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Category   Symbol Source: HGNC EntrezGene Ensembl GeneCards RNA genes CroW21
GIFtS

GDF15 Gene

protein-coding   GIFtS: 61
GCID: GC19P018496

growth differentiation factor 15
 Explore 63 diseases affiliated with
GDF15 via
MalaCards
our new
 Human Malady Compendium 
Biological research products
for GDF15    

Aliases
for GDF15 gene

(According to 1HGNC, 2Entrez Gene,
3UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 4UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 5OMIM, 6GeneLoc, 7Ensembl, 8DME, 9miRBase, and/or 10fRNAdb)
About This Section
Aliases
Growth Differentiation Factor 151 2     Placental TGF-Beta2 3
MIC11 2 3 5     Prostate Differentiation Factor2 3
PDF1 2 3 5     GDF-152 3
PLAB1 2 3 5     NRG-12 3
MIC-11 2 3     NSAID-Activated Gene 1 Protein2 3
NAG-11 2 3     NSAID-Regulated Gene 1 Protein2 3
PTGFB1 2 3     PTGF-Beta1
Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 12 3     Growth/Differentiation Factor 152
Placental Bone Morphogenetic Protein2 3     NSAID (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug)-Activated Protein 12

External Ids:    HGNC: 301421   Entrez Gene: 95182   Ensembl: ENSG000001305137   OMIM: 6053125   UniProtKB: Q999883   

Export aliases for GDF15 gene to outside databases

Previous GC identifers: GC00U914343 GC19P018318 GC19P018358


Summaries
for GDF15 gene

(According to Entrez Gene, Tocris Bioscience, Wikipedia's Gene Wiki, PharmGKB,
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL)
About This Section
Entrez Gene summary for GDF15:
Bone morphogenetic proteins (e.g., BMP9; MIM 605120) are members of the transforming growth factor-beta (see TGFB1; MIM
190180) superfamily and regulate tissue differentiation and maintenance. They are synthesized as precursor molecules
that are processed at a dibasic cleavage site to release C-terminal domains containing a characteristic motif of 7
conserved cysteines in the mature protein.(supplied by OMIM, Oct 2009)

Gene Wiki entry for GDF15


Genomic Views
for GDF15 gene

(According to GeneLoc and/or HGNC, and/or
Entrez Gene (NCBI build 37),
and/or miRBase,
Genomic Views according to UCSC (hg19) and Ensembl (release 69), Regulatory elements and Epigenetics data according to QIAGEN, SABiosciences, and/or SwitchGear Genomics)
About This Section
RefSeq DNA sequence:
NC_000019.9  NC_018930.1  NT_011295.11  
Regulatory elements:
   SABiosciences Regulatory transcription factor binding sites in the GDF15 gene promoter:
         PPAR-gamma1   C/EBPbeta   AP-1   ATF-2   STAT3   PPAR-gamma2   c-Jun   
         Other transcription factors

SwitchGear Promoter luciferase reporter plasmids (see all 2): GDF15 promoter sequence
   Search SABiosciences Chromatin IP Primers for GDF15

Epigenetics:
QIAGEN PyroMark CpG Assay predesigned Pyrosequencing DNA Methylation assays in human, mouse, rat GDF15


Genomic Location:
Genomic View: UCSC Golden Path with GeneCards custom track

Entrez Gene cytogenetic band: 19p13.11   Ensembl cytogenetic band:  19p13.11   HGNC cytogenetic band: 19p13.11

GDF15 Gene in genomic location: bands according to Ensembl, locations according to (and/or Entrez Gene and/or Ensembl if different)
GDF15 gene location

GeneLoc information about chromosome 19         GeneLoc Exon Structure

GeneLoc location for GC19P018496:  view genomic region     (about GC identifiers)

Start:
 18,496,968 bp from pter      End:
 18,499,986 bp from pter
Size:
 3,019 bases      Orientation:
 plus strand

Proteins
for GDF15 gene

(According to 1UniProtKB, HORDE, neXtProt, Ensembl, and/or Reactome, Modification sites according to 2PhosphoSitePlus, Specific Peptides from DME, Protein expression images according to data from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDb, RefSeq according to NCBI, PDB rendering according to OCA and/or Proteopedia, Recombinant Proteins from EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Enzo Life Sciences, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Sino Biological, ProSpec, and/or Uscn,
Biochemical Assays by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, OriGene, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or Uscn, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 and Entrez Gene, Antibodies by EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, GenScript, Cell Signaling Technology, OriGene, Novus Biologicals, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Abcam, and/or Uscn)
About This Section
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GDF15_HUMAN, Q99988 (See protein sequence)
Recommended Name: Growth/differentiation factor 15 precursor  
Size: 308 amino acids; 34140 Da
Subunit: Homodimer; disulfide-linked (By similarity)
Subcellular location: Secreted (Probable)
Secondary accessions: O14629 P78360 Q9BWA0 Q9NRT0

Explore the universe of human proteins at neXtProt for GDF15: NX_Q99988

Post-translational modifications:

  • View modification sites using PhosphoSitePlus2
  • View neXtProt modification sites for NX_Q99988

    • GDF15 Protein expression data from MOPED and PaxDb:    About this image 
    Estimated protein expression log10 (pmol).

    REFSEQ proteins: NP_004855.2  
    ENSEMBL proteins: 
     ENSP00000252809  

    Human Recombinant Protein Products: 
    Browse Purified and Recombinant Proteins at EMD Millipore
    R&D Systems Recombinant & Natural Proteins for GDF15 (GDF-15)
    Browse recombinant and purified proteins available from Enzo Life Sciences
    Browse OriGene full length recombinant human proteins expressed in human HEK293 cells
    OriGene Protein Over-expression Lysate: GDF15
    OriGene Custom Protein Services for GDF15 
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    Novus Biologicals GDF15 Proteins
    Novus Biologicals GDF15 Lysate
    Sino Biological Recombinant Protein for GDF15
    ProSpec Recombinant Protein for GDF15
    Uscn Proteins for GDF15

    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 cellular component terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005576extracellular region TAS9326641
    GO:0005615extracellular space IEA--


    GDF15 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    GDF15 Antibody Products: 
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    Browse Enzo Life Sciences for kits & assays
    Uscn ELISAs and CLIAs for GDF15

    Protein Domains /
    Families
    for GDF15 gene

    (According to InterPro, ProtoNet, UniProtKB, and/or BLOCKS, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks)
    About This Section
    GDF15 for domains           About GeneDecksing

    2 InterPro domains/families:
     IPR015615 TGF-beta-rel
     IPR001839 TGF-b_C

    Graphical View of Domain Structure for InterPro Entry Q99988

    ProtoNet protein and cluster: Q99988

    2 Blocks protein families:
    IPB001839 Transforming growth factor beta (TGFb)
    IPB002400 Growth factor cystine knot superfamily signature


    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GDF15_HUMAN, Q99988
    Similarity: Belongs to the TGF-beta family


    Function
    for GDF15 gene

    (According to 1UniProtKB, Genatlas, LifeMap Discovery™, IUBMB, and/or 2DME, Human phenotypes from GenomeRNAi, Animal models from MGI Mar 06 2013,
    bound targets from SABiosciences, miRNA Gene Targets from miRTarBase shRNA from OriGene, RNAi from EMD Millipore, siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, microRNA from QIAGEN, Gene Editing from DNA2.0, Clones from EMD Millipore, OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, Sino Biological, DNA2.0, and Vector BioLabs, Cell Lines from GenScript, LifeMap BioReagents, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene.)
    About This Section
    miRNA
    Products:            		 OriGene 3'-UTR Clone: GDF15
    Browse MicroRNA Expression Plasmids
    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat GDF15
    Search QIAGEN for miScript miRNA Assays for microRNAs that regulate GDF15
    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: GDF15 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:            		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for GDF15 (see all 7)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: GDF15
    OriGene siRNA: GDF15
    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat GDF15

    Gene Editing
    Products:    		DNA2.0 Custom Protein Engineering Service for GDF15

    Clone
    Products:             		Browse Clones for the Expression of Recombinant Proteins Available from EMD Millipore
    OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for GDF15 (see all 3)
    OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for GDF15
    OriGene custom cloning services – gene synthesis, subcloning, mutagenesis, variant library, vector shuttling 
    GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: GDF15 (NM_004864)
    Sino Biological Human cDNA Clone for GDF15
    DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for GDF15
    Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat GDF15 

    Cell Line
    Products:             		GenScript Custom overexpressing Cell Line Services for GDF15
    LifeMap BioReagents: cell line associated with GDF15: PureStem SM30, NCr-fac & Meso-latp Progenitor

    In Situ Assay
    Products:       
         		Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for GDF15

    Gene Ontology (GO): 2 molecular function terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0005125cytokine activity IEA--
    GO:0008083growth factor activity IEA--


    GDF15 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing


    1 GenomeRNAi human phenotype for GDF15:
     Increased resistance to MDM2 i 

    Animal Models:
         Mouse knock-out Gdf15tm1Sjl for GDF15
         4 MGI mutant phenotypes (inferred from 2 alleles) (MGI details for Gdf15):
     behavior/neurological  growth/size  nervous system  normal 

    GDF15 for phenotypes           About GeneDecksing


    Pathways & Interactions
    for GDF15 gene

    (Pathways according to EMD Millipore, R&D Systems, Cell Signaling Technology, KEGG, PharmGKB, BioSystems, Reactome, Tocris Bioscience, GeneGo (Thomson Reuters), QIAGEN, and/or UniProtKB, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, Interaction Networks according to SABiosciences, and/or STRING, Interactions according to 1UniProtKB, 2MINT, 3I2D, and/or 4STRING, with links to IntAct and Ensembl, Ontologies according to Gene Ontology Consortium 01 Mar 2013 via Entrez Gene).
    About This Section

    Unified GeneCards pathways - 5/6 super-pathways (see all 6) About this table 
    See pathways by source

    Super-pathwaycontained gene-specific pathways
    1TGF-beta/Smad Signaling
    		TGF-beta/Smad Signaling1.00
    2Lymphocyte Signaling
    		Lymphocyte Signaling1.00
    3Apoptosis and Autophagy
    		Apoptosis and Autophagy1.00
    4Selected targets of CREB1
    		Selected targets of CREB11.00
    5Direct p53 effectors
    		Direct p53 effectors1.00

    Pathway sources
    See GeneCards unified pathways
    Show all pathways

    2 EMD Millipore Pathways for GDF15
        Selected targets of CREB1
    Selected targets of p53


    3 Cell Signaling Technology (CST) Pathways for GDF15
        Apoptosis and Autophagy
    Lymphocyte Signaling
    TGF-beta/Smad Signaling

    1 BioSystems Pathway for GDF15 
        Direct p53 effectors



    GDF15 for pathways           About GeneDecksing

    Interactions:

        SABiosciences Gene Network CentralTM Interacting Genes and Proteins Network for GDF15

    STRING Interaction Network Preview (showing 5 interactants - click image to see 6)

    5/6 Interacting proteins for GDF15 (Q999883 ENSP000002528094) via UniProtKB, MINT, STRING, and/or I2D (see all 6)
    InteractantInteraction Details
    GeneCardExternal ID(s)
    MDFIQ997503, ENSP000002303214I2D: score=1 STRING: ENSP00000230321
    MAPK14Q165393, ENSP000002297944I2D: score=2 STRING: ENSP00000229794
    TP53ENSP000002693054STRING: ENSP00000269305
    COG8ENSP000003054594STRING: ENSP00000305459
    FYCO1ENSP000002961374STRING: ENSP00000296137
    About this table

    Gene Ontology (GO): 3 biological process terms (GO ID links to tree view):    About this table

    GO IDQualified GO termEvidencePubMed IDs
    GO:0007165signal transduction TAS9326641
    GO:0007179transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway TAS9348093
    GO:0007267cell-cell signaling TAS9326641


    GDF15 for ontologies           About GeneDecksing



    Drugs & Compounds
    for GDF15 gene

    (Chemical Compounds according to UniProtKB, Enzo Life Sciences, EMD Millipore, Tocris Bioscience HMDB, BitterDB, and/or Novoseek, and Drugs according to DrugBank, Enzo Life Sciences, and/or PharmGKB, with drugs/clinical trials/news search links to CenterWatch)
    About This Section

    GDF15 for compounds           About GeneDecksing

    Browse Small Molecules at EMD Millipore
    Browse drugs & compounds from Enzo Life Sciences

    Browse Tocris compounds for GDF15
    10/18 Novoseek chemical compound relationships for GDF15 gene (see all 18)    About this table
    Compound   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    sulindac sulfide 85.7 12 15180942 (3), 15767558 (2), 11925476 (1), 16699947 (1) (see all 8)
    sulindac 60.7 4 20051377 (2), 11984525 (1)
    n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide 48.2 5 16582595 (2), 15958647 (2), 17213814 (1)
    ly294002 40.5 7 15377673 (3), 19384947 (1), 17715378 (1)
    pd 98,059 37.2 4 12514175 (1), 12907645 (1), 19384947 (1), 17715378 (1)
    azoxymethane 29.9 2 17101328 (2)
    phosphatidylinositol 28.9 4 17239488 (1), 19723892 (1), 17715378 (1), 15377673 (1)
    resveratrol 24.9 24 17257620 (8), 11895857 (6), 15670751 (1)
    glycogen 18.7 3 18058799 (1), 17237295 (1), 15377673 (1)
    iron 14.9 14 19863534 (2), 19833632 (2), 18842790 (2), 19907155 (1) (see all 9)

    Search CenterWatch for drugs/clinical trials and news about GDF15 

    Transcripts
    for GDF15 gene

    (Secondary structures according to fRNAdb,
    GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ Accessions according to
    Unigene (Build 235 Homo sapiens; Mar 10 2013) or GenBank,
    RefSeq according to Entrez Gene,
    DOTS (version 10), and/or AceView, transcript ids from Ensembl with links to UCSC,
    exon structure from GeneLoc, alternative splicing isoforms according to ASD and/or ECgene,
    RNAi Products from EMD Millipore,
    siRNAs from OriGene, QIAGEN, shRNA from OriGene, microRNA from QIAGEN,
    Tagged/untagged cDNA clones from OriGene, SwitchGear Genomics, GenScript, DNA2.0, Vector BioLabs, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN )
    About This Section
    REFSEQ mRNAs for GDF15 gene: 
    NM_004864.2  

    Unigene Cluster for GDF15:

    Growth differentiation factor 15
    Hs.616962  [show with all ESTs]
    Unigene Representative Sequence: BQ883534
    1 Ensembl transcript including schematic representation, and UCSC links where relevant:
    ENST00000252809(uc002niv.2)

    miRNA
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    QIAGEN Custom miScript Target Protector blocks miRNA-binding site of human, mouse, rat GDF15
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    SwitchGear 3'UTR luciferase reporter plasmid: GDF15 3' UTR sequence
    Inhib. RNA
    Products:             		Browse for Gene Knock-down Tools from EMD Millipore
    OriGene 29mer shRNA kits in GFP-retroviral vector in human, mouse, rat for GDF15 (see all 7)
    OriGene shRNA RFP: GDF15
    OriGene siRNA: GDF15
    QIAGEN FlexiTube/FlexiPlate siRNA for gene silencing in human, mouse, rat GDF15
    Clone
    Products:             		 OriGene Myc/DDK tagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for GDF15 (see all 3)
    OriGene untagged cDNA clones in CMV expression vector in human, mouse, rat for GDF15
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    GenScript: all cDNA clones in your preferred vector: GDF15 (NM_004864)
    DNA2.0 Custom Codon Optimized Gene Synthesis Service for GDF15
    Vector BioLabs ready-to-use adenovirus/AAV for human, mouse, rat GDF15 
    Primer
    Products:            		 OriGene genome-wide validated SYBR primer pairs in human, mouse, rat for GDF15
    Browse OriGene validated miRNA SYBR primer pairs
    SABiosciences RT2 qPCR Primer Assay in human, mouse, rat GDF15
      QIAGEN QuantiTect SYBR Green Assays in human, mouse, rat GDF15
      QIAGEN QuantiFast Probe-based Assays in human, mouse, rat GDF15

    Additional cDNA sequence: 

    AB000584.1 AF003934.1 AF019770.1 AF173860.1 AK225431.1 AK291530.1 BC000529.2 BC008962.2 
    BT019465.1 U51731.1 U88323.1 

    24/27 DOTS entries (see all 27):

    DT.95261396  DT.454415  DT.420863  DT.100826202  DT.121437456  DT.91774985  DT.121437428  DT.121437459 
    DT.100826198  DT.121437453  DT.100826197  DT.95261488  DT.95261365  DT.121437429  DT.95261432  DT.100826199 
    DT.100826204  DT.101985609  DT.121437425  DT.121437435  DT.121437447  DT.91775001  DT.95224314  DT.95261485 

    24/1271 AceView cDNA sequences (see all 1271):

    AW043648 BM976016 AI220850 R32710 BM851155 AI915894 R66917 AI921852 
    AA157984 CK824872 BQ677298 BQ888777 BQ676322 AI470551 AW043813 BM851760 
    H02599 H94741 AI346243 BM911728 BM808764 R70832 AI268462 R22548 

    GeneLoc Exon Structure


    Expression
    for GDF15 gene

    (RNA expression data according to H-InvDB, NONCODE, miRBase, and RNAdb, Expression images according to data from BioGPS, Illumina Human BodyMap, and CGAP SAGE, Sets of similar genes according to GeneDecks, in vivo and in vitro expression data from LifeMap Discovery™, plus additional links to Genevestigator, and/or SOURCE, and/or BioGPS, and/or UniProtKB,
    PCR Arrays from SABiosciences, Primers from OriGene, SABiosciences, and/or QIAGEN, In Situ Hybridization Assays from Advanced Cell Diagnostics)
    About This Section

    GDF15 expression in normal human tissues (normalized intensities)
    See probesets specificity/sensitivity at GeneAnnot
    About this imageBioGPS
    CGAP TAG: GTGCTCATTC

    Microarray
    RNAseq (Illumina Body Map)
    (100×FPKM)½
    SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)
    About this image

    GDF15 expression in embryonic tissues and stem cells
    Expression by the Database of Embryonic development, Stem cell research, and Regenerative medicine    About this table
    Stem Cell Differentiation: 10/11 LifeMap Cells (see all 11) 
    NameCategory
    PureStem™ endothelial Progenitor 30-SM2-3 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)Blood, Endothelium
    PureStem™ endothelial progenitor 30-SM2-1 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)Endothelium
    PureStem™ endothelial progenitor RP1-MV2-18 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)Endothelium
    PureStem™ mesenchymal progenitor SM30 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)Adipose, Bone, Cartilage
    PureStem™ mesenchymal progenitor 7PEND24 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)Cartilage, Neural Crest
    PureStem™ progenitor EN13 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)
    PureStem™ progenitor RASMO12 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)
    PureStem™ progenitor W8 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)
    PureStem™ progenitor Z1 (Embryonic Progenitor Cell)
    Fetal cardiomyocytes (20 weeks) (Primary Cell)Heart, Myocardium
    Expression: Positive    Negative     Selective marker
    Experimental details: Curated     Microarrays     In-situ hybridization

    See GDF15 Protein Expression from SPIRE MOPED and PaxDB
    Genevestigator expression for GDF15

    SOURCE GeneReport for Unigene cluster: Hs.616962

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: GDF15_HUMAN, Q99988
    Tissue specificity: Highly expressed in placenta, with lower levels in prostate and colon and some expression in kidney

        SABiosciences Expression via Pathway-Focused PCR Arrays including GDF15: 
              Mesenchymal Stem Cell in human mouse rat
              Cytokines & Chemokines in human mouse rat
              Common Cytokines in human mouse rat

    Primer
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    In Situ
    Assay Products:     
         		Advanced Cell Diagnostics RNAscope RNA in situ hybridization assays for GDF15

    Orthologs
    for GDF15 gene

    (Orthologs according to 1,2HomoloGene (2older version, for species not in 1newer version), 3euGenes, 4SGD , 5MGI Mar 06 2013, with possible further links to Flybase and/or WormBase, and/or 6Ensembl pan taxonomic compara , Gene Trees according to Ensembl and TreeFam)
    About This Section
    This gene was present in the common ancestor of eukaryotes.

    Orthologs for GDF15 gene from 3/12 species (see all 12)    About this table
    Organism Taxonomic
    classification    		 Gene Description Human
    Similarity    		 Orthology
    Type    		 Details
    fruit fly
    (Drosophila melanogaster)    		 Insecta mav6
    		 maverick
    		 7(a)
    		 1 ↔ 1
    		 4(643845-646657)
    worm
    (Caenorhabditis elegans)    		 Secernentea daf-76
    		 Dauer larva development regulatory growth factor d...
    		 12(a)
    		 1 ↔ 1
    		 III(811822-813758)
    corn
    (Zea mays)    		 Liliopsida AY105922.12   -- 99.25(n)    AY105922.1 


    ENSEMBL Gene Tree for GDF15 (if available)
    TreeFam Gene Tree for GDF15 (if available) 

    Paralogs
    for GDF15 gene

    (Paralogs according to 1HomoloGene,
    2Ensembl, and 3SIMAP, Pseudogenes according to 4Pseudogene.org Build 68)
    About This Section
    Paralogs for GDF15 gene
    NODAL2  GDF92  BMP152  

    GDF15 for paralogs           About GeneDecksing



    Genomic Variants
    for GDF15 gene

    (SNPs/Variants according to the 1NCBI SNP Database, 2Ensembl, 3PupaSUITE, UniProtKB, and DNA2.0, Linkage Disequilibrium by HapMap, Structural Variations(CNVs/InDels/Inversions) from the Database of Genomic Variants, Mutations from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) and the Locus Specific Mutation Databases (LSDB), Blood group antigen gene mutations by BGMUT, Resequencing Primers from QIAGEN, Cancer Mutation PCR Arrays and Assays and Copy Number PCR Arrays from SABiosciences)
    About This Section

    10/119 NCBI SNPs in GDF15 are shown (see all 119)     About this table
    Genomic DataTranscription Related DataAllele Frequencies
    SNP IDValidClinical
    significance    		Chr 19 posSequence#AA
    Chg    		TypeMore#Allele
    freq    		PopTotal
    sample    		More
    ----------
    rs1829733501,2
    		--18495008(+) AGGCCA/GAGGCC 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs621224291,2
    		C,--18495014(+) AGGCCG/AGCGGA 1 -- us2k12Minor allele frequency- A:0.00NA CSA 3
    rs1874417541,2
    		--18495052(+) CTAGCC/TAACAC 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs2020591621,2
    		--18495085(+) AATAC-/AAAAAA 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs1456665591,2
    		--18495105(+) CAGGCA/GTGGTG 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs1414158361,2
    		--18495120(+) GTGCTC/TATAGT 1 -- us2k10--------
    rs129797061,2
    		C,F,--18495424(+) caggcG/Atgagc 2 -- us2k15Minor allele frequency- A:0.18NA WA 128
    rs621224301,2
    		--18495510(+) TGGTGA/TAAGAG 2 -- us2k13Minor allele frequency- T:0.17NA EA 242
    rs2016260421,2
    		--18495788(+) AATTC-/TTTTTT 2 -- us2k10--------
    rs1148535151,2
    		F,--18495837(+) GTGCAA/GTGGTG 2 -- us2k11Minor allele frequency- G:0.04WA 118

    HapMap Linkage Disequilibrium report for GDF15 (18496968 - 18499986 bp)
    Structural Variations (Copy Number Variations, Insertions/Deletions, Inversions)
          Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) variations for GDF15: --
    Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD): GDF15

    SABiosciences Cancer Mutation PCR Assays
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    Disorders / Diseases
    for GDF15 gene

    (in which this Gene is Involved, According to MalaCards, OMIM, UniProtKB, the University of Copenhagen DISEASES database, Novoseek, Genatlas, GeneTests, GAD, HuGE Navigator, and/or TGDB.)
    About This Section
    GDF15 for disorders           About GeneDecksing

    OMIM gene information: 605312    OMIM disorders: --

    20/63 diseases for GDF15 (see all 63):    About MalaCards
    congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type i    pyruvate kinase deficiency    congenital dyserythropoietic anemia    dyserythropoietic anemia
    prostatitis    type 2 diabetes mellitus    coronary heart disease    iron overload
    oral cavity cancer    alpha thalassemia    beta thalassemia    myocardial infarction
    acute myocardial infarction    anorexia nervosa    estrogen resistance    thalassemia
    pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma    diabetes mellitus    sickle cell disease    papillary thyroid carcinoma

    10/36 Novoseek disease relationships for GDF15 gene (see all 36)    About this table

    Disease   -log (P-Val)   Hits   PubMed IDs for Articles with Shared Sentences (# sentences)
    prostate cancer 51.1 78 19152406 (5), 17372249 (5), 19843661 (5), 19946339 (5) (see all 20)
    colon cancer 48.5 18 17899765 (4), 20230799 (4), 19540205 (3), 16435911 (2) (see all 7)
    cancer 47.6 62 19133249 (4), 18258606 (3), 18076062 (3), 15677629 (3) (see all 31)
    colorectal cancer 40.1 22 19924834 (3), 19723892 (3), 16731769 (2), 17964072 (2) (see all 14)
    lung carcinoma 39.5 2 12606762 (2)
    tumors 37.5 88 17129398 (5), 16397029 (4), 18264720 (4), 19152406 (3) (see all 37)
    prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia 37.2 1 16614113 (1)
    prostatitis 33.5 1 18929399 (1)
    gastric cancer 30.3 30 12907645 (8), 19133249 (4), 18258606 (3), 15180942 (3) (see all 7)
    colorectal carcinoma 29.2 6 15677629 (2), 12855642 (1), 12624183 (1), 12767058 (1)

    Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator: GDF15 (18 documents)

    Export disorders for GDF15 gene to outside databases

    Publications
    for GDF15 gene

    (in PubMed. Associations of this gene to articles via 1Entrez Gene, 2UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, 3HGNC, 4GAD, 5PharmGKB, 6HMDB, 7DrugBank, 8UniProtKB/TrEMBL, 9 Novoseek, and/or 10fRNAdb)
    About This Section

    PubMed articles for GDF15 gene, integrated from 9 sources (see all 264):
    (articles sorted by number of sources associating them with GDF15)    		    Utopia: connect your pdf to the dynamic
    world of online information

    1. Cloning and characterization of a novel member of the transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein family. (PubMed id 9593718)1, 2, 3 Paralkar V.M....Thompson D.D. (1998)
    2. Resveratrol enhances the expression of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1) by increasing the expression of p53. (PubMed id 11895857)1, 3, 9 Baek S.J....Eling T.E. (2002)
    3. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors regulate the expression of a TGF-beta superfamily member that has proapoptotic and antitumorigenic activities. (PubMed id 11259636)1, 2, 9 Baek S.J.... Eling T.E. (2001)
    4. MIC-1, a novel macrophage inhibitory cytokine, is a divergent member of the TGF-beta superfamily. (PubMed id 9326641)1, 2, 9 Bootcov M.R.... Breit S.N. (1997)
    5. PLAB, a novel placental bone morphogenetic protein. (PubMed id 9375789)1, 2, 9 Hromas R.... Lu L. (1997)
    6. Human cDNA encoding a novel TGF-beta superfamily protein highly expressed in placenta. (PubMed id 9348093)1, 2 Yokoyama-Kobayashi M.... Kato S. (1997)
    7. Identification of a novel member of the TGF-beta superfamily highly expressed in human placenta. (PubMed id 9426002)1, 2 Lawton L.N.... Soares M.B. (1997)
    8. Expression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in prostate cancer bone metastases induces osteoclast activation and weight loss. (PubMed id 19152406)1, 9 Wakchoure S....Selander K.S. (2009)
    9. Identification of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in adipose tissue and its secretion as an adipokine by human adipocytes. (PubMed id 19074584)1, 9 Ding Q....Bing C. (2009)
    10. The macrophage inhibitory cytokine integrates AKT/PKB and MAP kinase signaling pathways in breast cancer cells. (PubMed id 15677629)1, 9 Wollmann W....Nakshatri H. (2005)

    External Searches for GDF15 gene

    (in PubMed, OMIM, and NCBI Bookshelf)
    About This Section
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    Genome Databases showing GDF15 gene

    (According to Entrez Gene, HGNC, AceView, euGenes, Ensembl, miRBase, ECgene, Kegg, and/or H-InvDB)
    About This Section
    Entrez Gene: 9518 HGNC: 30142 AceView: GDF15 Ensembl:ENSG00000130513 euGenes: HUgn9518
    ECgene: GDF15 H-InvDB: GDF15

    Other Databases showing GDF15 gene

    (According to HUGE)
    About This Section
    		   --

    Specialized Databases showing GDF15 gene

    (According to PharmGKB, ATLAS, HORDE, IMGT, LEIDEN, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, and/or UniProtKB/TrEMBL,
    Wikipedia and/or GeneReviews via UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot)
    About This Section
    NameDescription
    PharmGKB entry for GDF15 Pharmacogenomics, SNPs, Pathways
    ATLAS Chromosomes in Cancer entry for GDF15 Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

    Intellectual Property
    for GDF15 gene

    (Patent information from GeneIP,
    Licensable technologies from WIS Yeda, Salk, Tufts,
    IP news from LifeMap Sciences, Inc.)
    About This Section
    		Patent Information for GDF15 gene:
    Search GeneIP for patents involving GDF15

    GeneCards and IP:
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