Aliases for GLUL Gene
Aliases for GLUL Gene
External Ids for GLUL Gene
- HGNC: 4341
- Entrez Gene: 2752
- Ensembl: ENSG00000135821
- OMIM: 138290
- UniProtKB: P15104
Previous HGNC Symbols for GLUL Gene
- GLNS
Previous GeneCards Identifiers for GLUL Gene
- GC01M179878
- GC01M177780
- GC01M178872
- GC01M179592
- GC01M179593
- GC01M179083
- GC01M180617
- GC01M153587
Summaries for GLUL Gene
-
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]
GeneCards Summary for GLUL Gene
GLUL (Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with GLUL include Glutamine Deficiency, Congenital and Adenomatous Polyposis Coli. Among its related pathways are Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) and Transmission across Chemical Synapses. GO annotations related to this gene include identical protein binding and manganese ion binding.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
-
This enzyme has 2 functions: it catalyzes the production of glutamine and 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA), the latter in a pyridoxal phosphate-independent manner (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts.
No data available for Tocris Summary , Gene Wiki entry , PharmGKB "VIP" Summary , fRNAdb sequence ontologies and piRNA Summary for GLUL Gene
Genomics for GLUL Gene
Regulatory Elements for GLUL Gene
Enhancers for GLUL Gene
| GeneHancer Identifier | Score | Enhancer Sources | TSS distance (kb) | Number of Genes Away | Size (kb) | Transcription Factor Binding Sites within enhancer | Other Gene Targets for Enhancer |
|---|
Enhancers around GLUL on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
Promoters for GLUL Gene
| Ensembl Regulatory Elements (ENSRs) | TSS Distance (bp) | Size (bp) | Binding Sites for Transcription Factors within promoters |
|---|
ENSRs around GLUL on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Transcription factor binding sites by QIAGEN in the GLUL gene promoter:
Regulatory Element Products
Genomic Location for GLUL Gene
- Chromosome:
- 1
- Start:
- 182,378,093 bp from pter
- End:
- 182,392,206 bp from pter
- Size:
- 14,114 bases
- Orientation:
- Minus strand
Genomic View for GLUL Gene
Genes around GLUL on UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track
- Cytogenetic band:
-
- 1q25.3 by Ensembl
- 1q31 by Entrez Gene
- 1q31 by HGNC
GLUL Gene in genomic location: bands according to
Ensembl, locations according to GeneLoc
(and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
Genomic Neighborhood
• Exon Structure
• Gene Density
RefSeq DNA sequence for GLUL Gene
Proteins for GLUL Gene
-
Protein details for GLUL Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
- Protein Symbol:
- P15104-GLNA_HUMAN
- Recommended name:
- Glutamine synthetase
- Protein Accession:
- P15104
- Q499Y9
- Q5T9Z1
- Q7Z3W4
- Q8IZ17
Protein attributes for GLUL Gene
- Size:
- 373 amino acids
- Molecular mass:
- 42064 Da
- Cofactor:
- Name=biotin; Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:57586;
- Cofactor:
- Name=Mg(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:18420; Name=Mn(2+); Xref=ChEBI:CHEBI:29035;
- Quaternary structure:
-
- Homooctamer and homotetramer. Interacts with PALMD (By similarity).
Protein Expression for GLUL Gene
Selected DME Specific Peptides for GLUL Gene
Post-translational modifications for GLUL Gene
- Ubiquitinated by ZNRF1.
- Ubiquitination at Lys 14, Lys 25, Lys 91, Lys 95, Lys 103, Lys 259, Lys 268, Lys 276, Lys 291, Lys 334, and Lys 372
- Modification sites at PhosphoSitePlus
Other Protein References for GLUL Gene
- ENSEMBL proteins:
- REFSEQ proteins:
Antibody Products
- EMD Millipore top GLUL Antibody
- EMD Millipore Complete listing of Mono and Polychlonal Antibodies for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for GLUL
-
Cloud-Clone Corp. Antibodies for GLUL
- Invitrogen Antibodies for GLUL
- antibodies-online Antibodies for GLUL: See all 85
- GeneTex GLUL antibody for GLUL
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for GLUL
Protein Products
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for GLUL
- Origene Custom Protein Services for GLUL
- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for GLUL
-
Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for GLUL
- antibodies-online Proteins for GLUL: See all 53
- Search antibodies-online for peptides
- GeneTex Glutamine synthetase Protein (GTX109121-pro) for GLUL
Domains & Families for GLUL Gene
Protein Domains for GLUL Gene
Suggested Antigen Peptide Sequences for GLUL Gene
- GenScript: Design optimal peptide antigens:
Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry
P15104- Family:
-
- Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family.
No data available for Gene Families for GLUL Gene
Function for GLUL Gene
Molecular function for GLUL Gene
- GENATLAS Biochemistry:
- L-glutamine synthetase
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- ATP + L-glutamate + NH(3) = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot CatalyticActivity:
- L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO(2).
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Function:
- This enzyme has 2 functions: it catalyzes the production of glutamine and 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA), the latter in a pyridoxal phosphate-independent manner (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts.
- UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Induction:
- By glucocorticoids. Vitamin D and the Wnt signaling pathway inhibit its expression and activity.
Enzyme Numbers (IUBMB) for GLUL Gene
- EC 6.3.1.2 63 4
- EC 4.1.1.15 4
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0004351 | glutamate decarboxylase activity | IEA | -- |
Phenotypes for GLUL Gene
- MGI mutant phenotypes for GLUL:
- inferred from 4 alleles
- GenomeRNAi human phenotypes for GLUL:
-
- Increased vaccinia virus (VACV) infection
- Decreased viability in esophageal squamous lineage
- Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2)
- Decreased viability after Maraba virus infection
- Increased G1 DNA content
- Decreased shRNA abundance
- Increased cell death HMECs cells
- Increased shRNA abundance (Z-score > 2)
Animal Model Products
- Taconic Biosciences: Generate A Custom CRISPR Mouse Model For Your Study
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for GLUL
miRNA for GLUL Gene
- miRTarBase miRNAs that target GLUL
-
- hsa-mir-29a-3p (MIRT004021)
- hsa-mir-186-5p (MIRT021141)
- hsa-mir-183-5p (MIRT025018)
- hsa-mir-24-3p (MIRT030540)
- hsa-mir-320b (MIRT036244)
- hsa-mir-937-3p (MIRT036638)
- hsa-mir-877-3p (MIRT036966)
- hsa-mir-877-5p (MIRT037273)
- hsa-mir-423-5p (MIRT038153)
- hsa-mir-296-3p (MIRT038394)
- hsa-mir-125a-3p (MIRT038640)
- hsa-mir-615-3p (MIRT040016)
- hsa-mir-484 (MIRT041957)
- hsa-mir-320a (MIRT044856)
- hsa-mir-185-5p (MIRT045330)
- hsa-mir-149-5p (MIRT045626)
- hsa-mir-196a-5p (MIRT048155)
- hsa-let-7f-5p (MIRT051362)
- hsa-let-7e-5p (MIRT051664)
- hsa-let-7a-5p (MIRT052399)
- hsa-mir-6728-5p (MIRT523509)
- hsa-mir-6788-5p (MIRT523510)
- hsa-mir-30c-2-3p (MIRT523511)
- hsa-mir-30c-1-3p (MIRT523512)
- hsa-mir-4309 (MIRT523513)
- hsa-mir-3198 (MIRT523514)
- hsa-mir-4769-5p (MIRT523515)
- hsa-mir-4654 (MIRT523516)
- hsa-mir-625-5p (MIRT523517)
- hsa-mir-6780b-5p (MIRT523518)
- hsa-mir-4725-3p (MIRT523519)
- hsa-mir-4271 (MIRT523520)
- hsa-mir-5187-5p (MIRT523521)
- hsa-mir-8085 (MIRT523522)
- hsa-mir-6731-5p (MIRT523523)
- hsa-mir-6878-5p (MIRT523524)
- hsa-mir-122-5p (MIRT523525)
- hsa-mir-504-3p (MIRT523526)
- hsa-mir-571 (MIRT523527)
- hsa-mir-4745-5p (MIRT523528)
- hsa-mir-4481 (MIRT523529)
- hsa-mir-549a (MIRT523530)
- hsa-mir-3185 (MIRT523531)
- hsa-mir-3192-5p (MIRT523532)
- hsa-mir-6794-5p (MIRT523533)
- hsa-mir-4716-3p (MIRT523534)
- hsa-mir-4511 (MIRT523535)
- hsa-mir-5047 (MIRT663719)
- hsa-mir-1301-3p (MIRT663720)
- hsa-mir-653-3p (MIRT663721)
- hsa-mir-4420 (MIRT663722)
- hsa-mir-181b-3p (MIRT663723)
- hsa-mir-181b-2-3p (MIRT663724)
- hsa-mir-4660 (MIRT663725)
- hsa-mir-1184 (MIRT663726)
- hsa-mir-6890-3p (MIRT663727)
- hsa-mir-509-5p (MIRT663728)
- hsa-mir-509-3-5p (MIRT663729)
- hsa-mir-4418 (MIRT663730)
- hsa-mir-548s (MIRT688044)
- hsa-mir-3926 (MIRT688045)
- hsa-mir-4683 (MIRT688046)
- hsa-mir-4772-5p (MIRT688047)
- hsa-mir-3190-5p (MIRT688048)
- hsa-mir-6849-3p (MIRT688049)
- hsa-mir-4433a-3p (MIRT688050)
- hsa-mir-4459 (MIRT688051)
- hsa-mir-4768-3p (MIRT688052)
- hsa-mir-383-5p (MIRT688053)
- hsa-mir-6771-3p (MIRT688054)
- hsa-mir-665 (MIRT688055)
- hsa-mir-6516-5p (MIRT688056)
- hsa-mir-6780a-5p (MIRT688057)
- hsa-mir-6779-5p (MIRT688058)
- hsa-mir-3689c (MIRT688059)
- hsa-mir-3689b-3p (MIRT688060)
- hsa-mir-3689a-3p (MIRT688061)
- hsa-mir-30b-3p (MIRT688062)
- hsa-mir-1273h-5p (MIRT688063)
- hsa-mir-455-3p (MIRT688064)
- hsa-mir-4314 (MIRT688065)
- hsa-mir-6799-5p (MIRT688066)
- hsa-mir-6883-5p (MIRT688067)
- hsa-mir-6785-5p (MIRT688068)
- hsa-mir-4728-5p (MIRT688069)
- hsa-mir-149-3p (MIRT688070)
- hsa-mir-7106-5p (MIRT688071)
- hsa-mir-650 (MIRT688072)
- hsa-mir-3612 (MIRT688073)
- hsa-mir-7160-5p (MIRT688074)
- hsa-mir-4722-5p (MIRT688075)
- hsa-mir-298 (MIRT688076)
- hsa-mir-6884-5p (MIRT688077)
- hsa-mir-485-5p (MIRT688078)
- hsa-mir-1827 (MIRT688079)
- hsa-mir-4646-5p (MIRT688080)
- hsa-mir-204-3p (MIRT688081)
- hsa-mir-4649-3p (MIRT688082)
- hsa-mir-1298-3p (MIRT688083)
- hsa-mir-4478 (MIRT688084)
- hsa-mir-4419b (MIRT688085)
- hsa-mir-3929 (MIRT688086)
- hsa-mir-940 (MIRT688087)
- hsa-mir-6893-5p (MIRT688088)
- hsa-mir-6808-5p (MIRT688089)
- hsa-mir-6511a-5p (MIRT688090)
- hsa-mir-1910-3p (MIRT688091)
- hsa-mir-495-5p (MIRT688092)
- hsa-mir-129-5p (MIRT710637)
- hsa-mir-8055 (MIRT710638)
- hsa-mir-4446-5p (MIRT710639)
- hsa-mir-5006-3p (MIRT710640)
- hsa-mir-4755-5p (MIRT710641)
- hsa-mir-744-3p (MIRT710642)
- hsa-mir-642a-5p (MIRT710643)
- hsa-mir-4653-3p (MIRT710644)
- hsa-mir-8082 (MIRT710645)
- hsa-mir-4534 (MIRT710646)
- hsa-mir-1273f (MIRT710647)
- hsa-mir-4708-5p (MIRT710648)
- hsa-mir-6088 (MIRT710649)
- hsa-mir-4770 (MIRT710650)
- hsa-mir-143-3p (MIRT710651)
- hsa-mir-2276-5p (MIRT710652)
- hsa-mir-6892-3p (MIRT710653)
- hsa-mir-6514-5p (MIRT710654)
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
Clone Products
- OriGene clones in human for GLUL
- OriGene ORF clones in human,mouse,rat for GLUL
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
Cell Line Products
-
ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
-
ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
-
ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
Flow Cytometry Products
No data available for Transcription Factor Targets and HOMER Transcription for GLUL Gene
Localization for GLUL Gene
Subcellular locations from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
- Cytoplasm. Mitochondrion.
| Compartment | Confidence |
|---|---|
| cytosol | 5 |
| extracellular | 5 |
| mitochondrion | 5 |
| nucleus | 5 |
| chloroplast | 2 |
| cytoskeleton | 2 |
| endoplasmic reticulum | 2 |
| plasma membrane | 1 |
| vacuole | 1 |
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0005791 | rough endoplasmic reticulum | IEA | -- |
| GO:0043204 | perikaryon | IEA | -- |
| GO:0043209 | myelin sheath | IEA | -- |
Pathways & Interactions for GLUL Gene
More details on SuperPathways for GLUL| Superpath | Contained pathways | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Circadian entrainment | ||
| 2 | Metabolism |
.38
|
|
| 3 | Neurotransmitter uptake and Metabolism In Glial Cells | ||
| 4 | Transmission across Chemical Synapses |
.70
|
|
| 5 | glutamine biosynthesis |
Pathways by source for GLUL Gene
3 BioSystems pathways for GLUL Gene
8 KEGG pathways for GLUL Gene
Interacting Proteins for GLUL Gene
Selected Interacting proteins:
P15104-GLNA_HUMAN
ENSP00000307900
for GLUL Gene via
MINT
STRING
UniProtKB
I2D
| GO ID | Qualified GO term | Evidence | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|---|
| GO:0001504 | neurotransmitter uptake | TAS | -- |
| GO:0006536 | glutamate metabolic process | IEA | -- |
| GO:0006542 | glutamine biosynthetic process | IEA,TAS | 21757002 |
| GO:0006807 | nitrogen compound metabolic process | IEA | -- |
| GO:0008652 | cellular amino acid biosynthetic process | TAS | -- |
No data available for SIGNOR curated interactions for GLUL Gene
Drugs & Compounds for GLUL Gene
| Name | Status | Disease Links | Group | Role | Mechanism of Action | Clinical Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceftriaxone | Approved | Pharma | Enzyme, inducer | 113 | ||
| Diazoxide | Approved | Pharma | Activator, Enzyme, inhibitor | Blocks desensitization of AMPA receptors | 21 | |
| L-Glutamine | Approved, Investigational | Nutra | Full agonist, Agonist, Target, product of | 0 | ||
| L-Methionine | Approved | Nutra | Enzyme, inhibitor | 0 | ||
| Pegvisomant | Approved | Pharma | Enzyme, inhibitor | 0 |
| Name | Synonyms | Role | CAS Number | PubChem IDs | PubMed IDs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADP |
|
Full agonist, Agonist | 58-64-0 | |||
| Ammonia |
|
7664-41-7 |
|
|||
| Phosphate |
|
14265-44-2 |
|
|||
| phosphoric acid |
|
7664-38-2 |
|
Transcripts for GLUL Gene
mRNA/cDNA for GLUL Gene
- (4) REFSEQ mRNAs :
- (16) Additional mRNA sequences :
- (1446) Selected AceView cDNA sequences:
- (13) Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant :
Unigene Clusters for GLUL Gene
CRISPR Products
-
OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
-
Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for GLUL
miRNA Products
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
Clone Products
- OriGene clones in human for GLUL
- OriGene ORF clones in human,mouse,rat for GLUL
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GLUL
- Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat
Flow Cytometry Products
| ExUns: | 1a | · | 1b | · | 1c | · | 1d | ^ | 2 | ^ | 3 | ^ | 4a | · | 4b | ^ | 5 | ^ | 6a | · | 6b | ^ | 7 | ^ | 8a | · | 8b | · | 8c | · | 8d | ^ | 9 | ^ | 10a | · | 10b | ^ | 11a | · | 11b | ^ | 12a | · | 12b | · | 12c | ^ | 13a | · | 13b | · |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP14: | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP15: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP16: | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP17: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP18: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP19: | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| SP20: | - | - |
| ExUns: | 13c | · | 13d | · | 13e | · | 13f | ^ | 14a | · | 14b | · | 14c | ^ | 15a | · | 15b | · | 15c | · | 15d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SP1: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP2: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP3: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP4: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP5: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP6: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP7: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP8: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP9: | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||
| SP10: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP11: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP12: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP13: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP14: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP15: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP16: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP17: | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||
| SP18: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP19: | |||||||||||||||||||||
| SP20: |
Expression for GLUL Gene
mRNA expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells from LifeMap Discovery
-
Glial Cells
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Forebrain White Matter
- Bergmann Glia Purkinje Cell Layer
- Mature Muller Glia Cells Inner Nuclear Layer
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA2 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
-
Spinal Cord (Nervous System)
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA2 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA3 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- VA1 Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord White Matter
- Protoplasmic Astrocyte Cells Spinal Cord Grey Matter
-
Brain (Nervous System)
- Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Forebrain White Matter
- Bergmann Glia Purkinje Cell Layer
- Astrocyte-like cells(Bahat-Stroomza M et. al. 2009)
-
Eye (Sensory Organs)
- Mature Muller Glia Cells Inner Nuclear Layer
-
Liver (Hepatobiliary System)
- Perivenous Hepatocytes Liver Lobule
- Astrocytes (Nervous System)
mRNA differential expression in normal tissues according to GTEx for GLUL Gene
This gene is overexpressed in Muscle - Skeletal (x5.1).
This gene is overexpressed in Retina (28.0), Frontal cortex (10.4), Cervix (6.8), and Brain (6.5).
Integrated Proteomics: protein expression in normal tissues and cell lines from ProteomicsDB, PaxDb, MOPED, and MaxQB for GLUL Gene
SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster for GLUL Gene Hs.518525
Primer Products
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for GLUL
-
OriGene qPCR primer pairs for GLUL
No data available for mRNA Expression by UniProt/SwissProt for GLUL Gene
Orthologs for GLUL Gene
This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.
| Organism | Taxonomy | Gene | Similarity | Type | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cow (Bos Taurus) |
Mammalia | GLUL 35 |
|
||
| GLUL 36 |
|
OneToOne | |||
| dog (Canis familiaris) |
Mammalia | GLUL 35 |
|
||
| -- 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| -- 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| GLUL 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| mouse (Mus musculus) |
Mammalia | Glul 35 |
|
||
| Glul 16 |
|
||||
| Glul 36 |
|
OneToOne | |||
| chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) |
Mammalia | GLUL 35 |
|
||
| GLUL 36 |
|
OneToOne | |||
| rat (Rattus norvegicus) |
Mammalia | Glul 35 |
|
||
| oppossum (Monodelphis domestica) |
Mammalia | GLUL 36 |
|
OneToOne | |
| platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) |
Mammalia | GLUL 36 |
|
OneToOne | |
| chicken (Gallus gallus) |
Aves | GLUL 35 |
|
||
| GLUL 36 |
|
OneToOne | |||
| lizard (Anolis carolinensis) |
Reptilia | GLUL 36 |
|
OneToOne | |
| tropical clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) |
Amphibia | glul 35 |
|
||
| LOC394904 35 |
|
||||
| African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) |
Amphibia | glul-prov 35 |
|
||
| zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
Actinopterygii | glulb 35 |
|
||
| glula 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| glulb 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) |
Actinopterygii | Omy.11265 35 |
|
||
| fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) |
Insecta | Gs1 37 |
|
|
|
| Gs2 37 |
|
|
|||
| Gs1 35 |
|
||||
| Gs1 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| Gs2 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) |
Insecta | AgaP_AGAP008988 35 |
|
||
| worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) |
Secernentea | C28D4.3 37 |
|
|
|
| F26D10.10 37 |
|
|
|||
| qrs-1 37 |
|
|
|||
| qrs-2 37 |
|
|
|||
| Y105C5B.28 37 |
|
|
|||
| gln-1 35 |
|
||||
| gln-1 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| gln-2 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| gln-3 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| gln-5 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| gln-6 36 |
|
OneToMany | |||
| A. gosspyii yeast (Ashbya gossypii) |
Saccharomycetes | AGOS_ACR182C 35 |
|
||
| K. lactis yeast (Kluyveromyces lactis) |
Saccharomycetes | KLLA0E06293g 35 |
|
||
| baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) |
Saccharomycetes | GLN1 35 |
|
||
| GLN1 36 |
|
OneToOne | |||
| GLN1 38 |
|
|
|||
| thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) |
eudicotyledons | GSR2 35 |
|
||
| soybean (Glycine max) |
eudicotyledons | Gma.3518 35 |
|
||
| Alicante grape (Vitis vinifera) |
eudicotyledons | Vvi.1208 35 |
|
||
| barley (Hordeum vulgare) |
Liliopsida | Hv.331 35 |
|
||
| rice (Oryza sativa) |
Liliopsida | Os.7879 35 |
|
||
| Os03g0223400 35 |
|
||||
| wheat (Triticum aestivum) |
Liliopsida | Ta.24508 35 |
|
||
| corn (Zea mays) |
Liliopsida | Zm.45 35 |
|
||
| bread mold (Neurospora crassa) |
Ascomycetes | NCU06724 35 |
|
||
| fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) |
Schizosaccharomycetes | gln1 35 |
|
||
| sea squirt (Ciona savignyi) |
Ascidiacea | CSA.392 36 |
|
OneToOne |
- Species with no ortholog for GLUL:
-
- Actinobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- alpha proteobacteria (Wolbachia pipientis)
- amoeba (Dictyostelium discoideum)
- Archea (Pyrococcus horikoshii)
- beta proteobacteria (Neisseria meningitidis)
- Chromalveolata (Phytophthora infestans)
- common water flea (Daphnia pulex)
- E. coli (Escherichia coli)
- filamentous fungi (Aspergillus nidulans)
- Firmicute bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
- green algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)
- honey bee (Apis mellifera)
- loblloly pine (Pinus taeda)
- malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum)
- medicago trunc (Medicago Truncatula)
- moss (Physcomitrella patens)
- orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
- pig (Sus scrofa)
- rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea)
- schistosome parasite (Schistosoma mansoni)
- sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)
- sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
- sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- stem rust fungus (Puccinia graminis)
- sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
- toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
- Trichoplax (Trichoplax adhaerens)
Paralogs for GLUL Gene
(3) SIMAP similar genes for GLUL Gene using alignment to 2 proteins:
Pseudogenes.org Pseudogenes for GLUL Gene
No data available for Paralogs for GLUL Gene
Variants for GLUL Gene
| SNP ID | Clin | Chr 01 pos | Sequence Context | AA Info | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAR_026560 | Congenital systemic glutamine deficiency (CSGD) | ||||
| VAR_026561 | Congenital systemic glutamine deficiency (CSGD) | ||||
| rs7734 | -- | 182,383,486(-) | CAGAC(A/G/T)ACACG | utr-variant-3-prime | |
| rs8527 | -- | 182,383,585(-) | AAGTG(A/G)TTCTT | utr-variant-3-prime | |
| rs8762 | -- | 182,383,483(-) | ACAAC(A/G)CGTTA | utr-variant-3-prime |
Residual Variation Intolerance Score:
13.6% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Gene Damage Index Score:
0.53;
11.42% of all genes are more intolerant (likely to be disease-causing)
Relevant External Links for GLUL Gene
- Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD)
- GLUL
No data available for Polymorphic Variants from UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot for GLUL Gene
Disorders for GLUL Gene
(16) MalaCards diseases for GLUL Gene - From: OMIM, ClinVar, GeneTests, Orphanet, Swiss-Prot, DISEASES, Novoseek, and GeneCards
| Disorder | Aliases | PubMed IDs |
|---|---|---|
| glutamine deficiency, congenital |
|
|
| adenomatous polyposis coli |
|
|
| desmoid disease, hereditary |
|
|
| congenital brain dysgenesis due to glutamine synthetase deficiency |
|
|
| hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
Search GLUL in MalaCards
View complete list of genes associated with diseases
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
GLNA_HUMAN- Congenital systemic glutamine deficiency (CSGD) [MIM:610015]: Rare developmental disorder with severe brain malformation resulting in multi-organ failure and neonatal death. Glutamine is largely absent from affected patients serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. {ECO:0000269 PubMed:16267323}. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Relevant External Links for GLUL
No data available for Genatlas for GLUL Gene
Publications for GLUL Gene
- cDNA sequence of the long mRNA for human glutamine synthase. (PMID: 1681907) van den Hoff M.J.B. … Lamers W.H. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1991) 2 3 4 67
- Estradiol modulation of astrocytic form and function: implications for hormonal control of synaptic communication. (PMID: 16326016) Mong J.A. … Blutstein T. (Neuroscience 2006) 23 25 26
- Limited capacity for ammonia removal by brain in chronic liver failure: potential role of nitric oxide. (PMID: 16382338) Rose C. … Felipo V. (Metab Brain Dis 2005) 23 25 26
- Glutamine synthetase immunostaining correlates with pathologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma and better survival after radiofrequency thermal ablation. (PMID: 20233882) Dal Bello B. … Silini E.M. (Clin. Cancer Res. 2010) 3 23
- Glutamine synthetase as an early marker for hepatocellular carcinoma based on proteomic analysis of resected small hepatocellular carcinomas. (PMID: 20525558) Long J. … Liu S.Q. (HBPD INT 2010) 3 23
Products for GLUL Gene
- Browse R&D Systems for Antibodies
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- Browse Primary Antibodies
- Browse Proteins and Enzymes
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- Browse Proteome Profiler Antibody Arrays
- Browse Small Molecules
- Custom Antibody Services
- Browse OriGene ELISA Kits
- Custom Assay Services
- Search Origene for MassSpec and Protein Over-expression Lysates for GLUL
- Origene Custom Protein Services for GLUL
- Origene siRNA, shRNA, mouse_rna, rat_shrna, and RNAi products in human, mouse, rat for GLUL
- Browse OriGene Inhibitory RNA Products For GLUL
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs for GLUL
- OriGene qPCR primer pairs and template standards for GLUL
- OriGene CRISPR knockouts for GLUL
- OriGene clones in human for GLUL
- OriGene ORF clones in human,mouse,rat for GLUL
- Custom cloning services - gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling
- GenScript: Next-day shipping cDNA clones in your preferred vector
- GenScript Custom Purified and Recombinant Proteins Services for GLUL
- GenScript Custom Assay Services for GLUL
- GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for GLUL
- GenScript: Design CRISPR guide RNA sequences for GLUL
- Design optimal peptide antigens
- CloneReady with Over 120,000 Genes
- Gene Synthesis: Any Gene in Any Vector
- Vector-based siRNA and miRNA, Ready for Transfection
- Gene Mutant Library, Variants up to 10^11
- Plasmid Preparation
- GenScript Custom Peptide Services for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals Antibodies for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals proteins and lysates for GLUL
- Novus Biologicals
- Novus Biologicals Tissue Microarrays
- ProSpec Recombinant Proteins for GLUL
- Cloud-Clone Corp. Antibodies for GLUL
- Cloud-Clone Corp. Proteins for GLUL
- Cloud-Clone Corp Assay Kits for GLUL
- antibodies-online Antibodies for GLUL: See all 85
- antibodies-online Kits for GLUL: See all 15
- antibodies-online Proteins for GLUL: See all 53
- Search antibodies-online for peptides
- GeneTex GLUL antibody for GLUL
- GeneTex Glutamine synthetase Protein (GTX109121-pro) for GLUL
- ViGene Biosciences adenoviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
- ViGene Biosciences lentiviral particle packaged cDNA for GLUL gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
- ViGene Biosciences ready-to-package AAV shRNAs for GLUL gene
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
- Search ViGene Biosciences for GLUL
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) Antibodies for GLUL
- Search Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) for GLUL siRNA/shRNA
- Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SCBT) CRISPR for GLUL
Sources for GLUL Gene
- (1) GeneCards
- (2) HGNC
- (3) EntrezGene
- (4) Swiss-Prot
- (5) Ensembl
- (6) OMIM
- (7) GeneLoc
- (8) Gene Wiki
- (9) UCSC
- (10) PhosphoSitePlus
- (11) GO
- (12) TrEMBL
- (13) InterPro
- (14) ProtoNet
- (15) Blocks
- (16) MGI
- (17) IUBMB
- (18) KEGG
- (19) MINT
- (20) STRING
- (21) I2D
- (22) IntAct
- (23) Novoseek
- (24) PharmGKB
- (25) DrugBank
- (26) HMDB
- (27) UniGene
- (28) AceView
- (29) RNAdb
- (30) ASD
- (31) ECgene
- (32) GeneAnnot
- (33) SAGE
- (34) SOURCE
- (35) HomoloGene
- (36) PanEnsembl
- (37) euGenes
- (38) SGD
- (39) FlyBase
- (40) WormBase
- (41) Pseudogene
- (42) DGV
- (43) dbSNP
- (44) HapMap
- (45) GenAtlas
- (46) GeneTests
- (47) HGMD
- (48) GAD
- (49) LSDB
- (50) BGMUT
- (51) HuGE
- (52) eBioscience
- (53) Atlas
- (54) Cell Signaling Technology
- (55) GenBank
- (56) H-invDB
- (57) HORDE
- (58) HUGE
- (59) IMGT
- (60) Leiden
- (61) MILLIPORE
- (62) miRBase
- (63) DME
- (64) Nature
- (65) NCBI
- (66) OriGene
- (67) PubMed
- (68) R&D Systems
- (69) Salk
- (70) TGDB
- (71) Tufts
- (72) YEDA
- (73) CROW21
- (74) Tocris
- (75) Abcam
- (76) Novus
- (77) ProSpec
- (78) Sino Biological
- (79) GenScript
- (80) Qiagen
- (81) Cloud-Clone Corp.
- (82) Enzo Life Sciences
- (83) OCA
- (84) Proteopedia
- (85) MOPED
- (86) SPIRE
- (87) neXtProt
- (88) Reactome
- (89) GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)
- (90) fRNAdb
- (91) DISEASES
- (92) SIMAP
- (93) GenomeRNAi
- (94) LifeMap
- (95) miRTarBase
- (96) MalaCards
- (97) Invitrogen
- (98) BitterDB
- (99) Vector BioLabs
- (100) ESI-BIO
- (101) RefSeq
- (102) BioSystems
- (103) MaxQB
- (104) IUPHAR
- (105) BioGPS
- (106) Illumina
- (107) COMPARTMENTS
- (108) HOMER
- (109) PaxDb
- (110) ApexBio
- (111) Addgene
- (112) Advanced Cell Diagnostics
- (113) antibodies-online
- (114) CYP
- (115) NONCODE
- (116) SwitchGear Genomics
- (117) TreeFam
- (118) PathCards
- (119) GeneReviews
- (120) GeneTex
- (121) Taconic Biosciences
- (122) GTEx
- (123) ProteomicsDB
- (124) SCBT
- (125) DGIdb
- (126) ClinicalTrials
- (127) FDA Approved Drugs
- (128) RVIS
- (129) SIGNOR
- (130) diseasecard
- (131) NIH Rare Diseases
- (132) Orphanet
- (133) UMLS
- (134) GTR
- (135) Disease Ontology
- (136) Genetics Home Reference
- (137) MeSH
- (138) MedlinePlus
- (139) CDC
- (140) NINDS
- (141) NCBI Bookshelf
- (142) ClinVar
- (143) Gene Damage Index
- (144) ViGene Biosciences
- (145) HPO
- (146) UDN
- (147) VISTA
- (148) FANTOM5
- (149) ENCODE
- (150) ProSci
- (151) Horizon