a-3p (MIRT688061)
- hsa-mir-30b-3p (MIRT688062)
- hsa-mir-1273h-5p (MIRT688063)
- hsa-mir-455-3p (MIRT688064)
- hsa-mir-4314 (MIRT688065)
- hsa-mir-6799-5p (MIRT688066)
- hsa-mir-6883-5p (MIRT688067)
- hsa-mir-6785-5p (MIRT688068)
- hsa-mir-4728-5p (MIRT688069)
- hsa-mir-149-3p (MIRT688070)
- hsa-mir-7106-5p (MIRT688071)
- hsa-mir-650 (MIRT688072)
- hsa-mir-3612 (MIRT688073)
- hsa-mir-7160-5p (MIRT688074)
- hsa-mir-4722-5p (MIRT688075)
- hsa-mir-298 (MIRT688076)
- hsa-mir-6884-5p (MIRT688077)
- hsa-mir-485-5p (MIRT688078)
- hsa-mir-1827 (MIRT688079)
- hsa-mir-4646-5p (MIRT688080)
- hsa-mir-204-3p (MIRT688081)
- hsa-mir-4649-3p (MIRT688082)
- hsa-mir-1298-3p (MIRT688083)
- hsa-mir-4478 (MIRT688084)
- hsa-mir-4419b (MIRT688085)
- hsa-mir-3929 (MIRT688086)
- hsa-mir-940 (MIRT688087)
- hsa-mir-6893-5p (MIRT688088)
- hsa-mir-6808-5p (MIRT688089)
- hsa-mir-6511a-5p (MIRT688090)
- hsa-mir-1910-3p (MIRT688091)
- hsa-mir-495-5p (MIRT688092)
- hsa-mir-129-5p (MIRT710637)
- hsa-mir-8055 (MIRT710638)
- hsa-mir-4446-5p (MIRT710639)
- hsa-mir-5006-3p (MIRT710640)
- hsa-mir-4755-5p (MIRT710641)
- hsa-mir-744-3p (MIRT710642)
- hsa-mir-642a-5p (MIRT710643)
- hsa-mir-4653-3p (MIRT710644)
- hsa-mir-8082 (MIRT710645)
- hsa-mir-4534 (MIRT710646)
- hsa-mir-1273f (MIRT710647)
- hsa-mir-4708-5p (MIRT710648)
- hsa-mir-6088 (MIRT710649)
- hsa-mir-4770 (MIRT710650)
- hsa-mir-143-3p (MIRT710651)
- hsa-mir-2276-5p (MIRT710652)
- hsa-mir-6892-3p (MIRT710653)
- hsa-mir-6514-5p (MIRT710654)
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene RNAi, sirna, and shrna products in human, mouse, rat for GLUL
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For GLUL
- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for available GLN1 gene related products
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
Clone Products
-
OriGene ORF clones in human for GLUL
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for GLUL
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for GLUL
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for available GLN1 gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for available GLN1 gene related products
- Applied Biological Materials Clones for GLUL
-
Vectors and viruses for ORF, Lenti, Retro, Adenovirus, AAV, and more
Cell Line Products
-
Horizon Cell Lines for GLUL
-
ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
No data available for Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for GLUL Gene
Localization for GLUL Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
- Cytoplasm. Mitochondrion.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| extracellular | 5 |
| mitochondrion | 5 |
| nucleus | 5 |
| cytosol | 5 |
| plasma membrane | 2 |
| cytoskeleton | 2 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 2 |
- Cytosol (4)
- Mitochondria (3)
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005634 | nucleus | HDA,IDA | 21630459 |
| GO:0005737 | cytoplasm | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005739 | mitochondrion | IEA,IDA | -- |
| GO:0005791 | rough endoplasmic reticulum | IEA | -- |
| GO:0005829 | cytosol | TAS | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for GLUL Gene
| SuperPathway | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Metabolism |
.37
|
|
| 2 | Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism | ||
| 3 | Transmission across Chemical Synapses |
.62
|
|
| 4 | glutamine biosynthesis | ||
| 5 | Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | ||
Pathways by source for GLUL Gene
1 Cell Signaling Technology pathway for GLUL Gene
5 BioSystems pathways for GLUL Gene
7 Reactome pathways for GLUL Gene
9 KEGG pathways for GLUL Gene
Interacting Proteins for GLUL Gene
Selected Interacting proteins:
ENSP00000307900
P15104-GLNA_HUMAN
for GLUL Gene via
STRING
IID
UniProtKB
MINT
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001504 | neurotransmitter uptake | TAS | -- |
| GO:0006536 | glutamate metabolic process | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006538 | glutamate catabolic process | TAS | 21757002 |
| GO:0006542 | glutamine biosynthetic process | TAS | 21757002 |
| GO:0006807 | nitrogen compound metabolic process | IEA | -- |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for GLUL Gene
Drugs & Compounds for GLUL Gene
| Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceftriaxone | Approved | Pharma | Enzyme, inducer | 128 | ||
| Diazoxide | Approved | Pharma | Activator, Enzyme, inhibitor | 22 | ||
| Glutamic Acid | Approved | Nutra | Full agonist, Agonist, Target | 251 | ||
| L-Glutamine | Approved, Investigational | Nutra | Full agonist, Agonist, Target, product of | 0 | ||
| Capsaicin | Approved | Pharma | Potentiation, Activator, Enzyme, inducer | TRPV1 receptor agonist | 188 |
| Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADP |
|
Full agonist, Agonist | 58-64-0 | |||
| L-Methionine |
|
63-68-3 | ||||
| Phosphate |
|
14265-44-2 |
|
Transcripts for GLUL Gene
mRNA/cDNA for GLUL Gene
- (4) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (16) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (1446) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (12) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for GLUL Gene
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for available GLN1 gene related products
- Applied Biological Materials CRISPR for GLUL
-
Vectors and viruses for KO, Activation, Repression, and more
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for GLUL
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
Inhibitory RNA Products
- Origene RNAi, sirna, and shrna products in human, mouse, rat for GLUL
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For GLUL
- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for available GLN1 gene related products
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
Clone Products
-
OriGene ORF clones in human for GLUL
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for GLUL
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for GLUL
-
VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for available GLN1 gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for available GLN1 gene related products
- Applied Biological Materials Clones for GLUL
-
Vectors and viruses for ORF, Lenti, Retro, Adenovirus, AAV, and more
| ExUns: | 1a | · | 1b | · | 1c | · | 1d | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3 | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6a | · | 6b | ^ | 7 | ^ | 8a | · | 8b | · | 8c | · | 8d | ^ | 9 | ^ | 10a | · | 10b | ^ | 11a | · | 11b | ^ | 12a | · | 12b | · | 12c | ^ | 13a | · | 13b | · |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP14: | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP15: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP16: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP17: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP18: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP19: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP20: | - | - |
| ExUns: | 13c | · | 13d | · | 13e | · | 13f | ^ | 14a | · | 14b | · | 14c | ^ | 15a | · | 15b | · | 15c | · | 15d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP14: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP15: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP16: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP17: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP18: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP19: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP20: |
Expression for GLUL Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Glial Cells
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Forebrain White Matter
- Bergmann Glia Purkinje Cell Layer
- Mature Muller Glia Cells Inner Nuclear Layer
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA2 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
-
Spinal Cord (Nervous System)
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA2 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA3 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA1 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- Protoplasmic Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord Grey Matter
-
Brain (Nervous System)
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Forebrain White Matter
- Bergmann Glia Purkinje Cell Layer
- Astrocyte-like cells(Bahat-Stroomza M et. al. 2009)
-
Eye (Sensory Organs)
- Mature Muller Glia Cells Inner Nuclear Layer
-
Liver (Hepatobiliary System)
- Perivenous Hepatocytes Liver Lobule
- Astrocytes (Nervous System)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for GLUL Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Muscle - Skeletal (x5.1).
This gene is overexpressed in Retina (28.0), Frontal cortex (10.4), Cervix (6.8), and Brain (6.5).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, MaxQB, and MOPED for GLUL Gene
NURSA nuclear receptor signaling pathways regulating expression of GLUL Gene:
GLULSOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for GLUL Gene:
Hs.518525Evidence on tissue expression from TISSUES for GLUL Gene
- Eye(5)
- Nervous system(5)
- Liver(4.8)
- Intestine(4.6)
- Muscle(4.6)
- Lung(4.3)
- Blood(3.9)
- Spleen(2.8)
- Stomach(2.8)
- Heart(2.7)
- Kidney(2.7)
- Thyroid gland(2.6)
- Bone marrow(2.5)
- Gall bladder(2.3)
- Pancreas(2.3)
- Adrenal gland(2.1)
- Lymph node(2.1)
Phenotype-based relationships between genes and organs from Gene ORGANizer for GLUL Gene
Germ Layers:
- ectoderm
- endoderm
- mesoderm
Systems:
- cardiovascular
- integumentary
- nervous
- respiratory
- skeletal muscle
- skeleton
Organs:
Head and neck:
- brain
- cerebellum
- ear
- face
- head
- nose
- outer ear
- skull
Thorax:
- heart
- heart valve
- lung
General:
- blood
- blood vessel
- skin
- spinal cord
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for GLUL
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for GLUL
- genomics-online: primer clones - Search results for available GLN1 gene related products
No data available for mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for GLUL Gene
Orthologs for GLUL Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | GLUL 33 34 |
|
||
| platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | GLUL 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
| dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | GLUL 33 34 |
|
||
| -- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| -- 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | GLUL 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
| cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | GLUL 33 34 |
|
||
| mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Glul 33 16 34 |
|
||
| rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Glul 33 |
|
||
| chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | GLUL 33 34 |
|
||
| lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | GLUL 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
| tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | glul 33 |
|
||
| LOC394904 33 |
|
||||
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) |
Amphibia | glul-prov 33 |
|
||
| zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | glula 34 |
|
OneToMany | |
| glulb 33 34 |
|
||||
| rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
Actinopterygii | Omy.11265 33 |
|
||
| fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | Gs1 35 33 34 |
|
||
| Gs2 35 34 |
|
||||
| African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | AgaP_AGAP008988 33 |
|
||
| worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | Y105C5B.28 35 |
|
|
|
| F26D10.10 35 |
|
|
|||
| gln-1 33 34 |
|
||||
| qrs-1 35 |
|
|
|||
| gln-3 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| qrs-2 35 |
|
|
|||
| C28D4.3 35 |
|
|
|||
| gln-5 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| gln-2 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| gln-6 34 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii) |
Saccharomycetes | AGOS_ACR182C 33 |
|
||
| baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | GLN1 33 34 36 |
|
||
| K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis) |
Saccharomycetes | KLLA0E06293g 33 |
|
||
| thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) |
eudicotyledons | GSR2 33 |
|
||
| soybean (Glycine max) |
eudicotyledons | Gma.3518 33 |
|
||
| Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera) |
eudicotyledons | Vvi.1208 33 |
|
||
| rice (Oryza sativa) |
Liliopsida | Os03g0223400 33 |
|
||
| Os.7879 33 |
|
||||
| barley (Hordeum vulgare) |
Liliopsida | Hv.331 33 |
|
||
| wheat (Triticum aestivum) |
Liliopsida | Ta.24508 33 |
|
||
| corn (Zea mays) |
Liliopsida | Zm.45 33 |
|
||
| sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | CSA.392 34 |
|
OneToOne | |
| bread mold (Neurospora crassa) |
Ascomycetes | NCU06724 33 |
|
||
| fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) |
Schizosaccharomycetes | gln1 33 |
|
- Species where no ortholog for GLUL was found in the sources mined by GeneCards:
-
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
Paralogs for GLUL Gene
(3) SIMAP similar genes for GLUL Gene using alignment to 2 proteins:
Pseudogenes.org Pseudogenes for GLUL Gene
No data available for Paralogs for GLUL Gene
Variants for GLUL Gene
| SNP ID | Clin | Chr 01 pos | Variation | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs1000023803 | uncertain-significance, Glutamine deficiency, congenital | 182,382,713(-) | T/C | 3_prime_UTR_variant, downstream_transcript_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant | |
| rs1017985229 | uncertain-significance, Glutamine deficiency, congenital | 182,382,092(-) | G/A | 3_prime_UTR_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant | |
| rs1039977816 | uncertain-significance, Glutamine deficiency, congenital | 182,382,473(-) | A/C | 3_prime_UTR_variant, downstream_transcript_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant | |
| rs10458354 | benign, Glutamine deficiency, congenital | 182,382,287(-) | A/C/G | 3_prime_UTR_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant | |
| rs1055158749 | uncertain-significance, Glutamine deficiency, congenital | 182,381,801(-) | G/A/T | 3_prime_UTR_variant, genic_downstream_transcript_variant |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
13.6% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
0.53;
11.42% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Additional Variant Information for GLUL Gene
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
Disorders for GLUL Gene
(14) MalaCards diseases for GLUL Gene - From: HGMD, OMIM, ClinVar, GTR, Orphanet, Swiss-Prot, DISEASES, Novoseek, and GeneCards
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| glutamine deficiency, congenital |
|
|
| hepatocellular adenoma |
|
|
| hepatic encephalopathy |
|
|
| glutathione synthetase deficiency |
|
|
| pneumococcal meningitis |
|
|
Search GLUL in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
GLNA_HUMAN- Congenital systemic glutamine deficiency (CSGD) [MIM:610015]: Rare developmental disorder with severe brain malformation resulting in multi-organ failure and neonatal death. Glutamine is largely absent from affected patients serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:16267323}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Additional Disease Information for GLUL
- Genetic Association Database
- (GAD)
- Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator
- (HuGE)
- ATLAS of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
No data available for Genatlas for GLUL Gene
Publications for GLUL Gene
- Wnt and steroid pathways control glutamate signalling by regulating glutamine synthetase activity in osteoblastic cells. (PMID: 18555765) Olkku A … Mahonen A (Bone 2008) 3 4 22 58
- Glutamine synthetase is essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts. (PMID: 18662667) Vermeulen T … Häberle J (Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 2008) 3 4 22 58
- An association study between polymorphisms in five genes in glutamate and GABA pathway and paranoid schizophrenia. (PMID: 15642443) Zhang B … Shen Y (European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 2005) 3 22 44 58
- Glutamine synthetase isolated from human brain: octameric structure and homology of partial primary structure with human liver glutamine synthetase. (PMID: 12387715) Boksha IS … Burbaeva GSh (Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 2002) 3 4 22 58
- Overexpression of glutamine synthetase in human primary liver cancer. (PMID: 7909780) Christa L … Lasserre C (Gastroenterology 1994) 3 4 22 58
Products for GLUL Gene
- Browse R&D Systems for Antibodies
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- Custom Antibody ServicesOriGene Antibodies for GLUL
- Browse OriGene ELISA Kits
- Custom Assay Services
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for GLUL
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- Origene shrna, sirna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for GLUL
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- OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for GLUL
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs for GLUL
- OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
- OriGene ORF clones in human for GLUL
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Browse OriGene miRNA Products For GLUL
- GenScript: Next-day shipping of latest version cDNA ORF clones for GLUL in any vector
- GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for GLUL
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- GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for GLUL
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for GLUL
- Design optimal peptide antigens
- CloneReady with Over 120,000 Genes
- Gene Synthesis: Any Gene in Any Vector
- Vector-based siRNA and miRNA, Ready for Transfection
- Gene Mutant Library, Variants up to 10^11
- Plasmid Preparation
- GenScript Custom Peptide Services for GLUL
- Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Antibodies for GLUL (GLUL)
- Search for Antibodies & Assays
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
- Browse Sino Biological Cell Lysates
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- Sino Biological Antibodies for GLUL
- Browse Sino Biological Assays
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- Sino Biological Transfection Reagent
- Sino Biological Anti-His Tag Antibody
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals proteins and lysates for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals
- Novus Biologicals Tissue Microarrays
- Abcam antibodies for GLUL
- Abcam proteins for GLUL
- Find your target
- Browse Primary Antibodies
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- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for GLUL
- Cloud-Clone Corp. Antibodies for GLUL
- Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for GLUL
- Cloud-Clone Corp. Assay Kits for GLUL
- Browse Knockouts at Cloud-Clone Corp.
- Browse Knockins at Cloud-Clone Corp.
- Cloud-Clone Corp. disease models service
- Browse cDNA clones at Cloud-Clone Corp.
- Browse primers at Cloud-Clone Corp.
- Cloud-Clone Corp. primary cells service
- Invitrogen Antibodies for GLUL
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
- Cyagen custom Knockout/knockin (KOKI) mouse models for GLUL
- VectorBuilder custom plasmid, inducible vectors for GLUL
- VectorBuilder custom lentivirus, adenovirus, AAV vector/virus packaging for GLUL
- VectorBuilder Other custom vectors
- Mammalian expression: PiggyBac
- Mammalian Tet-on expression: plasmid
- Mammalian conditional (Cre-Lox): plasmid and PiggyBac
- Mammalian shRNA knockdown: lentiviral, adenoviral, AAV, and PiggyBac
- CRISPR: plasmid gRNA, lentiviral gRNA, and donor plasmid
- Bacterial expression: pET, pBAD, and pCS
- Yeast expression
- antibodies-online: Search results for 80 available GLUL Antibodies ranked by validation data
- Compare Top GLUL Antibodies
- antibodies-online: Search results for 27 available GLUL Elisa Kits ranked by validation data
- Compare Top GLUL Elisa Kits
- Recommended
- 1 Chicken ELISA Kit
- 2 Cow (Bovine) ELISA Kits
- 1 Dog (Canine) ELISA Kit
- 8 Human ELISA Kits
- 6 Mouse (Murine) ELISA Kits
- 2 Pig (Porcine) ELISA Kits
- 7 Rat (Rattus) ELISA Kits
- 1 Chicken ELISA Kit
- 2 Cow (Bovine) ELISA Kits
- 1 Dog (Canine) ELISA Kit
- 8 Human ELISA Kits
- 6 Mouse (Murine) ELISA Kits
- 2 Pig (Porcine) ELISA Kits
- 7 Rat (Rattus) ELISA Kits
- antibodies-online: Search results for 21 available GLUL Proteins ranked by validation data
- Compare Top GLUL Proteins
- GeneTex GLUL antibody for GLUL
- GeneTex Proteins for GLUL
- ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for GLUL
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for GLUL siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
- Search for GLUL Antibodies at ProSci
- Custom Antibody Services
- ProSci Proteins for GLUL
- Horizon Cell Lines for GLUL
- genomics-online: cdna clones - Search results for available GLUL gene related products
- orf clones - Search results for available GLUL gene related products
- genomics-online: gRNA clones - Search results for available GLUL gene related products
- genomics-online: primer clones - Search results for available GLUL gene related products
- genomics-online: shRNA clones - Search results for available GLUL gene related products
Sources for GLUL Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
- (12) TrEMBL
- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
- (15) Blocks
- (16) MGI
- (17) IUBMB
- (18) KEGG
- (19) MINT
- (20) STRING
- (21) IntAct
- (22) Novoseek
- (23) PharmGKB
- (24) DrugBank
- (25) HMDB
- (26) UniGene
- (27) AceView
- (28) ASD
- (29) ECgene
- (30) GeneAnnot
- (31) CGAP SAGE
- (32) SOURCE
- (33) HomoloGene
- (34) PanEnsembl
- (35) euGenes
- (36) SGD
- (37) FlyBase
- (38) WormBase
- (39) Pseudogene
- (40) DGV
- (41) dbSNP
- (42) GenAtlas
- (43) HGMD
- (44) GAD
- (45) BGMUT
- (46) HuGE
- (47) Atlas
- (48) Cell Signaling Technology
- (49) GenBank
- (50) H-invDB
- (51) HORDE
- (52) HUGE
- (53) IMGT
- (54) Leiden
- (55) miRBase
- (56) DME
- (57) OriGene
- (58) PubMed
- (59) R&D Systems
- (60) TGDB
- (61) Tocris
- (62) Abcam
- (63) Novus Biologicals
- (64) ProSpec
- (65) Sino Biological
- (66) GenScript
- (67) Qiagen
- (68) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (69) OCA
- (70) Proteopedia
- (71) MOPED
- (72) neXtProt
- (73) Reactome
- (74) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (75) fRNAdb
- (76) DISEASES
- (77) SIMAP
- (78) GenomeRNAi
- (79) LifeMap
- (80) miRTarBase
- (81) MalaCards
- (82) Invitrogen
- (83) BitterDB
- (84) Vector BioLabs
- (85) ESI-BIO
- (86) RefSeq
- (87) BioSystems
- (88) MaxQB
- (89) IUPHAR
- (90) BioGPS
- (91) Illumina
- (92) COMPARTMENTS
- (93) HOMER
- (94) PaxDb
- (95) ApexBio
- (96) Addgene
- (97) antibodies-online
- (98) CYP
- (99) NONCODE
- (100) SwitchGear Genomics
- (101) TreeFam
- (102) PathCards
- (103) GeneReviews
- (104) GeneTex
- (105) Taconic Biosciences
- (106) GTEx
- (107) ProteomicsDB
- (108) SCBT
- (109) DGIdb
- (110) ClinicalTrials
- (111) FDA Approved Drugs
- (112) RVIS
- (113) SIGNOR
- (114) diseasecard
- (115) NIH Rare Diseases
- (116) Orphanet
- (117) UMLS
- (118) GTR
- (119) Disease Ontology
- (120) Genetics Home Reference
- (121) MeSH
- (122) MedlinePlus
- (123) CDC
- (124) NINDS
- (125) NCBI Bookshelf
- (126) ClinVar
- (127) Gene Damage Index
- (128) ViGene Biosciences
- (129) HPO
- (130)