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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

GLS Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 63
GCID: GC02P191709

glutaminase
 Explore 45 diseases affiliated with
GLS via
MalaCards
our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for GLS    

Aliases
for GLS gene

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section
Aliases
Glutaminase1     GAC2
GLS11 2 3 5     GAM2
KIAA08381 3     KGA2
K-Glutaminase1     Glutaminase C2
L-Glutamine Amidohydrolase2 3     Glutaminase Kidney Isoform, Mitochondrial2
EC 3.5.1.23 8     Glutaminase, Phosphate-Activated2
AAD202     

External Ids:    HGNC: 43311   Entrez Gene: 27442   Ensembl: ENSG000001154197   OMIM: 1382805   UniProtKB: O949253   

Export aliases for GLS gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC02P189939 GC02P190448 GC02P191948 GC02P191931 GC02P191571 GC02P191453 GC02P183605


Summaries
for GLS gene

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section
Entrez Gene summary for GLS:
This gene encodes the K-type mitochondrial glutaminase. The encoded protein is an phosphate-activated amidohydrolase
that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia. This protein is primarily expressed in the brain
and kidney plays an essential role in generating energy for metabolism, synthesizing the brain neurotransmitter
glutamate and maintaining acid-base balance in the kidney. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
(provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GLSK_HUMAN, O94925
Function: Catalyzes the first reaction in the primary pathway for the renal catabolism of glutamine. Plays a role in
maintaining acid-base homeostasis. Regulates the levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain. Isoform 2
lacks catalytic activity




Genomic Views
for GLS gene

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000002.11  NC_018913.1  NT_005403.17  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the GLS gene promoter:
         USF1   AP-2gamma   Tal-1beta   C/EBPalpha   E47   CHOP-10   USF-1   AP-2beta   STAT3   RSRFC4   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmid: GLS promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for GLS

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat GLS


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 2q32-q34   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  2q32.2   HGNC cytogenetic band: 2q32-q34

GLS Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
GLS gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 2         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC02P191709:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
 191,745,547 bp from pter      End:
 191,830,278 bp from pter
Size:
 84,732 bases      Orientation:
 plus strand

Proteins
for GLS gene

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GLSK_HUMAN, O94925 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial precursor  
Size: 669 amino acids; 73461 Da
Subunit: Heterotetramer. Interacts with ATCAY; the interaction is direct and may control GLS localization, negatively
regulating its activity
Subcellular location: Isoform 1: Cytoplasm, cytosol
Subcellular location: Isoform 3: Mitochondrion
Caution: Isoform 3 is predicted to be expressed at very low levels due to a premature stop codon in the mRNA, leading
to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (PubMed:14759258), but has been shown to be well expressed (PubMed:17940881 and
PubMed:11015561) and the encoded protein is detected in mitochondria (PubMed:22228304)
Sequence caution: Sequence=BAA74861.2; Type=Erroneous initiation; Note=Translation N-terminally shortened;
6/10 PDB 3D structures from and Proteopedia for GLS (see all 10):
3CZD (3D)        3UNW (3D)        3UO9 (3D)        3VOY (3D)        3VOZ (3D)        3VP0 (3D)    
Secondary accessions: Q9UL05 Q9UL06 Q9UL07 Q9UN40
Alternative splicing: 3 isoforms:  O94925-1   O94925-2   O94925-3   

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for GLS: NX_O94925

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_O94925

    • 4/13 DME Specific Peptides for GLS (O94925) (see all 13)
     CSIEVTC  KFVIPDF  VGKEPSG  GKVADYIP 

    GLS Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NP_001243239.1  NP_055720.3  

    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000317379   ENSP00000340689   ENSP00000388990   ENSP00000386417   ENSP00000395596  
     ENSP00000387177   ENSP00000387135   ENSP00000403329  
    Reactome Protein details: O94925
    Human Recombinant Protein Products: 
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    Novus Biologicals GLS Proteins
    Novus Biologicals GLS Lysate
    Browse Sino Biological Recombinant Proteins
    Browse ProSpec Recombinant Proteins
    Uscn Proteins for GLS

    Gene Ontology (GO): 3 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005739mitochondrion NAS10719215
    GO:0005759mitochondrial matrix TAS--
    GO:0005829cytosol IEA--


    GLS for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



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    Assay Products for GLS: 
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    Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for GLS

    Protein Domains /
    Families
    for GLS gene

    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section
    GLS for domains           About GeneDecksing

    4 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR015868 Glutaminase
     IPR002110 Ankyrin_rpt
     IPR012338 Beta-lactam/transpept-like
     IPR020683 Ankyrin_rpt-contain_dom

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry O94925

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: O94925

    2 Blocks protein families:
    IPB002110 Ankyrin repeat signature
    IPB007043 Glutaminase


    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GLSK_HUMAN, O94925
    Similarity: Belongs to the glutaminase family
    Similarity: Contains 2 ANK repeats


    Function
    for GLS gene

    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section
    Function Summary:

         UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GLSK_HUMAN, O94925
    Function: Catalyzes the first reaction in the primary pathway for the renal catabolism of glutamine. Plays a role in
    maintaining acid-base homeostasis. Regulates the levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain. Isoform 2
    lacks catalytic activity
    Catalytic activity: L-glutamine + H(2)O = L-glutamate + NH(3)
    Enzyme regulation: Isoform 1 and isoform 3 are activated by phosphate. Inhibited by BPTES. BPTES binds between subunits
    and favors dissociation of the tetramer into dimers
    Biophysicochemical properties: Kinetic parameters: KM=1.9 mM for glutamine (isoform 1); KM=1.4 mM for glutamine
    (isoform 3);

         Genatlas biochemistry entry for GLS:
    glutaminase,phosphate-dependent,ammonia formation

    Enzyme Number (IUBMB): EC 3.5.1.21 2

    miRNA
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    8/71 QIAGEN miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate GLS (see all 71):
    hsa-miR-3938 hsa-miR-520e hsa-miR-200a hsa-miR-138-2* hsa-miR-519a hsa-miR-10b* hsa-miR-383 hsa-miR-508-5p
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: GLS 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:            		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for GLS (see all 7)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: GLS
    OriGene siRNA: GLS
    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat GLS

    Gene Editing
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    Clone
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    In Situ Assay
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    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0004359glutaminase activity NAS10719215
    GO:0005515protein binding IPI16899818


    GLS for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    Animal Models:
         4 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 2 alleles) (MGI details for Gls):
     behavior/neurological  mortality/aging  normal  respiratory system 

    GLS for phenotypes           About GeneDecksing


    Pathways & Interactions
    for GLS gene

    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/13 super-pathways (see all 13) About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1Transmission across Chemical Synapses
    		Transmission across Chemical Synapses1.00
    		Neuronal System0.67
    2Metabolism
    		Metabolism1.00
    		Metabolic pathways0.38
    3superpathway of citrulline metabolism
    		superpathway of citrulline metabolism1.00
    		citrulline biosynthesis0.53
    4glutamine degradation I
    		glutamine degradation I1.00
    		D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism0.40
    5Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination)
    		Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination)1.00

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways


    3 BioSystems Pathways for GLS 
        citrulline biosynthesis
    superpathway of citrulline metabolism
    glutamine degradation I

    5/7        Reactome Pathways for GLS (see all 7)
        Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
    Transmission across Chemical Synapses
    Metabolism
    Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination)
    Neurotransmitter Release Cycle


    5/7         Kegg Pathways  (Kegg details for GLS) (see all 7):
        Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
    Arginine and proline metabolism
    D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism
    Nitrogen metabolism
    Metabolic pathways


    GLS for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for GLS

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 25)

    5/37 Interacting proteins for GLS (O949253 ENSP000003173794) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 37)
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    SNTA1Q134243, ENSP000002173814I2D: score=3 STRING: ENSP00000217381
    TAX1BP3O149073, ENSP000002255254I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000225525
    SAP18O004223, ENSP000003719734I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000371973
    PARD6AQ9NPB63, ENSP000002192554I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000219255
    MAGEA6P433603, ENSP000003291994I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000329199
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 5/12 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view) (see all 12):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0002087regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological system process IEA--
    GO:0006537glutamate biosynthetic process TAS--
    GO:0006541glutamine metabolic process ----
    GO:0006543glutamine catabolic process NAS10719215
    GO:0007268synaptic transmission TAS--


    GLS for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    Drugs & Compounds
    for GLS gene

    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section

    GLS for compounds           About GeneDecksing

    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for GLS

    7 HMDB Compounds for GLS    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #PubMed Ids
    AmmoniaNH3 (see all 31)7664-41-7--
    D-Glutamic acid(2R)-2-aminopentanedioate (see all 30)6893-26-1--
    D-GlutamineD-2-Aminoglutaramate (see all 3)5959-95-5--
    FamotidineAmfamox (see all 83)76824-35-6--
    L-Glutamic acid(2S)-2-Aminopentanedioate (see all 49)56-86-0--
    L-Glutamine(2S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid (see all 31)56-85-9--
    WaterDihydrogen oxide (see all 2)7732-18-5--

    2 DrugBank Compounds for GLS    About this table
    CompoundSynonyms CAS #TypeActionsPubMed Ids
    L-Glutamic Acid(2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid (see all 15)56-86-0target--16815871 16720907 16861819 16824605 16952838
    L-Glutamine(S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid (see all 4)56-85-9enzymesubstrate16641247

    10/56 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for GLS gene (see all 56)    About this table
    Compound   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    glutamine 90.5 208 17322533 (4), 9616266 (4), 7850545 (3), 8041144 (3) (see all 99)
    6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine 87.6 2 14675161 (1), 15048852 (1)
    prfar 82.9 1 16142895 (1)
    glutamate 79.9 130 2213015 (4), 18452953 (4), 2107874 (3), 20392956 (2) (see all 79)
    glu-trna(gln) 78.6 6 11371208 (4), 11549469 (1)
    phosphoribosylamine 77 1 10713115 (1)
    imidazole glycerol phosphate 72.3 2 17261030 (1), 16142895 (1)
    glucosamine 6-phosphate 71.7 7 8805567 (2), 9545303 (1), 19957429 (1), 17322533 (1) (see all 5)
    acivicin 68.8 4 18697567 (2), 7559506 (1), 16030023 (1)
    alpha-ketoglutarate 63.4 2 8125383 (1), 19939921 (1)

    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about GLS / GLSK 

    Transcripts
    for GLS gene

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section
    REFSEQ mRNAs for GLS gene (2 alternative transcripts): 
    NM_001256310.1  NM_014905.4  

    Unigene Clusters for GLS:

    Glutaminase
    Hs.116448  [show with all ESTs], Hs.737608  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequences: CR749593, AK123493
    15 Ensembl transcripts including schematic representations, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000320717(uc002usf.2 uc002ush.2 uc010zgi.1 uc010zgj.1)
    ENST00000338435(uc002use.2 uc002usg.1) ENST00000479552(uc002usd.2)
    ENST00000496170 ENST00000469774 ENST00000417154 ENST00000461965 ENST00000468352
    ENST00000495444 ENST00000409626 ENST00000457316 ENST00000409428 ENST00000409215
    ENST00000412247 ENST00000471443

    miRNA
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    hsa-miR-3938 hsa-miR-520e hsa-miR-200a hsa-miR-138-2* hsa-miR-519a hsa-miR-10b* hsa-miR-383 hsa-miR-508-5p
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: GLS 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
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    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for GLS (see all 7)
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    Clone
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    Primer
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      QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat GLS

    Additional cDNA sequence: AK123493.1 

    24/29 DOTS entries (see all 29):

    DT.100772969  DT.448974  DT.443960  DT.100653208  DT.101982033  DT.91772522  DT.100653211  DT.97807566 
    DT.100001112  DT.101973698  DT.91751567  DT.65287316  DT.100672416  DT.86857796  DT.107777  DT.120972102 
    DT.86850407  DT.91830616  DT.97799598  DT.75151669  DT.91772518  DT.91986251  DT.95092631  DT.95099453 

    24/462 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 462):

    CA445026 CB156745 AI471716 BM743073 AI184940 AW193170 BQ130644 BG501917 
    BP344806 BI870430 AI077407 AI292349 BM128668 BG532044 D30931 AF136409 
    AA974976 AI698509 AW001784 AI245038 AI494513 AA290669 AI459188 CB122450 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    Expression
    for GLS gene

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    GLS expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: ATGGTGTATG

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)
    About this image
    See GLS Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for GLS

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene clusters: Hs.116448 Hs.737608

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GLSK_HUMAN, O94925
    Tissue specificity: Isoform 1 and isoform 3 are detected in brain cortex. Isoform 3 is highly expressed in astrocytoma,
    ganglioglioma and ependymoma. Isoform 1 is highly expressed in brain and kidney, but not detected in liver. Isoform 3
    is highly expressed in heart and pancreas, detected at lower levels in placenta, lung, pancreas and kidney, but is not
    detected in liver. Isoform 2 is expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle

        SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including GLS: 
              GABA & Glutamate in human mouse rat
              Amino Acid Metabolism I in human mouse rat

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    In Situ
    Assay Products:     
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    Orthologs
    for GLS gene

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section
    This gene was present in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).

    Orthologs for GLS gene from 7/21 species (see all 21)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification    		 Gene Description Human
    Similarity    		 Orthology
    Type    		 Details
    chicken
    (Gallus gallus)    		 Aves GLS1 glutaminase 81.09(n)
    88.85(a)    		   424043  NM_001031248.1  NP_001026419.1 
    lizard
    (Anolis carolinensis)    		 Reptilia GLS6
    		 --
    		 95(a)
    		 1 ↔ 1
    		 2(134226971-134290863)
    tropical clawed frog
    (Xenopus tropicalis)    		 Amphibia AL773849.22   -- 83.55(n)    AL773849.2 
    zebrafish
    (Danio rerio)    		 Actinopterygii glsa1 glutaminase a 72.99(n)
    84.9(a)    		   564147  NM_001045044.1  NP_001038509.1 
    fruit fly
    (Drosophila melanogaster)    		 Insecta CG427081 CG42708 56.53(n)
    55.86(a)    		   36396  NM_165943.2  NP_725217.1 
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)    		 Secernentea DH11.13 glutaminase 48(a)
    (best of 3)    		   II(8008607-8011324)   --
    E. coli
    (Escherichia coli)    		 Gamma proteobacteria ybaS6
    yneH6
    		 glutaminase
    		 35(a)
    34(a)
    		 many ↔ many
    many ↔ many
    		 Chromosome(510865-511797)
    Chromosome(1610349-1611275)


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for GLS (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for GLS (if available) 

    Paralogs
    for GLS gene

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for GLS gene
    GLS22  
    2 SIMAP similar genes for GLS using alignment to 10 protein entries:     GLSK_HUMAN (see all proteins):
    DKFZp686O15119    GLS2

    GLS for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    Genomic Variants
    for GLS gene

    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/1323 NCBI SNPs in GLS are shown (see all 1323)     About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance    		Chr 2 posSequence#AA
    Chg    		TypeMore#Allele
    freq    		PopTotal
    sample    		More
    ----------
    rs730527921,2
    		C,F,--191744001(+) CAGATA/TGAAAA 2 -- us2k13Minor allele frequency- T:0.13WA NA EA 358
    rs1849075891,2
    		--191744089(+) TTAATA/CTATTG 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs1491797181,2
    		--191744170(+) TAGTTG/TCATAA 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs742717141,2
    		F,--191744179(+) AAAAAT/ACACCT 2 -- us2k11Minor allele frequency- A:0.06EA 120
    rs1453592571,2
    		--191744209(+) GCTCAC/TGCCTG 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs1876477351,2
    		--191744279(+) CCTGGC/TGAAAC 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs1931631841,2
    		--191744345(+) GGTGGG/TAGGAT 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs1849768561,2
    		--191744354(+) ATCACA/CGGGGC 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs2008306261,2
    		C,--191744450(+) CACAC-/ACAACAAC 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs1379190581,2
    		--191744481(+) CCCCCA/CAAACA 2 -- us2k10--------

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for GLS (191745547 - 191830278 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
    Database of Genomic Variants (DGV): 1 variation for GLS
         1 Indel: 58948
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): GLS

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    Disorders / Diseases
    for GLS gene

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section
    GLS for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 138280    OMIM disorders: --

    20/45 diseases for GLS (see all 45):    About MalaCards
    amyotrophic lateral sclerosis    lateral sclerosis    paranoid schizophrenia    toxic encephalopathy
    liver cirrhosis    hepatic encephalopathy    gliosis    spinocerebellar ataxia
    neurodegenerative disease    lymphoblastic leukemia    colonic polyps    rett syndrome
    huntington's disease    insulin resistance    hepatocellular carcinoma    alzheimer's disease
    colorectal adenoma and carcinoma    multiple sclerosis    ovarian cancer    dementia

    1 disease from the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database for GLS:
    Ependymoblastoma

    10/25 Novoseek disease relationships for GLS gene (see all 25)    About this table

    Disease   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    hyperammonemia 53.2 2 19067141 (1)
    hepatic encephalopathy 42.7 3 15246207 (2), 16382342 (1)
    metabolic acidosis 41.1 2 8638675 (1), 15607573 (1)
    ascites 19.6 9 11033463 (4), 11876557 (2), 15511236 (1)
    lymphoblastic leukemia acute 11.8 1 9349841 (1)
    huntington disease 11 1 2213015 (1)
    amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 7.69 1 11458996 (1)
    neurodegenerative diseases 6.82 1 11458996 (1)
    gliosis 6.63 1 2079721 (1)
    cirrhosis 6.53 1 15246207 (1)

    Genetic Association Database (GAD): GLS
    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: GLS (10 documents)

    Export disorders for GLS gene to outside databases

    Publications
    for GLS gene

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for GLS gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 272):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with GLS)    		    Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. (PubMed id 10048485)1, 2, 3 Nagase T....Ohara O. (1998)
    2. Cloning and analysis of unique human glutaminase isoforms generated by tissue-specific alternative splicing. (PubMed id 11015561)1, 2, 9 Elgadi K.M.... Abcouwer S.F. (1999)
    3. Brain-specific BNIP-2-homology protein Caytaxin relocalises glutaminase to neurite terminals and reduces glutamate levels. (PubMed id 16899818)1, 2, 9 Buschdorf J.P....Low B.C. (2006)
    4. An association study between polymorphisms in five genes in glutamate and GABA pathway and paranoid schizophrenia. (PubMed id 15642443)1, 4, 9 Zhang B....Shen Y. (2005)
    5. Full-length human glutaminase in complex with an allo steric inhibitor. (PubMed id 22049910)1, 2 DeLaBarre B....Hurov J.B. (2011)
    6. An unappreciated role for RNA surveillance. (PubMed id 14759258)1, 2 Hillman R.T.... Brenner S.E. (2004)
    7. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). (PubMed id 15489334)1, 2 Gerhard D.S....Malek J. (2004)
    8. Isolation, characterization and expression of a human brain mitochondrial glutaminase cDNA. (PubMed id 10719215)1, 2 Holcomb T.... Curthoys N.P. (2000)
    9. In vitro glutaminase regulation and mechanisms of glutamate generation in HIV-1-infected macrophage. (PubMed id 19222703)1, 9 Erdmann N....Zheng J. (2009)
    10. A novel glutaminase isoform in mammalian tissues. (PubMed id 19428810)1, 9 de la Rosa V....MA!rquez J. (2009)

    External Searches for GLS gene

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
    About This Section
     ANDOR
    Aliases
    Disorders
    Free Text  
      Query String
    		PubMed
    OMIM
    NCBI Bookshelf
      (Note: In FireFox, select the above section and copy using Ctrl-C)

    Genome Databases showing GLS gene

    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 2744 HGNC: 4331 AceView: GLS Ensembl:ENSG00000115419 euGenes: HUgn2744
    ECgene: GLS Kegg: 2744 H-InvDB: GLS

    Other Databases showing GLS gene

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
    HUGE: KIAA0838

    Specialized Databases showing GLS gene

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for GLS Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways

    Intellectual Property
    for GLS gene

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    		Patent Information for GLS gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving GLS

    GeneCards and IP:
    Japan Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     European Patent Office Licenses GeneCards     Improving the IP Search



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    About This Section

     
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